Pipeline Stress Relief and Evaluation of Strain Measurement Technology at a Moving Slope

2014 ◽  
Author(s):  
Aaron Dinovitzer ◽  
Abdelfettah Fredj ◽  
Millan Sen
Keyword(s):  
Strain Measurement ◽  
Large Diameter ◽  
Stress Relief ◽  
Measurement Technology ◽  
Element Analysis ◽  
Soil Movement ◽  
Right Of Way ◽  
Bending Strain ◽  
Before And After ◽  
The Right

A major slope in southern Manitoba has been experiencing deep seated movements of approximately 60mm per year. This 24m high × 85m long slope contains a pipeline right of way with five large diameter crude oil lines that were constructed from 1950–1998. It is estimated that the slope has moved up to 3 meters since the pipeline installations. Management of the effects of this slope movement on the pipelines has involved cross-functional strategies that include geotechnical, integrity, and stress evaluations. A finite element analysis (FEA), which considers the interaction between the soil movement and pipeline, was generated to evaluate the pipeline stresses caused by the slope movements to date. The results indicated that the strain capacity on one of the pipelines may be near its limit. Correspondingly and in order to be conservative, a stress relief was conducted on three of the pipelines within the right-of-way. This mitigation involved excavating the pipelines 360 degrees which allowed for their decoupling from the surrounding soil, and the associated pipeline spring back was surveyed. Prior to backfilling, a low friction geotextile was installed around the excavated pipelines to help mitigate future movements. Drainage improvements and a toe berm were also installed to improve the slope stability. Several strain measurement technologies that have been the subject of previous Pipeline Research Council projects were also installed at the site. Stress probe measurements were taken before and after the stress relief; a fiber optic cable was installed; inline inspection bending strain measurements were analyzed; and the FEA analysis was used to model the strains before and after the stress relief. All of these technologies are compared to the measurements from strain gauges that were read both before and after the stress reliefs were conducted.

Numerical Simulation on Effect of Shield Tunnel Construction on Pipelines with 45* Skew Angle and Tunnel

2014 ◽  
Vol 889-890 ◽  
pp. 1414-1416
Author(s):  
Dong Liang Guo ◽  
De Shen Zhao
Keyword(s):  
Horizontal Displacement ◽  
Vertical Displacement ◽  
Shield Tunnel ◽  
Tunnel Construction ◽  
Analysis Model ◽  
Skew Angle ◽  
Element Analysis ◽  
Tunnel Excavation ◽  
Soil Movement ◽  
The Right

Shield tunnel construction cause soil movement to harm the adjacent underground pipelines. This paper, taking Dalian Spring Street subway station as the background, uses the finite difference software to establish 3-D finite element analysis model to simulate the deformation of pipeline with 45* skew angle in the tunnel construction work. The results show: when the left tunnel push towards pipelines, due to the skew of the pipeline and tunnel, vertical displacement of pipelines is a certain shift to the left. When the right tunnel excavation is complete, the pipeline maximum settlement has a return to the center of the two tunnels. The settlement of pipeline is much bigger than horizontal displacement.

Bottleneck Simulation of Two-Lane Traffic CA Model with Turn Signal

2013 ◽  
Vol 404 ◽  
pp. 640-644
Author(s):  
Rui Kang ◽  
Kai Yang
Keyword(s):  
Numerical Simulations ◽  
Traffic Flow ◽  
Traffic Congestion ◽  
Driver Behavior ◽  
Traditional Model ◽  
Right Of Way ◽  
Time Space ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Ca Model ◽  
The Right

Based on the STCA model, an improved two-lane traffic CA model in view of turn signals is proposed. The model considers changes in driver behavior before and after the signaling of the leading vehicle, and introduces rules of changing lanes, cutting lanes and yielding the right of way for the flowing vehicle. Through computer numerical simulations, this study has presented time-space diagrams and also analyzed the effects of driver behavior of the rear vehicles on traffic flow. The results reveal that a higher rate of cutting lanes incurs a heavier traffic flow in normal situations while yielding the right of way relieves traffic congestion in a bottleneck situation. Compared with the traditional model, STCA model can depict more complex traffic situations resulted from different driver behaviors and reproduce a more realistic process of traffic flow.

scholarly journals A novel algorithm for pipeline displacement and bending strain of in-line inspection based on inertia measurement technology

