Towards a Numerical Design Tool for Composite Crack Arrestors on High Pressure Gas Pipelines

2010 ◽  
Author(s):  
F. Van den Abeele ◽  
L. Amlung ◽  
M. Di Biagio ◽  
S. Zimmermann
Keyword(s):  
High Pressure ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Steel Wire ◽  
Large Diameter ◽  
High Strength ◽  
Tensile Tests ◽  
Design Tool ◽  
Pipe Material ◽  
Gas Pipelines ◽  
Numerical Design

One of the major challenges in the design of ultra high grade (X100) high pressure gas pipelines is the identification of a reliable crack propagation strategy. Ductile fracture propagation is an event that involves the whole pipeline and all its components, including valves, fittings, flanges and bends. Recent research results have shown that the newly developed high strength large diameter gas pipelines, when operated at severe conditions (rich gas, low temperatures, high pressure), may not be able to arrest a running ductile crack through pipe material properties. Hence, the use of crack arrestors is required in the design of safe and reliable pipeline systems. A conventional crack arrestor can be a high toughness pipe insert, or a local joint with higher wall thickness. Steel wire wrappings, cast iron clamps or steel sleeves are commonly used non-integral solutions. Recently, composite crack arrestors have enjoyed increasing interest from the industry as a straightforward solution to stop running ductile cracks. A composite crack arrestor is made of (glass) fibres, dipped in a resin bath and wound onto the pipe wall in a variety of orientations. In this paper, the numerical design of composite crack arrestors will be presented. First, the properties of unidirectional glass fibre reinforced epoxy are measured and the micromechanic modelling of composite materials is addressed. Then, the in-use behaviour of pipe joints with composite crack arrestors is covered. Large-scale tensile tests and four point bending tests are performed and compared with finite element simulations. Subsequently, failure measures are introduced to predict the onset of composite material failure. At the end, the ability of composite crack arrestors to arrest a running fracture in a high pressure gas pipeline is assessed.

Design of crack arrestors for ultra high grade gas transmission pipelines: simulation of crack initiation, propagation and arrest

2011 ◽  
Vol 2 (2) ◽  
pp. 307-319
Author(s):  
F. Van den Abeele ◽  
M. Di Biagio ◽  
L. Amlung
Keyword(s):  
Crack Initiation ◽  
Crack Propagation ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Large Diameter ◽  
Pipe Material ◽  
High Grade ◽  
Gas Pipelines ◽  
Ductile Crack ◽  
Reinforced Plastics ◽  
Four Point Bending

One of the major challenges in the design of ultra high grade (X100) gas pipelines is the identification of areliable crack propagation strategy. Recent research results have shown that the newly developed highstrength and large diameter gas pipelines, when operated at severe conditions, may not be able to arrest arunning ductile crack through pipe material properties. Hence, the use of crack arrestors is required in thedesign of safe and reliable pipeline systems.A conventional crack arrestor can be a high toughness pipe insert, or a local joint with higher wall thickness.According to experimental results of full-scale burst tests, composite crack arrestors are one of the mostpromising technologies. Such crack arrestors are made of fibre reinforced plastics which provide the pipewith an additional hoop constraint. In this paper, numerical tools to simulate crack initiation, propagationand arrest in composite crack arrestors are introduced.First, the in-use behaviour of composite crack arrestors is evaluated by means of large scale tensile testsand four point bending experiments. The ability of different stress based orthotropic failure measures topredict the onset of material degradation is compared. Then, computational fracture mechanics is applied tosimulate ductile crack propagation in high pressure gas pipelines, and the corresponding crack growth inthe composite arrestor. The combination of numerical simulation and experimental research allows derivingdesign guidelines for composite crack arrestors.

