Analysis of a Dense Phase Carbon Dioxide Full-Scale Fracture Propagation Test in 24 Inch Diameter Pipe

2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andrew Cosham ◽  
David G. Jones ◽  
Keith Armstrong ◽  
Daniel Allason ◽  
Julian Barnett
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Dioxide ◽  
Test Section ◽  
Fracture Propagation ◽  
Full Scale ◽  
Research Centre ◽  
Dense Phase ◽  
Line Pipe ◽  
Diameter Pipe ◽  
Cross Country ◽  
Outside Diameter

A third full-scale fracture propagation test has been conducted using a dense phase carbon dioxide (CO2)-rich mixture (approximately 10 mole percent of non-condensables), at the DNV GL Spadeadam Test & Research Centre, Cumbria, UK, on behalf of National Grid, UK. The first and second tests, in 914 mm (36 inch) outside diameter pipe, also conducted at the Spadeadam Test & Research Centre, showed that predictions made using the Two Curve Model and the (notionally conservative) Wilkowski et al., 1977 correction factor were incorrect and non-conservative. An additional correction was required in order to conservatively predict the results of the two tests. A third full-scale test was necessary to evaluate the fracture arrest capability of the line pipe for the proposed 610 mm (24 inch) outside diameter Yorkshire and Humber CCS Cross-Country Pipeline, because the predictions of the first and second tests were non-conservative, and it was unclear if and how the results of these tests could be extrapolated to a different diameter and wall thickness. The third test was designed to be representative of the proposed cross-country pipeline, both in terms of the grade and geometry of the pipe, and the operating conditions. The test section consisted of seven lengths of pipe: an initiation pipe and then, on either side of the initiation pipe, one transition pipe and two production pipes. The (in total) four production pipes are representative of the type of line pipe that would be used in the proposed cross-country pipeline. A running ductile fracture was successfully initiated; it propagated through the transition pipes on both sides, and then rapidly arrested in the production pipes. The result of the test demonstrates that a running ductile fracture would arrest in the proposed Yorkshire and Humber CCS Cross-Country Pipeline. The main experimental data, including the layout of the test section, and the decompression and timing wire data, are summarised and discussed. Furthermore, the implications of the three tests, in two different pipe geometries, for setting toughness requirements for pipelines transporting CO2-rich mixtures in the dense phase are considered.

Ruptures in Gas Pipelines, Liquid Pipelines and Dense Phase Carbon Dioxide Pipelines

2012 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andrew Cosham ◽  
David G. Jones ◽  
Keith Armstrong ◽  
Daniel Allason ◽  
Julian Barnett
Keyword(s):  
Large Diameter ◽  
Saturation Pressure ◽  
Fracture Propagation ◽  
Full Scale ◽  
Gas Pipeline ◽  
Thick Wall ◽  
Dense Phase ◽  
Line Pipe ◽  
Rich Mixture ◽  
High Toughness

Ruptures in gas and liquid pipelines are different. A rupture in a gas pipeline is typically long and wide. A rupture in a liquid pipeline is typically short and narrow, i.e. a slit or ‘fish-mouth’ opening. The decompression of liquid (or dense) phase carbon dioxide (CO2) immediately after a rupture is characterised by a rapid decompression through the liquid phase, and then a long plateau. At the same initial conditions (pressure and temperature), the initial speed of sound in dense phase CO2 is greater than that of natural gas and less than half that of water. Consequently, the initial decompression is more rapid than that of natural gas, but less rapid than that of water. A question then arises … Does a rupture in a liquid (or dense) phase CO2 pipeline behave like a rupture in a liquid pipeline or a gas pipeline? It may exhibit behaviour somewhere in-between the two. A ‘short’ defect that would rupture at the initial pressure might result in a short, narrow rupture (as in a liquid pipeline). A ‘long’ defect that would rupture at the (lower) saturation pressure might result in a long, wide rupture (as in a gas pipeline). This is important, because a rupture must be long and wide if it is to have the potential to transform into a running fracture. Three full-scale fracture propagation tests (albeit shorter tests than a typical full-scale test) published in the 1980s demonstrate that it is possible to initiate a running ductile fracture in a CO2 pipeline. However, these tests were on relatively small diameter, thin-wall line pipe with a (relatively) low toughness. The results are not applicable to large diameter, thick-wall line pipe with a high toughness. Therefore, in advance of its full-scale fracture propagation test using a dense phase CO2-rich mixture and 914×25.4 mm, Grade L450 line pipe, National Grid has conducted three ‘West Jefferson Tests’. The tests were designed to investigate if it was indeed possible to create a long, wide rupture in modern, high toughness line pipe steels using a dense phase CO2-rich mixture. Two tests were conducted with 100 mol.% CO2, and one with a CO2-rich binary mixture. Two of the ‘West Jefferson Tests’ resulted in short ruptures, similar to ruptures in liquid pipelines. One test resulted in a long, wide rupture, similar to a rupture in a gas pipeline. The three tests and the results are described. The reasons for the different behaviour observed in each test are explained. It is concluded that a long, wide rupture can be created in large diameter, thick-wall line pipe with a high toughness if the saturation pressure is high enough and the initial defect is long.

