Analysis of Two Dense Phase Carbon Dioxide Full-Scale Fracture Propagation Tests

2014 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andrew Cosham ◽  
David G. Jones ◽  
Keith Armstrong ◽  
Daniel Allason ◽  
Julian Barnett
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Dioxide ◽  
Saturation Pressure ◽  
Fracture Propagation ◽  
Research Programme ◽  
Full Scale ◽  
Battelle Memorial Institute ◽  
Dense Phase ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Curve Model ◽  
Rich Mixtures

Two full-scale fracture propagation tests have been conducted using dense phase carbon dioxide (CO2)-rich mixtures at the Spadeadam Test Site, United Kingdom (UK). The tests were conducted on behalf of National Grid Carbon, UK, as part of the COOLTRANS research programme. The semi-empirical Two Curve Model, developed by the Battelle Memorial Institute in the 1970s, is widely used to set the (pipe body) toughness requirements for pipelines transporting lean and rich natural gas. However, it has not been validated for applications involving dense phase CO2 or CO2-rich mixtures. One significant difference between the decompression behaviour of dense phase CO2 and a lean or rich gas is the very long plateau in the decompression curve. The objective of the two tests was to determine the level of ‘impurities’ that could be transported by National Grid Carbon in a 914.0 mm outside diameter, 25.4 mm wall thickness, Grade L450 pipeline, with arrest at an upper shelf Charpy V-notch impact energy (toughness) of 250 J. The level of impurities that can be transported is dependent on the saturation pressure of the mixture. Therefore, the first test was conducted at a predicted saturation pressure of 80.5 barg and the second test was conducted at a predicted saturation pressure of 73.4 barg. A running ductile fracture was successfully initiated in the initiation pipe and arrested in the test section in both of the full-scale tests. The main experimental data, including the layout of the test sections, and the decompression and timing wire data, are summarised and discussed. The results of the two full-scale fracture propagation tests demonstrate that the Two Curve Model is not (currently) applicable to liquid or dense phase CO2 or CO2-rich mixtures.

Ruptures in Gas Pipelines, Liquid Pipelines and Dense Phase Carbon Dioxide Pipelines

2012 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andrew Cosham ◽  
David G. Jones ◽  
Keith Armstrong ◽  
Daniel Allason ◽  
Julian Barnett
Keyword(s):  
Large Diameter ◽  
Saturation Pressure ◽  
Fracture Propagation ◽  
Full Scale ◽  
Gas Pipeline ◽  
Thick Wall ◽  
Dense Phase ◽  
Line Pipe ◽  
Rich Mixture ◽  
High Toughness

Ruptures in gas and liquid pipelines are different. A rupture in a gas pipeline is typically long and wide. A rupture in a liquid pipeline is typically short and narrow, i.e. a slit or ‘fish-mouth’ opening. The decompression of liquid (or dense) phase carbon dioxide (CO2) immediately after a rupture is characterised by a rapid decompression through the liquid phase, and then a long plateau. At the same initial conditions (pressure and temperature), the initial speed of sound in dense phase CO2 is greater than that of natural gas and less than half that of water. Consequently, the initial decompression is more rapid than that of natural gas, but less rapid than that of water. A question then arises … Does a rupture in a liquid (or dense) phase CO2 pipeline behave like a rupture in a liquid pipeline or a gas pipeline? It may exhibit behaviour somewhere in-between the two. A ‘short’ defect that would rupture at the initial pressure might result in a short, narrow rupture (as in a liquid pipeline). A ‘long’ defect that would rupture at the (lower) saturation pressure might result in a long, wide rupture (as in a gas pipeline). This is important, because a rupture must be long and wide if it is to have the potential to transform into a running fracture. Three full-scale fracture propagation tests (albeit shorter tests than a typical full-scale test) published in the 1980s demonstrate that it is possible to initiate a running ductile fracture in a CO2 pipeline. However, these tests were on relatively small diameter, thin-wall line pipe with a (relatively) low toughness. The results are not applicable to large diameter, thick-wall line pipe with a high toughness. Therefore, in advance of its full-scale fracture propagation test using a dense phase CO2-rich mixture and 914×25.4 mm, Grade L450 line pipe, National Grid has conducted three ‘West Jefferson Tests’. The tests were designed to investigate if it was indeed possible to create a long, wide rupture in modern, high toughness line pipe steels using a dense phase CO2-rich mixture. Two tests were conducted with 100 mol.% CO2, and one with a CO2-rich binary mixture. Two of the ‘West Jefferson Tests’ resulted in short ruptures, similar to ruptures in liquid pipelines. One test resulted in a long, wide rupture, similar to a rupture in a gas pipeline. The three tests and the results are described. The reasons for the different behaviour observed in each test are explained. It is concluded that a long, wide rupture can be created in large diameter, thick-wall line pipe with a high toughness if the saturation pressure is high enough and the initial defect is long.