Property of X80 Grade SAW Pipes for Resistance to Ground Movement

2008 ◽  
Author(s):  
Izumi Takeuchi ◽  
Masakazu Matsumura ◽  
Shuji Okaguchi ◽  
Hidenori Shitamoto ◽  
Shusuke Fujita ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
High Pressure ◽  
Compressive Strain ◽  
Large Diameter ◽  
High Strength ◽  
Axial Direction ◽  
Primary Objective ◽  
Ground Movement ◽  
Gas Pipelines ◽  
Long Distance ◽  
Line Pipe

It is aware that the expansion of gas utilization is an important issue to restrict CO2 emission. The reduction of gas transportation cost is essential to increase gas supply to market. The high-pressure gas pipeline with high strength pipes has contributed for safe and economical transportation of natural gas and is expected more for the future demand of gas. The primary objective of high strength line pipe is to hold high pressure safely. The property in circumferential direction under hoop stress is the primary target of the line pipe. High strength and high toughness steel at low temperature has been developed for large diameter line pipes, which have been supplied to major gas pipelines. The increase of D/T of pipelines for transportation efficiency tends to decrease critical compressive strain. Since long distance pipelines come across various ground conditions, the pipeline might encounter some serious ground movement. It is pointed out that in this event the strain by the ground movement might be high enough to deform pipelines to leak or rupture. There are various forms of ground movement, but the Japanese guideline for earthquake resistance and liquefaction is considered as basic conditions for SBD and for FEA in this study. The relation between pipe deformation and property in axial direction is investigated to identify the effective parameter to design the steel property for gas pipelines. Metallurgical factors and microstructure can change the parameters not only on strength and toughness, but also on the critical strain of X80 line pipes. It is discussed that the effectiveness of those changes to improve the safe operation of high-pressure gas pipelines with X80 grade line pipe.

Sour-Service Risers and Accessories for HP/HT Application in the Gulf of Mexico

2021 ◽  
Vol 73 (03) ◽  
pp. 60-61
Author(s):  
Judy Feder
Keyword(s):  
High Pressure ◽  
Yield Strength ◽  
Gulf Of Mexico ◽  
Wall Thickness ◽  
Large Diameter ◽  
High Strength ◽  
Thick Wall ◽  
Offshore Technology ◽  
Riser Pipe ◽  
Sour Service

This article, written by JPT Technology Editor Judy Feder, contains highlights of paper OTC 30558, “Development and Implementation of Heavy-Wall, High-Strength, Sour-Service Accessory and Risers for HP/HT Application in the Gulf of Mexico,” by Carine Landier, Jonathas Oliveira, and Christelle Gomes, Vallourec, et al., prepared for the 2020 Offshore Technology Conference, originally scheduled to be held in Houston, 4–7 May. The paper has not been peer reviewed. Copyright 2020 Offshore Technology Conference. Reproduced by permission. As oil and gas development in the Gulf of Mexico increasingly requires high-pressure/high-temperature (HP/HT) applications, the need for sour-service (SS) resistance also has grown. To meet these needs, continual innovation and improvement is needed in SS-grade materials from a technical and cost-effectiveness perspective. The complete paper discusses the material properties achieved with several large-diameter, heavy-wall SS pipes. The complete paper presents a detailed, illustrated discussion of the applications for the high-strength SS pipe and its manufacturing process. Applications The authors write that improved materials to meet HP/HT requirements such as those in the Gulf of Mexico are needed particularly for two applications: for risers, which require high-strength, thick-wall sour service; and as a substitute for corrosion-resistant alloy (CRA) with sour carbon material on defined accessories. Vallourec has developed high-strength [125,000-psi specified minimum yield strength (SMYS)] and resistant carbon steel pipes in sizes with outer diameter (OD) up to 23 in. and wall thickness up to 2.5 in. These sizes are common in lower-strength material, but meeting the high-pressure requirements with higher-grade material enables cost savings and eliminates some CRA components. It also enables the use of much-lighter-weight pipe than the 80,000-psi SMYS material that is standard for SS applications in oversize OD and heavy wall. Risers. Most deepwater drilling is performed with classic subsea blowout-preventer (BOP) systems. Access to the well through the BOP is accomplished with low-pressure, large-diameter (19-in. internal diameter) drilling riser pipe. Pipes are supplied in weldable grades (API 5L X65–X80). Large-diameter forged flanges are then welded onto the tubes. Connections are made by multiple bolts. High pressures, required as part of the drilling process, are supplied by small-diameter choke-and-kill lines. This system has served the industry well, but, as well pressures increase, so have cost and feasibility requirements of subsea BOP technology. These costs, driven by the complexity of redundant systems, have driven a desire to explore an alternative solution—a surface BOP with high-pressure drilling riser pipe. Using a surface BOP reduces the complexity and cost of the system significantly because of the ability to inspect it. The drilling riser then carries the pressure to the surface and must be able to contain it. The high-pressure environment that instigated a new solution was based on a 15,000-psi well pressure with NACE Region 2 SS performance. Because of the requirement for weldable grades for attaching the flange as well as SS, the maximum yield strength has been limited to 80,000 psi. At that strength, a very high wall thickness is required to meet 15,000 psi and greater. This becomes very heavy and can be limited by the rig hook-load capacity. Alternatives in weldable grades are nickel-based alloys with SS performance. A full string, however, is prohibitively expensive.