Analysis of Two Dense Phase Carbon Dioxide Full-Scale Fracture Propagation Tests

2014 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andrew Cosham ◽  
David G. Jones ◽  
Keith Armstrong ◽  
Daniel Allason ◽  
Julian Barnett
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Dioxide ◽  
Saturation Pressure ◽  
Fracture Propagation ◽  
Research Programme ◽  
Full Scale ◽  
Battelle Memorial Institute ◽  
Dense Phase ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Curve Model ◽  
Rich Mixtures

Two full-scale fracture propagation tests have been conducted using dense phase carbon dioxide (CO2)-rich mixtures at the Spadeadam Test Site, United Kingdom (UK). The tests were conducted on behalf of National Grid Carbon, UK, as part of the COOLTRANS research programme. The semi-empirical Two Curve Model, developed by the Battelle Memorial Institute in the 1970s, is widely used to set the (pipe body) toughness requirements for pipelines transporting lean and rich natural gas. However, it has not been validated for applications involving dense phase CO2 or CO2-rich mixtures. One significant difference between the decompression behaviour of dense phase CO2 and a lean or rich gas is the very long plateau in the decompression curve. The objective of the two tests was to determine the level of ‘impurities’ that could be transported by National Grid Carbon in a 914.0 mm outside diameter, 25.4 mm wall thickness, Grade L450 pipeline, with arrest at an upper shelf Charpy V-notch impact energy (toughness) of 250 J. The level of impurities that can be transported is dependent on the saturation pressure of the mixture. Therefore, the first test was conducted at a predicted saturation pressure of 80.5 barg and the second test was conducted at a predicted saturation pressure of 73.4 barg. A running ductile fracture was successfully initiated in the initiation pipe and arrested in the test section in both of the full-scale tests. The main experimental data, including the layout of the test sections, and the decompression and timing wire data, are summarised and discussed. The results of the two full-scale fracture propagation tests demonstrate that the Two Curve Model is not (currently) applicable to liquid or dense phase CO2 or CO2-rich mixtures.

Mechanical and Metallurgical Aspects of the Resistance to Ductile Fracture Propagation in the New Generation of Gas Pipelines

2014 ◽  
Author(s):  
Igor Pyshmintsev ◽  
Alexey Gervasyev ◽  
Victor Carretero Olalla ◽  
Roumen Petrov ◽  
Andrey Arabey
Keyword(s):  
Ductile Fracture ◽  
Mechanical Test ◽  
Fracture Propagation ◽  
Rolling Plane ◽  
Full Scale ◽  
Charpy Test ◽  
Line Pipe ◽  
Surface Separation ◽  
Fracture Arrest ◽  
New Generation

The microstructure and fracture behavior of the base metal of different X80 steel line pipe lots from several pipeline projects were analyzed. The resistance of the pipes to ductile fracture propagation was determined by the full-scale burst tests. The high intensity of fracture surface separation (secondary brittle cracks parallel to the rolling plane of the plate) appeared to be the main factor reducing the specific fracture energy of ductile crack propagation. A method for quantitative analysis of microstructure allowing estimation of the steel’s tendency to form separations is proposed. The procedure is based on the EBSD data processing and results in Cleavage Morphology Clustering (CMC) parameter evaluation which correlates with full-scale and laboratory mechanical test results. Two special laboratory mechanical test types utilizing SENT and Charpy test concepts for prediction of ductile fracture arrest/propagation in a pipe were developed and included into Gazprom specifications.

