Unconventional Procedure for Purging a Crack-Weakened Pipeline

2002 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jose´ Fernando M. Ferioli ◽  
Fernando Borja Pereira
Keyword(s):  
Axial Stress ◽  
Oil Refinery ◽  
Atlantic Rain Forest ◽  
Light Cycle ◽  
Liquefied Petroleum Gas ◽  
Light Cycle Oil ◽  
Soil Movement ◽  
Environmental Threats ◽  
Right Of Way ◽  
The Right

The Arauca´ria to Paranagua´ Pipeline (OLAPA) owned by PETROBRAS, was built in 1976 in Parana´ State, Brazil, connecting an oil refinery nearby the city of Curitiba to a marine terminal near Paranagua´ Seaport. The pipeline had been operating normally for 25 years, moving liquefied petroleum gas (LPG) and diesel fuel to the refinery as well as petrochemical Naphtha and light cycle oil (LCO) in the opposite direction. The second week of February 2001 came along with heavy and continuous summer rain on Parana´ State most of which on a hilly terrain portion crossed by the pipeline, currently regarded as an environment preservation area of the Atlantic Rain Forest. On 16th day, that same month, while the line was on shut in condition, a hardly noticeable landslide across the right-of-way led the pipeline to the complete rupture, succeeded by product spill. Further analysis on the rupture section pointed to circumferential cracks caused by axial stress induced by a slow and steady slide on the adjacent soil. Surveys on other regions possibly affected by similar soil movement on the right-of-way warned operations staff that there could be more weakened sections along the pipeline, therefore pipe failures and product spill might still happen due to the continuation of the rainy season. Product removal became required to avoid environmental threats. The purging procedure should meet two main constrains, i.e., minimize pressure and volume flow through the identified risky locations. This paper describes the planning and execution of such purging process, tailored for a weakened pipeline on an environmental sensitive area, adopting unconventional methods to move liquid products upward high steeps, considering restrains to operational pressures around one third of normal values.

scholarly journals Influence of the Brønsted Acidity on the Ring Opening of Decalin for Pt-USY Catalysts.

Catalysts ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (10) ◽  
pp. 786
Author(s):  
Soares ◽  
Castellã Pergher
Keyword(s):  
Ring Opening ◽  
Bond Cleavage ◽  
Acid Sites ◽  
Oil Refinery ◽  
Light Cycle ◽  
Light Cycle Oil ◽  
Carbon Carbon Bond ◽  
Selective Ring Opening ◽  
Cycle Oil ◽  
Distillate Fractions

A challenging hot topic faced by the oil refinery industry is the upgrading of low-quality distillate fractions, such as light cycle oil (LCO), in order to meet current quality standards for diesel fuels. An auspicious technological alternative entails the complete saturation of the aromatic structures followed by the selective cleavage of endocyclic carbon-carbon bonds in the formed naphthenic rings (selective ring opening—SRO). This work reports the influence of Brønsted acid sites of platinum-ultra stable Y zeolite (Pt-USY) catalysts in the SRO of decalin as a model naphthenic feed. A maximum combined yield to selective ring opening products (ROP: C10-alkylcycloalkanes + OCD: C10-alkanes) as high as 28.6 wt% was achieved for 1.6Pt-NaUSY-im catalyst. The molar carbon distribution curve of the hydrocracked (C9-) products varied from M-shaped for 1.4Pt-USY-im catalyst, indicating mainly C–C bond cleavage of the ring opening products with one remaining naphthenic ring via carbocations and the paring reaction, to not M-shaped for the 1.6Pt-NaUSY-im catalyst, where carbon-carbon bond cleavage occurs preferentially through a hydrogenolysis mechanism on metal sites. High (hydro)thermal stability and secondary mesoporosity of the 1.6Pt-NaUSY-im catalysts make this system highly prospective for upgrading low-quality real distillate feeds.

Pipeline Stress Relief and Evaluation of Strain Measurement Technology at a Moving Slope

2014 ◽  
Author(s):  
Aaron Dinovitzer ◽  
Abdelfettah Fredj ◽  
Millan Sen
Keyword(s):  
Strain Measurement ◽  
Large Diameter ◽  
Stress Relief ◽  
Measurement Technology ◽  
Element Analysis ◽  
Soil Movement ◽  
Right Of Way ◽  
Bending Strain ◽  
Before And After ◽  
The Right

A major slope in southern Manitoba has been experiencing deep seated movements of approximately 60mm per year. This 24m high × 85m long slope contains a pipeline right of way with five large diameter crude oil lines that were constructed from 1950–1998. It is estimated that the slope has moved up to 3 meters since the pipeline installations. Management of the effects of this slope movement on the pipelines has involved cross-functional strategies that include geotechnical, integrity, and stress evaluations. A finite element analysis (FEA), which considers the interaction between the soil movement and pipeline, was generated to evaluate the pipeline stresses caused by the slope movements to date. The results indicated that the strain capacity on one of the pipelines may be near its limit. Correspondingly and in order to be conservative, a stress relief was conducted on three of the pipelines within the right-of-way. This mitigation involved excavating the pipelines 360 degrees which allowed for their decoupling from the surrounding soil, and the associated pipeline spring back was surveyed. Prior to backfilling, a low friction geotextile was installed around the excavated pipelines to help mitigate future movements. Drainage improvements and a toe berm were also installed to improve the slope stability. Several strain measurement technologies that have been the subject of previous Pipeline Research Council projects were also installed at the site. Stress probe measurements were taken before and after the stress relief; a fiber optic cable was installed; inline inspection bending strain measurements were analyzed; and the FEA analysis was used to model the strains before and after the stress relief. All of these technologies are compared to the measurements from strain gauges that were read both before and after the stress reliefs were conducted.

