Testing and Analysis of Steel Strip Reinforcement for Pipeline External Rehabilitation

2010 ◽  
Author(s):  
David J. Miles ◽  
Tim J. M. Bond ◽  
Raymond N. Burke ◽  
Ruben van Schalkwijk
Keyword(s):  
Steel Strip ◽  
New Technology ◽  
High Strength ◽  
Full Scale ◽  
Operating Conditions ◽  
Operating Pressure ◽  
Batch Tests ◽  
Girth Welds ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Pipeline Design

A new technology for external rehabilitation of pipelines, known as XHab™, has been developed. This method involves wrapping multiple layers of ultra-high strength steel strip (UHSS) in a helical form continuously over an extended length of pipeline using a dedicated forming and wrapping machine. The reinforcement afforded by the strip can be used to bring a defective section of pipe (e.g. externally corroded or dented) back to its original allowable operating conditions, or even to increase the allowable operating pressure if the desired operating conditions exceed the original pipeline design limits. This paper describes the full scale burst testing and analysis of defective pipes which have been repaired using the XHab process. The full scale test sections are 30″ × 0.5″ API 5L X52 DSAW pipe and include the following specimens: • Bare pipe with no defects; • Bare pipe with single machined defect; • Wrapped pipe with single machined defect and designed reinforcement; • Wrapped pipe with single machined defect and insufficient reinforcement; • Wrapped pipe with interacting defect array and designed reinforcement. The above full scale burst tests are supplemented by FEA models using ABAQUS. The material models for the steel pipe, UHSS strip, defect patch material and strip adhesive are based on measured data from the batch tests and tuned against the control burst test results. The structural behavior in the individual metallic and non-metallic elements can therefore be examined more closely, particularly in the region of the defect and where the wrapped strip crosses seam and girth welds.

In-Field Application of Steel Strip Reinforcement for Pipeline External Rehabilitation

2010 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nicholas J. Venero ◽  
Tim J. M. Bond ◽  
Raymond N. Burke ◽  
David J. Miles
Keyword(s):  
Steel Strip ◽  
New Technology ◽  
High Strength ◽  
Field Application ◽  
Operating Conditions ◽  
Operating Pressure ◽  
Precise Control ◽  
Ultra High Strength Steel ◽  
Structural Adhesive ◽  
Pipeline Design

A new technology for external rehabilitation of pipelines, known as XHab™, has been developed. This method involves wrapping multiple layers of ultra-high strength steel (UHSS) strip in a helical form continuously over an extended length of pipeline using a dedicated forming and wrapping machine. The reinforcement afforded by the strip can be used to bring a defective section of pipe (e.g. externally corroded or dented) back to its original allowable operating conditions, or even to increase the allowable operating pressure if the desired operating conditions exceed the original pipeline design limits. This paper describes the design, manufacture and testing process for a self-propelled wrapping machine for in-field rehabilitation. The wrapping apparatus consists of several major components including an opening sufficiently wide to receive the pipe, a movement assembly, a winding head, a preforming device, an accumulator and an oscillating adhesive applicator. The wrapping apparatus uses the winding head to wrap the reinforcing steel strip around the pipe. The movement assembly uses a pair of tracks in contact with the pipe to drive the wrapping apparatus along which enables helical wrapping of the reinforcing strip material. The oscillating adhesive assembly applies structural adhesive to the pipe immediately before the strip is wound. The winding head, motive assembly and adhesive applicator are electronically synchronized to one another to enable precise control of pitch and adhesive volume. The paper also describes the field application of XHab including mobilization/demobilization of equipment and interaction with other rehabilitation equipment, as well as specific aspects such as initiation and termination of wrapping, protection of rehabilitated area and implementation of cathodic protection.

scholarly journals Full-Scale Fracture Propagation Experiments: A Recent Application and Future Use for the Pipeline Industry

2000 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. Michael Johnson ◽  
Peter S. Cumber ◽  
Norval Horner ◽  
Lorne Carlson ◽  
Robert Eiber
Keyword(s):  
Fracture Propagation ◽  
High Strength Steels ◽  
High Strength ◽  
Test Site ◽  
Full Scale ◽  
Operating Conditions ◽  
Test Facility ◽  
Operating Pressure ◽  
Experimental Facility ◽  
The Usa