scholarly journals On Longitudinal Propagation of a Ductile Fracture in a Buried Gas Pipeline: Numerical and Experimental Analysis

2000 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. Berardo ◽  
P. Salvini ◽  
G. Mannucci ◽  
G. Demofonti
Keyword(s):  
Finite Element ◽  
Ductile Fracture ◽  
Driving Force ◽  
Fracture Propagation ◽  
Full Scale ◽  
Finite Element Code ◽  
Line Pipe ◽  
Real Phenomenon ◽  
Buried Gas Pipeline ◽  
Soil Pipe

The work deals with the development of a finite element code, named PICPRO (PIpe Crack PROpagation), for the analysis of ductile fracture propagation in buried gas pipelines. Driving force estimate is given in terms of CTOA and computed during simulations; its value is then compared with the material parameter CTOAc, inferred by small specimen tests, to evaluate the toughness of a given line pipe. Some relevant aspects are considered in the modelling with the aim to simulate the real phenomenon, namely ductile fracture mechanism, gas decompression behaviour and soil backfill constraint. The gas decompression law is calculated outside the finite element code by means of experimental data from full-scale burst tests coupled with classical shock tube solution. The validation is performed on the basis of full-scale propagation experiments, carried out on typical pipeline layouts, and includes verification of global plastic displacements and strains, CTOA values and soil-pipe interaction pressures.

CO2SAFE-ARREST: A Full-Scale Burst Test Research Program for Carbon Dioxide Pipelines — Part 3: Dispersion Modelling

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ajit Godbole ◽  
Xiong Liu ◽  
Guillaume Michal ◽  
Cheng Lu ◽  
Clara Huéscar Medina
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Dioxide ◽  
Fracture Propagation ◽  
Co2 Concentration ◽  
Test Site ◽  
Full Scale ◽  
Wind Speeds ◽  
Transient Nature ◽  
Set Up ◽  
Experimental Values ◽  
Carbon Dioxide Co2

The ‘CO2SafeArrest’ Joint Industry Project (JIP) was set up with the twin aims of: (1) investigating the fracture propagation and arrest characteristics of steel pipelines carrying anthropogenic carbon dioxide (CO2), and (2) investigating the dispersion of CO2 following its release into the atmosphere. The project involves two full-scale burst tests of 24-inch, X65 buried line pipes filled with a mixture of CO2 and nitrogen (N2). An overview of the CO2SafeArrest JIP and details of the fracture propagation and arrest investigation appear elsewhere in two companion papers. This paper presents the experimental investigation and computational fluid dynamics (CFD) simulations of the dispersion of CO2 following its explosive release into the atmosphere over the terrain at the test site in the first test. The setting up of the experiment and the CFD model is described in detail, including the representation of terrain topography and weather (wind) conditions, and the condition at the ‘inlet to the dispersion domain’. The modelling was carried out prior to the actual event, and simulated the dispersion of the CO2 cloud for different wind speeds and directions. This analysis confirmed that the sensor layout set up to obtain spot measurements CO2 concentration over the terrain at the site was adequate. The predicted and experimental values of CO2 concentration at the nominated locations over the duration of the dispersion were found to be in good agreement. Results of this study are expected to be used in developing a generalized model for the dispersion of CO2 and for estimating the ‘consequence distance’ for such events. It is noted that this distance is necessarily a function of time due to the highly transient nature of the event.

Fracture Resistance in Line Pipe

1965 ◽  
Vol 87 (3) ◽  
pp. 265-278 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. M. McClure ◽  
A. R. Duffy ◽  
R. J. Eiber
Keyword(s):  
Fracture Behavior ◽  
Large Diameter ◽  
Full Scale ◽  
Laboratory Studies ◽  
Research Committee ◽  
Line Pipe ◽  
Diameter Pipe ◽  
On Line ◽  
Fracture Tests ◽  
Scale Behavior

The program of research on line pipe under the sponsorship of the A.G.A. Pipeline Research Committee is a comprehensive effort to investigate the important properties of pipe used in gas transmission. Several different phases are involved in this project, ranging from fundamental laboratory studies to fracture-behavior experiments on large-diameter pipe. This paper discusses the full-scale experimental parts of the program in which the fracture toughness of line pipe is being studied. Some of the factors that influence full-scale fracture behavior are discussed—material properties, fracture speed, temperature, wall thickness, nominal stress level, and type of backfill. Laboratory fracture tests that are being run and correlated with full-scale behavior are also described.