2018 ◽  
Vol 10 (12) ◽  
pp. 168781401881675
Author(s):  
Shucong Liu ◽  
Dezhi Zheng ◽  
Tianhao Wang ◽  
Mengxi Dai ◽  
Rui Li ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Strain Measurement ◽  
Inertial Measurement Unit ◽  
Spline Interpolation ◽  
Measurement Unit ◽  
Measurement Technology ◽  
Safe Operation ◽  
Inertial Measurement ◽  
Filtering Algorithm ◽  
Measuring Devices ◽  
Bending Strain

The in-line inspection tool with Inertial Measurement Unit tool is becoming a routine and important practice for many pipeline companies and is effective for whole-line bending strain measurement. However, the measurements of Inertial Measurement Unit tool are always affected by noises and errors, which are caused by inherent inaccuracies and deficiencies of the experimental techniques and measuring devices. For the calculations of the bending strain, the results are very sensitive to the noises and errors. A filtering algorithm based on cubic spline interpolation was proposed for Inertial Measurement Unit data processing to eliminate noises and errors for bending strain, and the effectiveness is validated through the pipeline field test. The results showed that the average pipeline displacement deviation declined 13.82% in the three tests, and the bending strain error reduced from 0.037% to 0.014%. The proposed method effectively improves the inspection accuracy and provides an effective method for pipeline displacement and strain inspection, which ensures the safe operation of the pipeline.

Effect on Vehicle-Pedestrian Conflicts of “Turning Traffic Must Yield to Pedestrians” Sign

1996 ◽  
Vol 1553 (1) ◽  
pp. 38-45 ◽  
Author(s):  
Husham N. Abdulsattar ◽  
Mohammed S. Tarawneh ◽  
Patrick T. McCoy ◽  
Stephen D. Kachman
Keyword(s):  
Traffic Control ◽  
Signalized Intersections ◽  
Legal Obligation ◽  
Left Turn ◽  
Right Of Way ◽  
Two Cities ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Left And Right ◽  
Control Devices ◽  
The Right

Left- and right-turn movements at signalized intersections have been found to be three to six times more hazardous to pedestrians than through movements mainly because drivers fail to observe or yield the right of way to pedestrians. The objective was to evaluate the Turning Traffic Must Yield to Pedestrians sign, which was aimed at reminding turning motorists of their legal obligation to yield the right of way to pedestrians and, consequently, reducing vehicle-pedestrian conflicts. The sign was installed at 12 marked crosswalks in two cities, and vehicle-pedestrian conflict data were collected before and after its installation. The sign was effective in reducing left-turn conflicts 20 to 65 percent and right-turn conflicts 15 to 30 percent; both reductions were statistically significant at the 0.05 level. The sign was significantly more effective in reducing left-turn conflicts than it was for right-turn conflicts. Percentage conflicts between pedestrians and turning traffic decreased as the pedestrian group size increased. In other words, larger pedestrian group sizes encountered fewer conflicts with turning traffic. This result is true for both left- and right-turn movements, regardless of the presence of the sign. Based on the results of this study, it was recommended that the “Turning Traffic Must Yield to Pedestrians” sign be considered for inclusion in the Manual on Uniform Traffic Control Devices.

Unconventional Procedure for Purging a Crack-Weakened Pipeline

2002 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jose´ Fernando M. Ferioli ◽  
Fernando Borja Pereira
Keyword(s):  
Axial Stress ◽  
Oil Refinery ◽  
Atlantic Rain Forest ◽  
Light Cycle ◽  
Liquefied Petroleum Gas ◽  
Light Cycle Oil ◽  
Soil Movement ◽  
Environmental Threats ◽  
Right Of Way ◽  
The Right

The Arauca´ria to Paranagua´ Pipeline (OLAPA) owned by PETROBRAS, was built in 1976 in Parana´ State, Brazil, connecting an oil refinery nearby the city of Curitiba to a marine terminal near Paranagua´ Seaport. The pipeline had been operating normally for 25 years, moving liquefied petroleum gas (LPG) and diesel fuel to the refinery as well as petrochemical Naphtha and light cycle oil (LCO) in the opposite direction. The second week of February 2001 came along with heavy and continuous summer rain on Parana´ State most of which on a hilly terrain portion crossed by the pipeline, currently regarded as an environment preservation area of the Atlantic Rain Forest. On 16th day, that same month, while the line was on shut in condition, a hardly noticeable landslide across the right-of-way led the pipeline to the complete rupture, succeeded by product spill. Further analysis on the rupture section pointed to circumferential cracks caused by axial stress induced by a slow and steady slide on the adjacent soil. Surveys on other regions possibly affected by similar soil movement on the right-of-way warned operations staff that there could be more weakened sections along the pipeline, therefore pipe failures and product spill might still happen due to the continuation of the rainy season. Product removal became required to avoid environmental threats. The purging procedure should meet two main constrains, i.e., minimize pressure and volume flow through the identified risky locations. This paper describes the planning and execution of such purging process, tailored for a weakened pipeline on an environmental sensitive area, adopting unconventional methods to move liquid products upward high steeps, considering restrains to operational pressures around one third of normal values.