A full scale fracture propagation test facility has been developed to validate the design, in terms of the ability of the material to avert a propagating fracture, of a major new pipeline to transport gas 1800 miles from British Columbia in Canada to Chicago in the USA. The pipeline, being built by Alliance Pipeline Ltd, will transport rich natural gas, i.e. gas with a higher than normal proportion of heavier hydrocarbons, at a maximum operating pressure of 12,000 kPa. This gas mixture and pressure combination imposes a more severe requirement on the pipe steel toughness than the traditional operating conditions of North American pipelines. As these conditions were outside the validated range of models, two full-scale experiments were conducted to prove the design. This paper will provide details of the construction of the 367m long experimental facility at the BG Technology Spadeadam test site along with the key data obtained from the experiments. Evaluation of this data showed that the test program had validated Alliance’s fracture control design. The decompression data obtained in the experiments will be compared against predictions from a new decompression model developed by BG Technology. The use of the experimental facility and the model to support future developments in the pipeline industry, particularly in relation to the use of high strength steels, will also be discussed.

The First L555 (X80) Pipeline in Japan

2012 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yoshiyuki Matsuhiro ◽  
Noritake Oguchi ◽  
Toshio Kurumura ◽  
Masahiko Hamada ◽  
Nobuaki Takahashi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Gas Metal Arc Welding ◽  
Control Process ◽  
High Strength ◽  
Longitudinal Direction ◽  
Full Scale ◽  
Ground Movement ◽  
Bending Test ◽  
Metal Arc Welding ◽  
S Curve ◽  
Girth Welds

The construction of the first L555(X80) pipeline in Japan was completed in autumn, 2011.In this paper, the overview of the design consideration of the line, technical points for linepipe material and for girth welds are presented. In recent years the use of high strength linepipe has substantially reduced the cost of pipeline installation for the transportation of natural gas. The grades up to L555(X80) have been used worldwide and higher ones, L690(X100) and L830(X120), e.g., are being studied intensively. In the areas with possible ground movement, the active seismic regions, e.g., pipeline is designed to tolerate the anticipated deformation in longitudinal direction. In Japan, where seismic events including liquefaction are not infrequent, the codes for pipeline are generally for the grades up to L450(X65). Tokyo Gas Co. had extensively investigated technical issues for L555(X80) in the region described above and performed many experiments including full-scale burst test, full-scale bending test, FE analysis on the girth weld, etc., when the company concluded the said grade as applicable and decided project-specific requirements for linepipe material and for girth weld. Sumitomo Metals, in charge of pipe manufacturing, to fulfill these requirements, especially the requirement of round-house type stress-strain (S-S) curve to be maintained after being heated by coating operation, which is critical to avoid the concentration of longitudinal deformation, developed and applied specially designed chemical composition and optimized TMCP (Thermo-Machanical Control Process) and supplied linepipe (24″OD,14.5∼18.9mmWT) with sufficient quality. It had also developed and supplied induction bends needed with the same grade. Girth welds were conducted by Sumitomo Metal Pipeline and Piping, Ltd and mechanized GMAW (Gas Metal Arc Welding) was selected to achieve the special requirements, i.e., the strength of weld metal to completely overmatch the pipe avoiding the concentration of longitudinal strain to the girth weld, and the hardness to be max.300HV10 avoiding HSC (Hydrogen Stress Cracking) on this portion. Both of RT (Radiographic Test) and UT (Ultrasonic Test) were carried out to all the girth welds. These were by JIS (Japan Industrial Standards) and the project-specific requirements.