ANALYSIS OF REGULATIONS REGARDING THE SETTLEMENT OF ISSUES ON THE REMOVAL AND RECOVERY OF PLANTATIONS IN THE RIGHT-OF-WAY OF PUBLIC ROADS

2020 ◽  
pp. 55-60
Author(s):  
Nataliia Kharytonova ◽  
Olha Mykolaienko ◽  
Tetyana Lozova
Keyword(s):  
Traffic Safety ◽  
Climatic Factors ◽  
Visual Orientation ◽  
Right Of Way ◽  
Adverse Weather ◽  
Overhead Power Lines ◽  
The Right ◽  
Neck Diameter ◽  
Proper Operation

Greening of roads contributes to the protection of roads and their elements from influence of adverse weather and climatic factors; it includes the measures for improvement and landscaping of roads, ensures the protection of roadside areas from transport pollution, provides visual orientation of drivers. The solution of these issues will ensure creation and maintenance of safe and comfortable conditions for travelers. Green plantings in the right-of-way road area include woody, bushy, flower and grass vegetation of natural and artificial origin. For proper operation of public roads and satisfaction of other needs of the industry, there may be the need in removing the greenery. The reason for the removal of greenery in the right-of-way road area may be due to the following factors: construction of the architectural object, widening of the motor road, repair works in the security zone of overhead power lines, water supply, drainage, heating, telecommunications facilities, cutting of hazardous, dry and fautal trees, as well as self-grown and brushwood trees with a root neck diameter not exceeding 5 cm, elimination of the consequences of natural disasters and emergencies. The removal of plantations in the right-of-way area is executed in order to ensure traffic safety conditions and to improve the quality of plantations composition and their protective properties. Nowadays, in Ukraine there is no clear procedure for issuing permits for removing of such plantations. In order to resolve this issue, there is a need in determining the list of regulations in the area of forest resources of Ukraine and, if needed, the list of regulatory acts that have to be improved; to prepare a draft of the regulatory legal act that would establish the procedure of plantations cutting, the methodology of their condition determination, recovery costs determination, the features of cutting. Keywords: plantations, cutting, right-of-way, woodcutting permit, order.

Combined mild hydrocracking and fluid catalytic cracking process for efficient conversion of light cycle oil into high-quality gasoline

Fuel ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 292 ◽  
pp. 120364
Author(s):  
Peipei Miao ◽  
Xiaolin Zhu ◽  
Yangling Guo ◽  
Jie Miao ◽  
Mengyun Yu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Catalytic Cracking ◽  
Fluid Catalytic Cracking ◽  
Light Cycle ◽  
High Quality ◽  
Light Cycle Oil ◽  
Efficient Conversion ◽  
Cycle Oil ◽  
Cracking Process

scholarly journals Hydro‐upgrading of light cycle oil‐synthesis of NiMo/SiO2-Al2O3-TiO2 porous catalyst

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Wanpeng Hu ◽  
Haiping Zhang ◽  
Min Wang ◽  
Jianglong Pu ◽  
Kyle Rogers ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Light Cycle ◽  
Porous Catalyst ◽  
Light Cycle Oil ◽  
Oil Synthesis ◽  
Cycle Oil

Detailed nature of tire pyrolysis oil blended with light cycle oil and its hydroprocessed products using a NiW/HY catalyst

2021 ◽  
Vol 128 ◽  
pp. 36-44
Author(s):  
Roberto Palos ◽  
Timo Kekäläinen ◽  
Frank Duodu ◽  
Alazne Gutiérrez ◽  
José M. Arandes ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Light Cycle ◽  
Pyrolysis Oil ◽  
Light Cycle Oil ◽  
Cycle Oil ◽  
Detailed Nature

Effect of space velocity on the hydrocracking of Light Cycle Oil over a Pt–Pd/HY zeolite catalyst

2012 ◽  
Vol 95 ◽  
pp. 8-15 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alazne Gutiérrez ◽  
José M. Arandes ◽  
Pedro Castaño ◽  
Martin Olazar ◽  
Astrid Barona ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Zeolite Catalyst ◽  
Space Velocity ◽  
Light Cycle ◽  
Hy Zeolite ◽  
Light Cycle Oil ◽  
Cycle Oil

Yielding the Right of Way: An Informal Look

1985 ◽  
Vol 61 (1) ◽  
pp. 222-222
Author(s):  
John Trinkaus
Keyword(s):  
Right Of Way ◽  
The Right
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