Fracture Propagation in Underwater Gas Pipelines

1986 ◽  
Vol 108 (1) ◽  
pp. 29-34 ◽  
Author(s):  
W. A. Maxey
Keyword(s):  
Ductile Fracture ◽  
Pipe Wall ◽  
Fracture Propagation ◽  
Full Scale ◽  
Gas Pipelines ◽  
Buried Pipelines ◽  
Nitrogen Gas ◽  
Line Pipe ◽  
Fracture Velocity

Two full-scale ductile fracture propagation experiments on segments of line pipe pressurized with nitrogen gas have been conducted underwater at a depth of 40 ft (12 m) to evaluate the ductile fracture phenomenon in underwater pipelines. The pipes were 22-in. (559-mm) diameter and 42-in. (1067-mm) diameter. Fracture velocities were measured and arrest conditions were observed. The overpressure in the water surrounding the pipe resulting from the release of the compressed nitrogen gas contained in the pipe was measured in both experiments. The overpressure in the water reduces the stress in the pipe wall and thus slows down the fracture. In addition, the water surrounding the pipe appears to be more effective than soil backfill in producing a slower fracture velocity. Both of these effects suggest a greater tendency toward arrest for a pipeline underwater than would be the case for the same pipeline buried in soil onshore. Further verification of this effect is planned and a modified version of the existing model for predicting ductile fracture in buried pipelines will be developed for underwater pipelines.

CO2SAFE-ARREST: A Full-Scale Burst Test Research Program for Carbon Dioxide Pipelines — Part 1: Project Overview and Outcomes of Test 1

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Valerie Linton ◽  
Bente Helen Leinum ◽  
Robert Newton ◽  
Olav Fyrileiv
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Dioxide ◽  
Natural Gas ◽  
Fracture Propagation ◽  
Companion Paper ◽  
Full Scale ◽  
Experimental Program ◽  
Potential Hazard ◽  
Storage Site ◽  
Full Scale Test ◽  
Scale Test

Transport of anthropogenic carbon dioxide in pipelines from capture site to storage site forms an important link in the overall Carbon Capture, Transport and Storage (CCTS) scheme. The thermodynamic properties of CO2 are different from those of other gases such as natural gas that are transported in pipelines. Recent full-scale burst tests from the projects SARCO2 and COOLTRANS indicated significant variations in correction factors necessary to predict the arrest of a running ductile fracture. In addition, CO2 can be a potential hazard to human and animal life and the environment. While consequence distances of natural gas pipelines are well established and documented in standards, this is not the case with CO2. The research focused CO2SAFE-ARREST joint industry project (JIP) aims to (1) investigate the fracture propagation and arrest characteristics of anthropogenic CO2 carrying high strength steel pipelines, and (2) to investigate the dispersion of CO2 following its release into the atmosphere. The participants are DNV GL (Norway) and Energy Pipelines CRC (Australia). The project is funded by the Norwegian CLIMIT and the Commonwealth Government of Australia. The joint investigation commenced in 2016 and will continue to 2019. The experimental part of the project involves two full-scale fracture propagation tests using X65, 610mm (24“) pipe and two 6″ shock tube tests, with all tests filled with a dense phase CO2/N2 mixture. The full-scale tests were made up of 8 pipe lengths each, with nominal wall thicknesses of 13.5 mm and 14.5mm. The dispersion of the carbon dioxide from the full-scale test sections was measured through an array of sensors downwind of the test location. The tests were conducted in 2017/2018 at Spadeadam, UK. Following a short review of the background and outcomes of previous CO2 full-scale burst tests, this paper provides insight on the aims of the overall experimental program along with summary results from the first full-scale fracture propagation test, carried out in September 2017. Two companion papers provide further details on the first test. The first companion paper [IPC2018-78525] discusses the selection of pipe material properties for the test and the detailed fracture propagation test results. The second companion paper [IPC2018-78530] provides information on the dispersion of the CO2 from the first full-scale test, along with numerical modelling of the dispersion.