Assessment of the Complexity of Stress/Strain Conditions of X100 Steel Pipeline and the Effect on the Steel Corrosion and Failure Pressure Prediction

2012 ◽  
Author(s):  
Luyao Xu ◽  
Frank Y. Cheng
Keyword(s):  
Steel Corrosion ◽  
Local Stress ◽  
High Strength ◽  
Complex Stress ◽  
Fe Model ◽  
Operating Pressure ◽  
Stress Strain ◽  
Failure Pressure ◽  
Corrosion Defects ◽  
Pipeline Design

In this work, a finite element (FE) model was developed to simulate the complex stress/strain conditions potentially exerted on the northern pipelines due to the synergism of internal pressure, soil strain and local stress/strain concentration at corrosion defects. The effects of pre-strain on corrosion of the steel and the pipeline failure pressure were investigated. Results demonstrated that a high intensity stress/strain field generates preferentially at the bottom of corrosion defect. The increase of operating pressure would increase the stress concentration at defect and the plastically deformed area. Both tensile and compressive soil strains increase the stress intensity and plastic deformation. Thus, a pipe containing corrosion defects or mechanical dents is susceptible to hoop cracking or local bulking under the tensile and compressive soil strains, respectively. Moreover, while an elastic strain enhances slightly the steel corrosion, the effect of plastic strain is much remarkable. In optimal pipeline design, the reliable risk assessment of high-strength steel pipelines should consider the corrosion enhancement and defect propagation under the complex stress/strain conditions.

scholarly journals Model assisted identification of N2O mitigation strategies for full-scale reject water treatment plants

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Beier ◽  
I. Feldkämper ◽  
A. Freyschmidt
Keyword(s):  
Water Treatment ◽  
High Strength ◽  
Full Scale ◽  
Mitigation Strategies ◽  
N2o Emissions ◽  
N2o Formation ◽  
Operational Conditions ◽  
Reject Water ◽  
Batch Tests ◽  
Measurement Campaigns

Abstract In a 3-year research project, a new approach to forecast biological N2O formation and emission at high-strength reject water treatment has been developed (ASM3/1_N2OISAH). It was calibrated by extensive batch-tests and finally evaluated by long-term measurement campaigns realized at three WWTPs with different process configurations for nitrogen removal of reject water. To enable a model application with common full-scale data, the nitritation connected supplementary processes are not depicted in the model. Instead, within the new model approach the N2O formation is linked to the NH4-N oxidation rate by defining specific formation factors [N2O-Nform/NH4-Nox], depending on three minor parameters, the concentrations of NO2 and O2 as well as the NH4 load. A comparison between the measured and the modeled N2O concentrations in the liquid and gas phase at the full-scale treatment plants prove the ability of the proposed modelling approach to represent the observed trends of N2O formation, emission and reduction using the standard parameter set of kinetics and formation factors. Thus, enabling a reliable estimation of the N2O emissions for different operational conditions. The measurements indicate that a formation of N2O by AOB cannot completely be avoided. However, a considerable reduction of the formed N2O was observed in an anoxic environment. Applying the model, operational settings and mitigation strategies can now be identified without extensive measurement campaigns. For further enhancement of the model, first results for kinetics of N2O reduction kinetics by denitrification processes were determined in laboratory-scale batch tests.

scholarly journals Process development for co-digestion of toxic effluents : development of screening procedures

2009 ◽  
Author(s):  
◽  
Sithembile Dlamini
Keyword(s):  
High Strength ◽  
Full Scale ◽  
Operating Conditions ◽  
Laboratory Scale ◽  
Test Material ◽  
Distillery Effluent ◽  
Serum Bottle ◽  
Synthetic Dye ◽  
Starting Point ◽  
Screening Protocol

