Monitoring and Prediction of Pipe Wrinkling Using Distributed Strain Sensors

2006 ◽  
Author(s):  
Z. L. Chou ◽  
J. J. R. Cheng ◽  
Joe Zhou
Keyword(s):  
Brillouin Scattering ◽  
Local Buckling ◽  
Longitudinal Direction ◽  
Strain Sensors ◽  
Strain Gauges ◽  
Buried Pipelines ◽  
Distributed Sensors ◽  
Pipeline Construction ◽  
The North ◽  
Distributed Strain

As exploration of energy resources develops further into the remote Canadian North, pipeline construction is being pushed further into the unknown. The new pipeline construction in the North has generated a great need for understanding and predicting the behaviour of pipelines under harsh northern environmental conditions. Continuous real-time monitoring technology using distributed strain sensors has become a possible method for monitoring the performance of these pipelines in the field. The aim of this research is to find the correlation between the distributed strains along the line pipes and the local buckling (wrinkling) of these pipes, and to study the contribution of these distributed strains to the detection of initial wrinkle of buried pipelines. Both experiments and finite element analyses (FEA) concluded significant findings in the current research. Conventional strain gauges and advanced Brillouin Scattering fibre optic sensors (BSFOSs) were employed in the experimental programs. BSFOSs can measure the distributed strains spacing as close as 50 mm along the line pipes, so that these sensors can detect the wrinkle location along the monitored pipeline. The distributed strains measured from the BSFOSs and from conventional strain gauges in longitudinal direction are presented in this paper. The methodology for detecting the initiation of pipe wrinkling and finding the optimal positions of installation of the distributed sensors are proposed.

DEH Cable System Preventive Protection With Distributed Temperature and Strain Sensors

2012 ◽  
Author(s):  
Fabien Ravet ◽  
Atle Børnes ◽  
Carlos Borda ◽  
Even Tjåland ◽  
Halfdan Hilde ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fault Detection ◽  
Brillouin Scattering ◽  
Single Mode ◽  
Strain Sensors ◽  
Electrical Heating ◽  
Detection Methods ◽  
Strain Sensing ◽  
The North ◽  
The North Sea ◽  
Stimulated Brillouin

Hydrate and wax formation in subsea flowlines is a major cause of production impairment. Among various approaches used to minimize the risk, Direct Electrical Heating (DEH) is being applied. DEH is based on passing a current through the pipe wall to mitigate heat losses from the fluid to the surroundings during events which require flow assurance measures. The Piggyback Cable, a high voltage cable attached to the DEH pipeline, is during operation exposed to thermal and mechanical loads which may be critical for the integrity of the DEH system. The overall safety requirement is that any potential Piggyback Cable fault is detected and disconnected from the power source before damage is caused to the pipeline. Conventional cable fault detection methods based on current measurements give adequate protection for the main part of the pipeline. However, for the far end of the Piggyback Cable complementary fault detection is required. A method based on fiber break monitoring has been qualified for this purpose. The new method is implemented in the North Sea on two DEH pipelines operated by Statoil, 43 and 21 km long respectively. The protection is facilitated by standard single-mode fibers integrated into the DEH cables. Although not basis for the design the integrated fibers open up possibilities for temperature and strain sensing using stimulated Brillouin scattering. Sensing has been performed on a 43 km DEH pipeline using the DITEST AIM (Distributed Temperature and Strain Asset Integrity Monitoring). Analysis of the sensing results reveal that distributed fiber optic sensing is capable of pin-pointing thermal events and strain induced loads for an object of this length.

scholarly journals Giant gauge factor of Van der Waals material based strain sensors

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Wenjie Yan ◽  
Huei-Ru Fuh ◽  
Yanhui Lv ◽  
Ke-Qiu Chen ◽  
Tsung-Yin Tsai ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Carrier Mobility ◽  
Large Range ◽  
Van Der Waals ◽  
High Sensitivity ◽  
Strain Sensors ◽  
Strain Gauges ◽  
Gauge Factor ◽  
Proof Of Concept ◽  
High Flexibility ◽  
Small Deformations

AbstractThere is an emergent demand for high-flexibility, high-sensitivity and low-power strain gauges capable of sensing small deformations and vibrations in extreme conditions. Enhancing the gauge factor remains one of the greatest challenges for strain sensors. This is typically limited to below 300 and set when the sensor is fabricated. We report a strategy to tune and enhance the gauge factor of strain sensors based on Van der Waals materials by tuning the carrier mobility and concentration through an interplay of piezoelectric and photoelectric effects. For a SnS2 sensor we report a gauge factor up to 3933, and the ability to tune it over a large range, from 23 to 3933. Results from SnS2, GaSe, GeSe, monolayer WSe2, and monolayer MoSe2 sensors suggest that this is a universal phenomenon for Van der Waals semiconductors. We also provide proof of concept demonstrations by detecting vibrations caused by sound and capturing body movements.