Evaluation of Pipeline Stresses During Line Lowering

2008 ◽  
Author(s):  
Millan Sen ◽  
Joe Zhou
Keyword(s):  
Finite Element Analysis ◽  
Loading Condition ◽  
Analysis Program ◽  
Element Analysis ◽  
Environmental Loads ◽  
Right Of Way ◽  
The Finite Element Analysis ◽  
The Right ◽  
Maximum Stresses

The stresses induced to a pipe during line lowering are the maximum stresses that the pipeline will experience during its lifetime, in regions where there are no excessive environmental loads. During the installation of the TransCanada pipeline at Stittsville, Ontario, it was critical to limit the pipeline stresses that occurred during line lowering. This was required in order to fulfill the requirements of ECA-based flaw acceptance criteria applicable to mainline welding. However, the construction of the pipeline involved numerous challenges with regards to moving equipment during the pipeline installation, regions of deep cover requirements, and spatial restrictions on the right of way. These conditions introduced complicated loading scenarios, which made it difficult to ascertain the resulting stresses that the line lowering would apply to the pipeline. These stresses were evaluated herein using the finite element analysis program PIPLIN, with consideration of the actual in-situ installation conditions. Each loading condition was modeled individually, and the forces in the sidebooms were considered in addition to the pipeline stresses. It was determined that all the stresses in the pipeline during the line lowering were acceptable, so long as the specified boom locations remained within limits.

Comparative Arterial Antithrombotic Activity of Clopidogrel and Acetyl Salicylic Acid in the Pig

1992 ◽  
Vol 68 (05) ◽  
pp. 500-505 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ch M Samama ◽  
Ph Bonnin ◽  
M Bonneau ◽  
G Pignaud ◽  
E Mazoyer ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Platelet Aggregation ◽  
Femoral Artery ◽  
Bleeding Time ◽  
Ex Vivo ◽  
Flow Reduction ◽  
Cyclic Flow ◽  
Left Femoral Artery ◽  
Before And After ◽  
The Right ◽  
Induced Aggregation

SummaryWe investigated the comparative antithrombotic properties of clopidogrel, an analogue of ticlopidine, and aspirin, using the Folts' model on femoral arteries in 22 pigs. On each animal, clopidogrel or aspirin were used to treat the thrombotic process on the left femoral artery and to prevent this process on the right femoral artery. Sequentially: an injury and stenosis were carried out on the left femoral artery; the thrombotic process was monitored with a Doppler during a 30-min observation period for cyclic flow reductions or permanent cessation of flow; after the first cyclic flow reduction occurred, clopidogrel (5 mg kg-1) or aspirin (2.5, 5, 100 mg kg-1) were injected intravenously; if cyclic flow reductions were abolished, epinephrine (0.4 µg kg-1 min-1) was injected to try to restore cyclic flow reductions and/or permanent cessation of flow; then injury and stenosis were applied on the right femoral artery. Before and after injection of clopidogrel or aspirin, ear immersion bleeding times and ex-vivo platelet aggregation were performed. Clopidogrel (n = 7) abolished cyclic flow reductions in all animals and epinephrine did not restore any cyclic flow reduction. On the right femoral artery, cyclic flow reductions were efficiently prevented, even for two injuries. Basal bleeding time (5 min 28) was lengthened (>15 min, 30 min after clopidogrel and remained prolonged even after 24 h). ADP-induced platelet aggregation was inhibited (more than 78%). Comparatively, aspirin had a moderate and no dose-dependent effect. Aspirin 2.5 mg kg-1 (n = 6) abolished cyclic flow reductions in 2 animals, CFR reoccurred spontaneously in one animal and epinephrine restored it in a second animal. Aspirin 5 mg kg-1 (n = 6) abolished cyclic flow reductions in only 3 animals and epinephrine always restored it. Aspirin 100 mg kg-1 (n = 3) was unable to abolish cyclic flow reductions. On the right femoral artery, aspirin did not significantly prevent cyclic flow reductions which occurred in all animals after one (n = 14) or two injuries (n = 1), except for one animal. Basal bleeding time was lengthened but it shortened rapidly, reaching its basal value after 24 h. ADP-induced aggregation was not significantly inhibited, whereas arachidonic acid induced aggregation was always inhibited. Clopidogrel appears as a more potent antithrombotic drug than aspirin in this model, in treating and preventing spontaneous or epinephrine-induced cyclic flow reductions and lengthening bleeding time.