Microstructure Engineering of Thicker Gage Niobium Microalloyed Line Pipe Steel With Enhanced Toughness by High Temperature Processing Using TiN-NbC Composite Precipitate

2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. V. Subramanian ◽  
Xiaoping Ma ◽  
Chengliang Miao ◽  
Xiaobing Zhang ◽  
Laurie Collins
Keyword(s):  
Brittle Fracture ◽  
Ductile Fracture ◽  
Pipe Steel ◽  
Fracture Propagation ◽  
Full Scale ◽  
Laboratory Simulation ◽  
Austenite Grain Size ◽  
Line Pipe ◽  
Nano Scale ◽  
Line Pipe Steel

Prediction of crack arrestability of higher grade line pipe steel microalloyed with niobium in full scale burst tests based on laboratory simulation tests including Charpy impact, DWTT and CTOD is rendered difficult, as the full scale burst test is found to be far more sensitive to microstructure variables than current laboratory tests. This paper deals with nano-scale TiN-NbC composite precipitate engineering as an alternative approach to strain-induced precipitation of NbC to produce thicker gage plate or coil with enhanced toughness and resistance to ductile fracture propagation of line pipe steel. Microstructure engineering is based on identification of key microstructural parameters to which target properties can be related, and engineer the target microstructure through design of base chemistry and optimization of processing schedules. Nano-scale precipitate engineering based on control of spacing and size of TiN-NbC composite precipitate offers a new approach to achieve excellent strength and toughness (300J at −60C) of line pipe steels through control of target microstructure consisting of: (i) refinement of austenite grain size (under 30 microns) of transfer bar before pancaking, (ii) high volume fraction of acicular ferrite with adequate plasticity to increase resistance to ductile fracture propagation, (iii) high density and uniform dispersion of high angle grain boundaries that arrest micro-cracks to suppress brittle fracture initiation, (iv) less intensity of unfavorable {100}<011> texture component that facilitate the propagation of brittle fracture, (v) suppression of ultra-fine precipitates in the matrix, thereby enlarging plastic zone ahead of the crack tip to blunt the tip of the crack, and (vi) suppression of coarse brittle constituents (carbides or MA products) that initiate brittle fracture. Experimental results are presented on thermo-mechanically rolled X-90 and K-60 that validate the concept of microstructure engineering using TiN-NbC composite precipitate engineering to enhance strength and fracture toughness.

An Operator’s Perspective on Fracture Control in Dense Phase CO2 Pipelines

2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
Julian Barnett ◽  
Russell Cooper
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Capture ◽  
Carbon Capture And Storage ◽  
Fracture Propagation ◽  
Research Programme ◽  
Full Scale ◽  
Dense Phase ◽  
Carbon Dioxide Co2 ◽  
Fracture Arrest ◽  
Semi Empirical ◽  
Pipeline Design

Carbon Capture and Storage (CCS) is an approach to mitigate global warming by capturing and storing carbon dioxide (CO2) from large industrial emitters. Pipelines will play a significant role in the transportation of CO2 in CCS projects. National Grid has an interest in this, and has carried out research to investigate the requirements for the safe design and operation of CO2 pipelines. CO2 pipelines are susceptible to long running fractures which are prevented by specifying an adequate pipe body toughness to arrest the fracture. There is no existing, validated methodology for setting pipe body toughness for pipelines transporting dense phase CO2 with impurities. The methods for estimating the pipe body toughness are semi-empirical so full scale fracture propagation tests are required to validate and extend these methods. As part of a major research programme into pipeline transportation of dense phase CO2, National Grid conducted two full scale fracture propagation tests using 900 mm diameter pipe in 2012. The tests demonstrated that the current natural gas practices for setting pipe body toughness was incorrect and non-conservative for dense phase CO2 pipelines. National Grid recognises the importance of understanding fracture arrest as it required to ensure design code compliance, impacts on pipeline design and provides reassurance to stakeholders. As the results of the two tests cannot be used directly to set the toughness requirements for a specific project pipeline, a third full scale test was necessary to confirm the fracture arrest capability of the pipe for the proposed pipelines. A third full scale fracture propagation test was conducted in July 2015. A propagating ductile fracture was initiated and successfully arrested in linepipe representative of that to be used on the proposed project.

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