Analysis of a Dense Phase Carbon Dioxide Full-Scale Fracture Propagation Test in 24 Inch Diameter Pipe

2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andrew Cosham ◽  
David G. Jones ◽  
Keith Armstrong ◽  
Daniel Allason ◽  
Julian Barnett
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Dioxide ◽  
Test Section ◽  
Fracture Propagation ◽  
Full Scale ◽  
Research Centre ◽  
Dense Phase ◽  
Line Pipe ◽  
Diameter Pipe ◽  
Cross Country ◽  
Outside Diameter

A third full-scale fracture propagation test has been conducted using a dense phase carbon dioxide (CO2)-rich mixture (approximately 10 mole percent of non-condensables), at the DNV GL Spadeadam Test & Research Centre, Cumbria, UK, on behalf of National Grid, UK. The first and second tests, in 914 mm (36 inch) outside diameter pipe, also conducted at the Spadeadam Test & Research Centre, showed that predictions made using the Two Curve Model and the (notionally conservative) Wilkowski et al., 1977 correction factor were incorrect and non-conservative. An additional correction was required in order to conservatively predict the results of the two tests. A third full-scale test was necessary to evaluate the fracture arrest capability of the line pipe for the proposed 610 mm (24 inch) outside diameter Yorkshire and Humber CCS Cross-Country Pipeline, because the predictions of the first and second tests were non-conservative, and it was unclear if and how the results of these tests could be extrapolated to a different diameter and wall thickness. The third test was designed to be representative of the proposed cross-country pipeline, both in terms of the grade and geometry of the pipe, and the operating conditions. The test section consisted of seven lengths of pipe: an initiation pipe and then, on either side of the initiation pipe, one transition pipe and two production pipes. The (in total) four production pipes are representative of the type of line pipe that would be used in the proposed cross-country pipeline. A running ductile fracture was successfully initiated; it propagated through the transition pipes on both sides, and then rapidly arrested in the production pipes. The result of the test demonstrates that a running ductile fracture would arrest in the proposed Yorkshire and Humber CCS Cross-Country Pipeline. The main experimental data, including the layout of the test section, and the decompression and timing wire data, are summarised and discussed. Furthermore, the implications of the three tests, in two different pipe geometries, for setting toughness requirements for pipelines transporting CO2-rich mixtures in the dense phase are considered.

An Operator’s Perspective on Fracture Control in Dense Phase CO2 Pipelines

2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
Julian Barnett ◽  
Russell Cooper
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Capture ◽  
Carbon Capture And Storage ◽  
Fracture Propagation ◽  
Research Programme ◽  
Full Scale ◽  
Dense Phase ◽  
Carbon Dioxide Co2 ◽  
Fracture Arrest ◽  
Semi Empirical ◽  
Pipeline Design

Carbon Capture and Storage (CCS) is an approach to mitigate global warming by capturing and storing carbon dioxide (CO2) from large industrial emitters. Pipelines will play a significant role in the transportation of CO2 in CCS projects. National Grid has an interest in this, and has carried out research to investigate the requirements for the safe design and operation of CO2 pipelines. CO2 pipelines are susceptible to long running fractures which are prevented by specifying an adequate pipe body toughness to arrest the fracture. There is no existing, validated methodology for setting pipe body toughness for pipelines transporting dense phase CO2 with impurities. The methods for estimating the pipe body toughness are semi-empirical so full scale fracture propagation tests are required to validate and extend these methods. As part of a major research programme into pipeline transportation of dense phase CO2, National Grid conducted two full scale fracture propagation tests using 900 mm diameter pipe in 2012. The tests demonstrated that the current natural gas practices for setting pipe body toughness was incorrect and non-conservative for dense phase CO2 pipelines. National Grid recognises the importance of understanding fracture arrest as it required to ensure design code compliance, impacts on pipeline design and provides reassurance to stakeholders. As the results of the two tests cannot be used directly to set the toughness requirements for a specific project pipeline, a third full scale test was necessary to confirm the fracture arrest capability of the pipe for the proposed pipelines. A third full scale fracture propagation test was conducted in July 2015. A propagating ductile fracture was initiated and successfully arrested in linepipe representative of that to be used on the proposed project.