The primary objective of this project was to establish a screening protocol which could be used to access high strength/toxic effluent for toxicity and degradability prior to being disposed in wastewater treatment works. The serum bottle method (materials and method section) is simple, makes use of small glass vials (125 mℓ-volume were used in this research) which do not require any stirring nor feeding device or other engineered tool: a serum bottle is sealed immediately after all components are poured inside and thereafter conducted in a batch mode and occasionally shaken to ensure adequate homogenisation of the components. The only variables which are regularly measured are the volume of biogas produced and gas composition. The two assays, originally developed by Owen et al. (1979) to address the toxicity and the biodegradability have been combined in a single test called AAT, Anaerobic Activity Test, which enables one to assess simultaneously the inhibitory effect on the methanogenic biomass and the biodegradability of the test material as well as the ability of the biomass to adapt to the test material and therefore to overcome the initial inhibition. The screening protocol is illustrated in Annexure A. The protocol consists of a sequence of assays which employ the serum bottle methodology. A first step of the procedure is aimed at rapidly estimating whether the effluent is potentially toxic to the methanogenic biomass and in what concentration. The second step is a more extensive screening, aimed at precisely characterising the toxicity of the effluent, the extent of biodegradation that can be achieved, as well as at establishing whether a potential for adaptation of the biomass exists upon exposure. If the sample passes the screening stage, the same serum bottle method will be used to conduct a series of batch co-digestion experiments aimed at evaluating a convenient volumetric ratio between the test material and the readily biodegradable substrate. Finally, a laboratory-scale codigestion trial could simulate the full-scale process, thus enabling the selection of appropriate operating conditions for the start-up of the full-scale implementation. This the protocol has been used to assess the amenability to be anaerobically (co)digested of four industrial effluents, i.e. size and distillery effluents which are classified as high strength and scour and synthetic dye effluents classified as toxic. From the biodegradability and toxicity assays the following conclusions were drawn. The size and distillery effluent were found to be ii degradable at 32 g COD/ℓ and 16 g COD /ℓ concentrations respectively. Concentrations higher than these stipulated above were found inhibitory. Scour effluent was found to be recalcitrant at all concentration tested and synthetic dye was 100 % degradable at 0.12 g COD/ℓ and lower and highly inhibitory at concentration higher than 1.1 g COD/ℓ. Co-digestion experiment using serum bottle AAT method were undertaken between effluents i.e. size + distillery, size + scour, distillery + synthetic dye in an attempt to verify whether the digestion performance benefits from simultaneous presence of the two substrates. The volumetric ratios between the effluents were 1:1, 1:2, 2:1. The presence of two mixtures in the case of size and distillery had better methane production compared to individual substrate i.e. size or distillery separate. The mixture with volumetric flow rate ratio of 2:1 (size: distillery) was preferable in terms of process performance as it had highest COD removal compared to the other mixtures /ratios and individual substrates. The mixture of size and scour (2:1) had highest degradation percentage compared to other ratios but not high enough to qualify as degradable (less than 50 %). The mixture of distillery and synthetic dye had the same pattern with ratio of 2:1 giving the best COD conversion. The pattern than can be drawn from the degradability of mixtures is: the degradability of mixtures increase with the increasing amount of the most biodegradable compound/effluent in the mixture. Serum bottle results provided the detailed information regarding the safe operating parameters which should be used during the starting point for the larger scale investigation i.e. lab-scale investigations. The lab scale investigations were conducted primarily to validate screening and monitor how the digestion progresses and also to provide data for future project i.e. pilot plant investigation. Other effluents i.e. scour and synthetic dye and their co-digestion mixture were excluded from the lab-scale investigations since they were found to be non- biodegradable i.e. their COD conversion was less the 50 % in the screening protocol. Due to time constrains and other technical difficulties in the laboratory, the co-digestion of size and distillery mixture trials we not conducted on the laboratory scale. Laboratory-scale digestion trials showed that the best organic loading rate for distillery effluent in terms of reactor performance and stability was 1.0g COD/ℓ with efficiency of about 45 %, and for size was 2.0g COD/ℓ with an efficiency of 40 %. The efficiencies obtained in both effluents trials could be greatly improved by acclimation; however these results showed that the digestion of these effluents on the bigger scale is possible.

Qualification of an Application System for In-Field External Reinforcement of Pipelines Using Helical Steel Wrap

2012 ◽  
Author(s):  
David J. Miles
Keyword(s):  
Steel Strip ◽  
Axial Strain ◽  
High Strength ◽  
Operating Pressure ◽  
Element Analysis ◽  
Application System ◽  
Location Class ◽  
External Reinforcement ◽  
Class 1 ◽  
Welded Pipe