Design of a Large Diameter Steel Reinforced Plastic Pipe

2011 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jun Shi ◽  
Jing Rao ◽  
Jianfeng Shi ◽  
Ping Xu ◽  
Taiqing Shao ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Structural Parameters ◽  
Steel Wire ◽  
Large Diameter ◽  
Small Diameter ◽  
High Strength ◽  
External Pressure ◽  
Wire Mesh ◽  
Plastic Pipe ◽  
Reinforced Plastic ◽  
Steel Wire Mesh

A steel reinforced plastic pipe (PSP), which is composed of two layers of high density polyethylene (HDPE) matrix and a high strength steel wire mesh skeleton, has wide applications in many industrial areas, such as gas and petroleum transportation, etc. In order to achieve higher efficency and lower costs, a large diameter PSP has been developed. However, requirements of the large diameter PSP in safety and economy are much higher, compared with those small diameter PSPs, and some potential problems should be taken into account. In this paper, relevant structural parameters of the large diameter PSP are determined, based on a previously proposed model, and a short-term burst test is carried out. The experiment results agree with the theoretical results quite well. Subsequently, the resistance of vertical pressure and uniform external pressure are evaluated by using experiment investigation and finite element method, respectively. And corresponding results indicate the large diameter PSP with determined structural parameters is qualified to use.

A Justification for Designing and Operating Pipelines Up to Stresses of 80% SMYS

2002 ◽  
Author(s):  
Martin McLamb ◽  
Phil Hopkins ◽  
Mark Marley ◽  
Maher Nessim
Keyword(s):  
Yield Strength ◽  
Oil And Gas ◽  
Large Diameter ◽  
Pipe Material ◽  
Gas Pipelines ◽  
Long Distance ◽  
Remote Locations ◽  
Pass Through ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Minimum Yield

Oil and gas majors are interested in several projects worldwide involving large diameter, long distance gas pipelines that pass through remote locations. Consequently, the majors are investigating the feasibility of operating pipelines of this type at stress levels up to and including 80% of the specified minimum yield strength (SMYS) of the pipe material. This paper summarises a study to investigate the impact upon safety, reliability and integrity of designing and operating pipelines to stresses up to 80% SMYS.