ANALYSIS OF REGULATIONS REGARDING THE SETTLEMENT OF ISSUES ON THE REMOVAL AND RECOVERY OF PLANTATIONS IN THE RIGHT-OF-WAY OF PUBLIC ROADS

2020 ◽  
pp. 55-60
Author(s):  
Nataliia Kharytonova ◽  
Olha Mykolaienko ◽  
Tetyana Lozova
Keyword(s):  
Traffic Safety ◽  
Climatic Factors ◽  
Visual Orientation ◽  
Right Of Way ◽  
Adverse Weather ◽  
Overhead Power Lines ◽  
The Right ◽  
Neck Diameter ◽  
Proper Operation

Greening of roads contributes to the protection of roads and their elements from influence of adverse weather and climatic factors; it includes the measures for improvement and landscaping of roads, ensures the protection of roadside areas from transport pollution, provides visual orientation of drivers. The solution of these issues will ensure creation and maintenance of safe and comfortable conditions for travelers. Green plantings in the right-of-way road area include woody, bushy, flower and grass vegetation of natural and artificial origin. For proper operation of public roads and satisfaction of other needs of the industry, there may be the need in removing the greenery. The reason for the removal of greenery in the right-of-way road area may be due to the following factors: construction of the architectural object, widening of the motor road, repair works in the security zone of overhead power lines, water supply, drainage, heating, telecommunications facilities, cutting of hazardous, dry and fautal trees, as well as self-grown and brushwood trees with a root neck diameter not exceeding 5 cm, elimination of the consequences of natural disasters and emergencies. The removal of plantations in the right-of-way area is executed in order to ensure traffic safety conditions and to improve the quality of plantations composition and their protective properties. Nowadays, in Ukraine there is no clear procedure for issuing permits for removing of such plantations. In order to resolve this issue, there is a need in determining the list of regulations in the area of forest resources of Ukraine and, if needed, the list of regulatory acts that have to be improved; to prepare a draft of the regulatory legal act that would establish the procedure of plantations cutting, the methodology of their condition determination, recovery costs determination, the features of cutting. Keywords: plantations, cutting, right-of-way, woodcutting permit, order.

EFEKTIVITAS METODE DEMONSTRASI DALAM MENINGKATKAN HASIL BELAJAR SISWA SEKOLAH MENENGAH KEJURUAN PADA PENGAJARAN SISTEM KOLOID

2013 ◽  
Vol 19 (1) ◽  
pp. 28
Author(s):  
Hamda Situmorang ◽  
Manihar Situmorang
Keyword(s):  
High School ◽  
High School Students ◽  
Abstract Concept ◽  
Vocational High School ◽  
School Students ◽  
Lecture Method ◽  
Colloid System ◽  
Before And After ◽  
The Right ◽  
And Control

Abstract Implementation of demonstration method in the teaching of chemistry is assigned as the right strategy to improve students’ achievement as it is proved that the method can bring an abstract concept to reality in the class. The study is conducted to vocational high school students in SMKN1 Pargetteng getteng Sengkut Pakfak Barat at accademic year 2013. The teaching has been carried out three cycles on the teaching of chemistry topic of colloid system. In the study, the class is divided into two class, experiment class and control class. The demontration method is used to teach students in experimental class while the teaching in control class is conducted with lecture method. Both are evaluated by using multiple choise tests before and after the teaching procedures, and the ability of students to answer the problems are assigned as students’ achievements. The results showed that demonstration method improved students’ achievement in chemistry. The students in experimental class who are taughed with demonstration method (M=19.08±0.74) have higher achievements compare with control class (M=12.91±2.52), and both are significantly different (tcalculation 22.85 > ttable 1.66). The effectivity of demostration method in experimental class (97%) is found higer compare to conventional method in control class (91%).

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document