A solution, known as XHab™, has been developed for external repair and reinforcement of pipelines using ultra high strength steel strip. This method involves wrapping multiple layers of strip in a helical form continuously over an extended length of pipeline using a dedicated forming and wrapping machine. The reinforcement provided by the strip can be used to: a) Restore the original maximum allowable operating pressure to a section of defective pipe (e.g. external corrosion or denting), or b) Reinforce an intact but de-rated section of pipeline (e.g. a Location Class change through encroachment) to maintain reduced hoop stress in the base pipe as required by codes and regulations, but allow reinstatement of the original operating pressure by carrying the additional load in the strips. This paper describes the full-scale qualification testing, including in-field proving runs, and design analysis necessary to demonstrate the field-readiness of the application system and reinforcement product. This includes wrapping and pressure testing of pipe with machined external wall defects. The potential for XHab repair of stress corrosion cracking (SCC) is also discussed for an upcoming series of tests on pipe samples with electrical discharge machined notches. To demonstrate reinforcement of intact pipe, a 40ft joint of 26-inch vintage flash-butt seam welded pipe, instrumented with hoop and axial strain gages, has been wrapped by the XHab machine with sufficient reinforcement to simulate a change from Location Class 1, Div. 2 to Location Class 3 (ASME B31.8). This pipe has been subjected to pressure cycling and ultimate burst alongside an identical unwrapped pipe sample which provides a baseline. The test results are presented and compared to finite element analysis.

scholarly journals Evaluation of the Textural Parameters of Zeolite Beta in LDPE Catalytic Degradation: Thermogravimetric Analysis Coupled with FTIR Operando Studies

Molecules ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 25 (4) ◽  
pp. 926 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kamila Pyra ◽  
Karolina A. Tarach ◽  
Ewa Janiszewska ◽  
Dorota Majda ◽  
Kinga Góra-Marek
Keyword(s):  
Thermogravimetric Analysis ◽  
Catalytic Efficiency ◽  
High Strength ◽  
Hydrocarbon Chain ◽  
Decomposition Temperature ◽  
Operating Conditions ◽  
Oil Refining ◽  
Reaction Products ◽  
Chemical Production ◽  
The Individual

Zeolite-based catalysts are globally employed in many industrial processes, such as crude-oil refining and bulk chemical production. In this work, the cracking of low-density polyethylene (LDPE) was thoroughly followed in a FTIR operando study to examine the catalytic efficiency of purely microporous zeolites of various textural characteristics. To provide complementary and valuable information on the catalytic activity of the zeolite studied, the thermogravimetric analysis results were compared with yields of the products generated under operating conditions. The reaction products were analyzed via GC–MS to determine the hydrocarbon chain distribution in terms of paraffin, olefins, and aromatics. The individual impact of textural and acidic parameters on catalytic parameters was assessed. The accumulation of bridging hydroxyls of high strength in the zeolite benefited the decrease in polymer decomposition temperature. Through a strategic comparison of purely microporous zeolites, we showed that the catalytic cracking of LDPE is dominated by the acidic feature inherent to the microporous environment.

Design of Pipeline Damage for the BP X100 Operational Trial

2010 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robert M. Andrews ◽  
James Johnson ◽  
Julie Crossley
Keyword(s):  
Mechanical Damage ◽  
High Strength ◽  
Operating Pressure ◽  
Technology Program ◽  
Pressure Cycling ◽  
Defect Assessment ◽  
Ongoing Work ◽  
Current Assessment ◽  
Corrosion Defects ◽  
Girth Welds

As part of an ongoing pipeline technology program for BP Alaska, a 1 km, 48-inch diameter, X100 demonstration pipeline was constructed and operated for a period of two years. Artificial defects were introduced into one of the two test sections. These defects were intended to demonstrate that current assessment methods could be used to predict the behaviour of pipeline defects in a very high strength steel under realistic conditions including accelerated pressure cycling and a range of cathodic protection levels. The defects included in the trial were volumetric corrosion, mechanical damage, arc strikes and girth weld defects. The volumetric corrosion defects included both isolated defects and pairs of interacting defects. All the defects and details such as the girth welds were assessed for fatigue failure in addition to failure at the Maximum Operating Pressure. This paper describes the design of the defects for the trial. The defects were designed to be close to failure, so as to provide a realistic test of the predictive methods. Current methods were used including the Pipeline Defect Assessment Manual (PDAM) and ongoing work sponsored by PRCI.

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