The Decompression Behaviour of Carbon Dioxide in the Dense Phase

2012 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andrew Cosham ◽  
David G. Jones ◽  
Keith Armstrong ◽  
Daniel Allason ◽  
Julian Barnett
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Dioxide ◽  
Natural Gas ◽  
Shock Tube ◽  
Gaseous Phase ◽  
Initial Pressure ◽  
Successful Implementation ◽  
Dense Phase ◽  
Test Programme ◽  
Rich Mixtures ◽  
Arrest Toughness

Pipelines can be expected to play a significant role in the transportation infrastructure required for the successful implementation of carbon capture and storage (CCS). National Grid is undertaking a research and development programme to support the development of a safety justification for the transportation of carbon dioxide (CO2) by pipeline in the United Kingdom. The ‘typical’ CO2 pipeline is designed to operate at high pressure in the ‘dense’ phase. Shock tube tests were conducted in the early 1980s to investigate the decompression behaviour of pure CO2, but, until recently, there have been no tests with CO2-rich mixtures. National Grid have undertaken a programme of shock tube tests on CO2 and CO2-rich mixtures in order to understand the decompression behaviour in the gaseous phase and the liquid (or dense) phase. An understanding of the decompression behaviour is required in order to predict the toughness required to arrest a running ductile fracture. The test programme consisted of three (3) commissioning tests, three (3) test with natural gas, fourteen (14) tests with CO2 and CO2-rich mixtures in the gaseous phase, and fourteen (14) tests with CO2 and CO2-rich mixtures in the liquid (or dense) phase. The shock tube tests in the liquid (dense) phase are the subject under consideration here. Firstly, the design of the shock tube test rig is summarised. Then the test programme is described. Finally, the results of the dense phase tests are presented, and the observed decompression behaviour is compared with that predicted using a simple (isentropic) decompression model. Reference is also made to the more complicated (non-isentropic) decompression models. The differences between decompression through the gaseous and liquid phases are highlighted. It is shown that there is reasonable agreement between the observed and predicted decompression curves. The decompression behaviour of CO2 and CO2-rich mixtures in the liquid (dense) phase is very different to that of lean or rich natural gas, or CO2 in the gaseous phase. The plateau in the decompression curve is long. The following trends (which are the opposite of those observed in the gaseous phase) can be identified in experiment and theory: • Increasing the initial temperature will increase the arrest toughness. • Decreasing the initial pressure will increase the arrest toughness. • The addition of other components such as hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen or methane will increase the arrest toughness.

CO2SAFE-ARREST: A Full-Scale Burst Test Research Program for Carbon Dioxide Pipelines — Part 3: Dispersion Modelling

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ajit Godbole ◽  
Xiong Liu ◽  
Guillaume Michal ◽  
Cheng Lu ◽  
Clara Huéscar Medina
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Dioxide ◽  
Fracture Propagation ◽  
Co2 Concentration ◽  
Test Site ◽  
Full Scale ◽  
Wind Speeds ◽  
Transient Nature ◽  
Set Up ◽  
Experimental Values ◽  
Carbon Dioxide Co2

The ‘CO2SafeArrest’ Joint Industry Project (JIP) was set up with the twin aims of: (1) investigating the fracture propagation and arrest characteristics of steel pipelines carrying anthropogenic carbon dioxide (CO2), and (2) investigating the dispersion of CO2 following its release into the atmosphere. The project involves two full-scale burst tests of 24-inch, X65 buried line pipes filled with a mixture of CO2 and nitrogen (N2). An overview of the CO2SafeArrest JIP and details of the fracture propagation and arrest investigation appear elsewhere in two companion papers. This paper presents the experimental investigation and computational fluid dynamics (CFD) simulations of the dispersion of CO2 following its explosive release into the atmosphere over the terrain at the test site in the first test. The setting up of the experiment and the CFD model is described in detail, including the representation of terrain topography and weather (wind) conditions, and the condition at the ‘inlet to the dispersion domain’. The modelling was carried out prior to the actual event, and simulated the dispersion of the CO2 cloud for different wind speeds and directions. This analysis confirmed that the sensor layout set up to obtain spot measurements CO2 concentration over the terrain at the site was adequate. The predicted and experimental values of CO2 concentration at the nominated locations over the duration of the dispersion were found to be in good agreement. Results of this study are expected to be used in developing a generalized model for the dispersion of CO2 and for estimating the ‘consequence distance’ for such events. It is noted that this distance is necessarily a function of time due to the highly transient nature of the event.