Multiscale Modeling of a Notched Coupon Test for Triaxially Braided Composites

2019 ◽  
Vol 795 ◽  
pp. 172-179
Author(s):  
Yan Qi Hu ◽  
Wieslaw K. Binienda
Keyword(s):  
Multiscale Modeling ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Laminated Composite ◽  
High Strength ◽  
Multiscale Model ◽  
Tensile Tests ◽  
Local Deformation ◽  
Modeling Method ◽  
Braided Composites ◽  
Element Analysis

Braided composites have been widely used in aerospace and automotive structures due to their light weight and high strength. Unlike metal or laminated composite material, the complex braided structure brings a lot of challenges when conducting numerical simulation. In this paper, a finite element analysis based meso-mechanical modeling for the two dimensional triaxially braided composite was developed. This mesoscale modeling method is capable of considering the detailed braiding geometry and architecture as well as the mechanical behavior of fiber tows, matrix and the fiber tow interface. Furthermore, a multiscale model combined both macroscale and mesoscale approaches and it is realized within LS-DYNA environment through Interface_components and Interface_linking. This combined multiscale modeling approach enables the full advantage of both the macroscale and mesoscale approaches, which can describe the details of local deformation and the global overall response features of the entire structure with the minimum computational expense. The evaluation and verification of the mesoscale approach and combined multiscale modeling method is through a notched coupon tensile tests conducted by Kohlman in both axial and transverse direction. The multiscale modeling method captures the response feature accurately so it has the ability to analyze large scale structures.

Application of High-Grade Steels to Onshore Natural Gas Pipelines Using Reliability-Based Design Method

2006 ◽  
Author(s):  
Joe Zhou ◽  
Brian Rothwell ◽  
Wenxing Zhou ◽  
Maher Nessim
Keyword(s):  
High Pressure ◽  
Wall Thickness ◽  
Design Method ◽  
Large Diameter ◽  
Economic Assessment ◽  
High Grade ◽  
Gas Pipelines ◽  
Natural Gas Pipelines ◽  
Reliability Based Design ◽  
Design Factors

Two example onshore gas pipelines were designed using a reliability-based approach. The first example (1219 mm, 17.2 MPa) represents a high-pressure large-diameter pipeline; the second example has a smaller diameter (762 mm) and lower pressure (9.9 MPa). Three steel grades (X70, X80 and X100) were used to develop three design solutions for each example. The wall thickness-related life cycle costs of the designs were evaluated. The design outcomes show that the reliability targets for both examples can be met using X100 steels and high equivalent design factors (0.93 for the first example and 0.9 for the second example). Moreover, ruptures and excessive plastic deformation of a defect free pipe were found to be insignificant integrity threats even when the design uses X100 and relatively high equivalent design factors such as 0.85 and 0.9. The economic assessment results show that the X100 design is the most economical option for the high-pressure large-diameter example. However, using X100 does not show a clear economic advantage over using X80 for the second example mainly because the wall thickness for the design using X100 is governed by the maximum D/t ratio constraint. The study also demonstrates the advantages of the reliability-based approach as a valuable tool in assessing the feasibility and potential benefits of using high-grade steels on a pipeline project.

The Practical Application of Fracture Control to Natural Gas Pipelines

2008 ◽  
Author(s):  
K. A. Widenmaier ◽  
A. B. Rothwell
Keyword(s):  
Natural Gas ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
High Strength ◽  
Fracture Initiation ◽  
Opening Angle ◽  
Pipe Material ◽  
Design Factor ◽  
Line Pipe ◽  
Natural Gas Pipelines ◽  
Crack Tip Opening

The use of high strength, high design-factor pipe to transport natural gas requires the careful design and selection of pipeline materials. A primary material concern is the characterization and control of ductile fracture initiation and arrest. Impact toughness in the form of Charpy V-notch energies or drop-weight tear tests is usually specified in the design and purchase of line pipe in order to prevent large-scale fracture. While minimum values are prescribed in various codes, they may not offer sufficient protection in pipelines with high pressure, cold temperature, rich gas designs. The implications of the crack driving force arising from the gas decompression versus the resisting force of the pipe material and backfill are examined. The use and limitations of the Battelle two-curve method as the standard model are compared with new developments utilizing crack-tip opening angle and other techniques. The methodology and reasoning used to specify the material properties for line pipe are described and the inherent limits and risks are discussed. The applicability of Charpy energy to predict ductile arrest in high strength pipes (X80 and above) is examined.