scholarly journals Structural Health Monitoring System for Snow and Wind Load Measurement

Electronics ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (4) ◽  
pp. 609
Author(s):  
Bogdan Dziadak
Keyword(s):  
Main Roof ◽  
Strain Sensors ◽  
Wireless Sensor ◽  
Strain Gauges ◽  
Battery Life ◽  
Total Load ◽  
Health Monitoring System ◽  
Measurement Resolution ◽  
Metal Strain ◽  
Strong Winds

This article presents a system for monitoring the load caused by strong winds and snow on buildings’ roofs. An estimation of the total load on the structure is obtained by measuring the strain on the main roof girders. The system is based on a wireless sensor network structure. The measurement node uses metal strain gauges and strain sensors based on conductive carbon polymers. The application of such sensors allowed us to achieve a measurement resolution of 5.5 ustrain. The node is managed by an Atmeg8A microcontroller. The use of energy saving modes allows for a battery life of 6 months.

Distributed strain sensing for structural monitoring applications

2000 ◽  
Vol 27 (5) ◽  
pp. 873-879 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael DeMerchant ◽  
Anthony Brown ◽  
Jeff Smith ◽  
Xiaoyi Bao ◽  
Theodore Bremner
Keyword(s):  
Strain Measurement ◽  
Measurement Accuracy ◽  
Brillouin Scattering ◽  
Strain Sensor ◽  
Structural Monitoring ◽  
Strain Sensing ◽  
Fibre Optics ◽  
Laboratory Test Results ◽  
The University ◽  
Distributed Strain

Strain sensors are a valuable tool for assessing the health of structures. The University of New Brunswick, in conjunction with ISIS Canada, is developing a distributed fibre optic strain sensor based on Brillouin scattering. This sensor can provide a virtually unlimited number of measurement points using a single optical fibre. A description of the operating principles of the system is given, along with a summary of laboratory test results. Strain measurement accuracy as high as approximately ±11 µε has been demonstrated at 1 m spatial resolution. Spatial resolutions as short as 100 mm can be used, although with decreased strain measurement accuracy. Future development of the technology will include an enhancement allowing both strain and temperature to be measured simultaneously.Key words: strain sensor, fibre optics, distributed sensing, structural monitoring, Brillouin scattering.

Le controle du socle dans l'évolution de la sedimentation en Manche occidentale apres le Paléozoïque

1975 ◽  
Vol 279 (1288) ◽  
pp. 137-143 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
North Atlantic ◽  
Transverse Direction ◽  
Longitudinal Direction ◽  
The West ◽  
The North ◽  
The North Atlantic ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Cenozoic Sediments ◽  
Two Sides

The estimates of the thickness of the Mesozoic and Cenozoic sediments found in the western Channel show that the deposition of these sediments was controlled by two independent processes. (1) In the longitudinal direction, the displacement of maximum sedimentation, from east to west is entirely dependent on the opening of the North Atlantic. (2) In a transverse direction, it is probable that the difference of subsidence between the two sides of the Aurigny—Ouessant fault originated from the fracturing of the original Atlantic rift in the Western Approaches. Transverse compressions and extensions have disturbed the continual depression of the Channel towards the west.

Pattern Studies of the Strain Distributions for Detecting Pipe Wrinkling

2010 ◽  
Author(s):  
Z. L. Chou ◽  
J. J. R. Cheng ◽  
Joe Zhou
Keyword(s):  
Strain Distribution ◽  
Local Buckling ◽  
Arctic Region ◽  
Distribution Patterns ◽  
Buried Pipelines ◽  
Element Analysis ◽  
Behavioural Characteristics ◽  
Decision Making System ◽  
Parametric Studies ◽  
Buckling Failure

As both the onshore and offshore pipeline constructions push further into higher risk terrains, such as geologically unstable terrain and Arctic region, the risk of local buckling failure (wrinkling) for these buried pipelines has been increasing gradually. However, previous methods used to prevent the buried pipelines from buckling failure are expansive, time consuming, and unreliable. Therefore, to overcome these problems, a reliable method to predict pipeline wrinkling has been proposed. The method can provide active warning for pipeline wrinkling through a decision-making system (DMS). The DMS was designed to identify the strain distribution patterns and their development on the critical pipe segments for early detecting the onset of pipe wrinkling. To conduct the reliable DMS, studies of the strain distribution patterns on the line-pipes during pipe buckling are very important. In this paper, the strain distribution patterns of various line-pipes were presented. These line-pipes have different material and geometric properties, loading conditions, and manufacturing conditions. A total of 32 sets of experimental results and 72 sets of finite element analysis (FEA) along with parametric studies were included in the study. The study concluded significant behavioural characteristics revealed on the strain distribution patterns during pipe buckling and important parameters affecting these strain patterns. For practical application, three thresholds of the strain distribution patterns were proposed. Furthermore, the optimal positions and spacing of the strain measurements for early detecting pipelines wrinkling were discussed as well.

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