CO2SAFE-ARREST: A Full-Scale Burst Test Research Program for Carbon Dioxide Pipelines — Part 1: Project Overview and Outcomes of Test 1

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Valerie Linton ◽  
Bente Helen Leinum ◽  
Robert Newton ◽  
Olav Fyrileiv
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Dioxide ◽  
Natural Gas ◽  
Fracture Propagation ◽  
Companion Paper ◽  
Full Scale ◽  
Experimental Program ◽  
Potential Hazard ◽  
Storage Site ◽  
Full Scale Test ◽  
Scale Test

Transport of anthropogenic carbon dioxide in pipelines from capture site to storage site forms an important link in the overall Carbon Capture, Transport and Storage (CCTS) scheme. The thermodynamic properties of CO2 are different from those of other gases such as natural gas that are transported in pipelines. Recent full-scale burst tests from the projects SARCO2 and COOLTRANS indicated significant variations in correction factors necessary to predict the arrest of a running ductile fracture. In addition, CO2 can be a potential hazard to human and animal life and the environment. While consequence distances of natural gas pipelines are well established and documented in standards, this is not the case with CO2. The research focused CO2SAFE-ARREST joint industry project (JIP) aims to (1) investigate the fracture propagation and arrest characteristics of anthropogenic CO2 carrying high strength steel pipelines, and (2) to investigate the dispersion of CO2 following its release into the atmosphere. The participants are DNV GL (Norway) and Energy Pipelines CRC (Australia). The project is funded by the Norwegian CLIMIT and the Commonwealth Government of Australia. The joint investigation commenced in 2016 and will continue to 2019. The experimental part of the project involves two full-scale fracture propagation tests using X65, 610mm (24“) pipe and two 6″ shock tube tests, with all tests filled with a dense phase CO2/N2 mixture. The full-scale tests were made up of 8 pipe lengths each, with nominal wall thicknesses of 13.5 mm and 14.5mm. The dispersion of the carbon dioxide from the full-scale test sections was measured through an array of sensors downwind of the test location. The tests were conducted in 2017/2018 at Spadeadam, UK. Following a short review of the background and outcomes of previous CO2 full-scale burst tests, this paper provides insight on the aims of the overall experimental program along with summary results from the first full-scale fracture propagation test, carried out in September 2017. Two companion papers provide further details on the first test. The first companion paper [IPC2018-78525] discusses the selection of pipe material properties for the test and the detailed fracture propagation test results. The second companion paper [IPC2018-78530] provides information on the dispersion of the CO2 from the first full-scale test, along with numerical modelling of the dispersion.

Assessment of Failure Frequency Methodology Applied to Dense Phase Carbon Dioxide Pipelines

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christopher Lyons ◽  
Julia Race ◽  
Ben Wetenhall ◽  
Enrong Chang ◽  
Harry Hopkins ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Dioxide ◽  
Dense Phase ◽  
Failure Frequency

Polymers with Multiple Ligand Sites for Metal Extractions in Dense-Phase Carbon Dioxide†

2001 ◽  
Vol 40 (5) ◽  
pp. 1301-1305 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kimberly R. Powell ◽  
T. Mark McCleskey ◽  
William Tumas ◽  
Joseph M. DeSimone
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Dioxide ◽  
Dense Phase ◽  
Multiple Ligand

Split face comparative study of microneedling with platelet rich plasma versus Fractional carbon dioxide laser with platelet rich plasma in treatment of atrophic post acne scars

QJM ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 114 (Supplement_1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Mohamed Abd Elnaeem Sallam ◽  
Khaled El Zawahry ◽  
Abdul Rahman Muhammed Ali Mustafa
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Dioxide ◽  
Co2 Laser ◽  
Carbon Dioxide Laser ◽  
Platelet Rich Plasma ◽  
Fractional Co2 Laser ◽  
Acne Scars ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Before And After ◽  
The Face ◽  
Fractional Carbon Dioxide Laser

Abstract Background Acne scars, is a challenge for dermatologists, despite having multiple treatment modalities like microneedling, dermabrasion, Fractional CO2 Laser, dermal fillers, etc. However, monotherapy has been hardly satisfactory because of the polymorphism seen with the scars. Objective Comparison between microneedling with platelet rich plasma versus Fractional carbon dioxide laser with platelet rich plasma in treatment of atrophic post acne scars. Patients and methods This study was carried out in department of dermatology, venereology and andrology, in Kobry El-Kobba Military complex during the period (from September 2018 to July 2020 ) on 20 patients of both sexes aged from 20 to 60 years old presenting with Goodman and Baron Grade II, III, IV acne scars . Results The study revealed a statistically significant difference (p = 0.017) between Goodman and Baron scar grades on the right side of the face before and after treatment indicating that microneedling with platelet rich plasma was effective in improving acne scars. Also, there is a statistically significant difference (p = 0.010) between Goodman and Baron scar grades on the left side of the face before and after treatment, indicating that fractional CO2 laser with platelet rich plasma was effective in improving acne scars. Conclusion and recommendation Further controlled and randomized studies are needed to validate our findings in a larger cohort of patients and longer follow up. Also, number of sessions might be more than 3 sessions.

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