PREDICTION OF CONDENSATE FLOW RATES IN LARGE DIAMETER HIGH PRESSURE WET GAS PIPELINES

1978 ◽  
Vol 18 (1) ◽  
pp. 171 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. S. Cunliffe
Keyword(s):  
High Pressure ◽  
Residence Time ◽  
Flow Rate ◽  
Large Diameter ◽  
Operating Pressure ◽  
Gas Pipelines ◽  
Liquid Holdup ◽  
Wet Gas ◽  
Exploration And Production ◽  
Demand Changes

Esso Australia Ltd. operates two offshore gas platforms for Esso Exploration and Production Australia Inc. and Hematite Petroleum Pty. Ltd. in the Gippsland Basin. Gas and condensate from the Marlin platform flow to the gas plant near Sale, Victoria through a 67 mile, 20 inch pipeline. Gas and condensate from the Barracouta platform flow to the plant through a 30 mile, 18 inch pipeline. Average flowing pressure is 1300 psig. Condensate: gas ratios are 65 bbl/MMscf for Marlin and 15 bbl/MMscf for Barracouta.As these platforms are the only source of supply for the city of Melbourne, gas rates are changed to match gas demand. Changes in gas rate are accompanied by changes in condensate flow. From consideration of liquid holdup and liquid residence time, a method of predicting the condensate flow rate resulting from gas rate change was developed.A controlled run was made to test the prediction. After holding the Marlin gas rate steady at 150 MMscfd for 50 hours to reach equilibrium holdup conditions, the rate was increased to 250 MMscfd and held at this rate for 26 hours to reach equilibrium conditions again. The condensate flow rate out of the pipeline was monitored continually.The Marlin pipeline test demonstrated that changes in condensate flow rate resulting from changes in gas rate in high pressure wet gas pipelines can be predicted within 15 per cent of actual rates using liquid holdup and liquid residence time as input data. In the absence of holdup data from pipeline pigging, Eaton's correlation will provide good values for holdup for wet gas pipelines with operating pressure up to 1500 psig and which traverse relatively flat topography.This work has application in the sizing of liquid surge capacity required to receive condensate from high pressure wet gas pipelines. In many cases, investment in slug catcher facilities can be greatly reduced without risk of overfilling with liquid.

Qualification Strategy for FAST-Pipe™ for High Pressure Gas Pipelines

2010 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mamdouh M. Salama
Keyword(s):  
High Pressure ◽  
High Pressures ◽  
Glass Fibers ◽  
Large Diameter ◽  
High Strength Steels ◽  
High Strength ◽  
Operational Parameters ◽  
Conventional Steel ◽  
Bending Load ◽  
Analysis Strategy

Because major reserves for natural gas are often remotely located from potential market, its transportation requires larger diameter pipes operating at high pressures. In order to reduce cost, high strength steels (≥ X80) have been advanced to reduce the wall thickness of the pipeline and thus lower materials, transportation and construction costs. However, producing large diameter high pressure pipelines of these steels creates significant challenges that can only be met by very few steel suppliers. This paper presents the qualification results of an alternative technology that will reduce cost even more than high strength steels while using conventional steel such as X70. This technology, which is designated as Fiber Augmented Steel Technology Pipe (FAST-Pipe™), involves hoop winding dry glass fibers over conventional steel pipes (e.g. X70) to provide the required high pressure capacity. The steel thickness is selected to mainly satisfy axial and bending load requirements. Following a proof-of-concept of the FAST-Pipe™, a detailed qualification program was developed based on a decision and risk analysis strategy that incorporates key elements of the industry technology qualification guidelines (DNV RP A203 and API 17N). The qualification program involved addressing fifteen design, construction and operational parameters. The paper presents the FAST-Pipe™ concept, discusses its advantages and summarizes the results of its qualification program.

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