Improvements and Modifications to Electromagnetic Pipeline Surveys

2004 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jim Hunter ◽  
Shawn McGregor ◽  
Shamus McDonnell ◽  
Len Krissa
Keyword(s):  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Small Diameter ◽  
National Research Council ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Assessment Process ◽  
Evaluation Tool ◽  
Data Set ◽  
Integrity Assessment ◽  
Survey System ◽  
Uniform Diameter

This paper outlines the development and manufacture of a new pipeline evaluation tool with the capability for multipurpose applications on various types of pipeline systems. Developed with financial assistance from the National Research Council, the new survey system provides pipeline companies access to a cost-effective in-direct integrity assessment process to assist with ensuring safe and reliable operation of their facilities. The technological options available to pipeline integrity assessment are extremely costly and/or considerably outdated. Until recently, external evaluation instrumentation had not been significantly modified since its inception in the mid-1980’s. Although there are inline inspection (ILI) tools or “smart pigs” available to assess the overall integrity of a pipeline, they are extremely expensive. The use of internal inspection tools is also restricted to only those pipelines of uniform diameter and which are modified to accommodate launching and receiving traps. The data from ILI logs does not include depth of cover or coating condition assessment, which are also critical in maintaining the integrity of a pipeline. The majority of small diameter pipelines, such as those in gathering systems, are typically not compatible with the internal inspection technique. The incentive for improving and modifying electromagnetic pipeline coating assessment equipment was based upon: • Customer demand for new pipeline maintenance technologies; • Aging infrastructure; • Increased regulation; • Higher facility throughput and less down time requirements. The new generation of instrumentation is still based upon electromagnetic theory while incorporating the latest in computer and digital technology. In comparison to its predecessors, the package is more accurate, efficient, dependable and robust for a variety of harsh field conditions. The equipment has the ability to reliably collect and evaluate substantial amounts of data in real-time through environmentally sensitive areas such as water crossings and regions of wildlife. Compatibility with industry standards was considered in the development of the associated software used for processing and managing the significant quantity of information collected. The software also offers compatibility with GPS (Global Positioning System) and sonar technologies. Geodetic co-ordinates and, if applicable, water depths are obtained simultaneously with all the associated pipeline survey data, providing permanent reference should future remedial action be required. With the collected data set, it is now possible to effectively monitor erosion effects and shifts in pipeline position through three-dimensional modeling of the pipeline corridor and water crossing.

Evidence-Based Clinical Recommendations for the Administration of the Sequential Motion Rates Task

2017 ◽  
Vol 39 (3) ◽  
pp. 442-448
Author(s):  
Michal Icht ◽  
Boaz M. Ben-David
Keyword(s):  
Cost Effective ◽  
Assessment Process ◽  
Evaluation Procedure ◽  
Evaluation Tool ◽  
Motor Abilities ◽  
Effective Evaluation ◽  
Specific Performance ◽  
Performance Rate ◽  
Simple Equations ◽  
Administration Protocol

The sequential motion rates (SMR) task, that involves rapid and accurate repetitions of a syllable sequence, /pataka/, is a commonly used evaluation tool for oro-motor abilities. Although the SMR is a well-known tool, some aspects of its administration protocol are unspecified. We address the following factors and their role in the SMR protocol: (a) selecting the appropriate stimulus for the client—nonword, real word or both, (b) the necessity of a practice round, (c) using visual feedback, (d) using language-specific performance rate norms, and (e) the implications for using different measurements (time-based, rate-based). We also provide rate norms for Hebrew-speaking clients and a pair of simple equations for transforming data from time-based units (seconds) to rate-based units (syllables/s). These recommendations can be considered in the clinical assessment process and may be integrated into the speech-language pathologists’ practice, allowing for a more accurate and cost-effective evaluation procedure.

scholarly journals Development of a Building Occupant Survey System with 3D Spatial Information

2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (23) ◽  
pp. 9943
Author(s):  
Jong-Won Lee ◽  
Deuk-Woo Kim ◽  
Seung-Eon Lee ◽  
Jae-Weon Jeong
Keyword(s):  
Data Visualization ◽  
Online Survey ◽  
Spatial Information ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Cost Effective Approach ◽  
Literature Reviews ◽  
Survey System ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Survey Responses

This paper summarizes the recent post-occupancy evaluation (POE) method studies and latest literature reviews. According to the research trends, data visualization of an occupant’s feedback is an important perspective and surveys through POE methods have provided a quick and cost-effective approach for gathering and analyzing an occupant’s feedback. Therefore, the objective of this study is to establish a web-based building occupant survey system that incorporates new approaches based on a geographic information system (GIS) tool and open-source spatial information. This paper reports the following to provide the detailed system framework: (1) development requirements from literature reviews; (2) integration of collected data and 3D (three dimensional) spatial information; (3) system processes and user-friendly functions; and (4) pilot test and data visualization. The difference between the proposed platform and existing online survey systems is that in the former the survey responses are linked to the 3D spatial information of the buildings on a map. Thus, the results provide more intuitive insights for building managers and occupants to identify specific performance issues related to the building.

Three-Dimensional Response of Buried Pipelines Subjected to Large Soil Deformation Effects: Part II—Effects of the Soil Restraint on the Response of Pipe/Soil Systems

2010 ◽  
Author(s):  
Abdelfettah Fredj ◽  
Aaron Dinovitzer
Keyword(s):  
Large Scale ◽  
Numerical Models ◽  
Soil Mechanics ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Ground Movement ◽  
Assessment Process ◽  
Pipeline System ◽  
Integrity Assessment ◽  
Soil Systems ◽  
Large Soil

Understanding the effect of soil-pipeline interactions in the event of large ground movement is an important consideration for pipeline designer. Both experimental investigation and computational analyses play significant roles in this research. As part of this effort, a framework incorporating continuum soil mechanics and advanced finite element approach (i.e., ALE and SPH method) for modeling soil pipe interaction is developed. The overall objective is to develop, validate and apply 3D continuum modeling technique to assess the performance of pipeline system subjected to large soil displacement. The numerical models than may be used to predict the wrinkle formation and post formation behavior of the pipeline considering the effect of the soil confinement, and develop a comprehensive wrinkle integrity assessment process. This is the second paper (Part II) in a series of two papers. In the first paper a three-dimensional Continuum models using MM-ALE (Multi-material Arbitrary Eulerian Lagrangian) and SPH (smooth particle hydrodynamics) approaches are developed and run using LS-DYNA. The results are compared with published experimental data of large-scale test to verify the numerical analysis methods. In this paper (Part II) the effects of soil restraint on the response of the pipe/soil systems (e.g., pipeline Wrinkle and buckle, strain demand) are discussed.

Optimization of Rock Berms for Pipeline Stabilization Subject to Intense Hydrodynamic Forcing

2015 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andrew Cornett ◽  
Scott Baker ◽  
Peter Riedel ◽  
Paul Knox
Keyword(s):  
Tropical Cyclones ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Large Data ◽  
Physical Modelling ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Data Set ◽  
Waves And Currents ◽  
2D And 3D ◽  
Water Depths ◽  
Comprehensive Study

This article describes a comprehensive study in which 2D and 3D physical modelling at 1:40 scale was used to optimize the design and validate the performance of dynamically stable rock berms to be used for stabilizing several large pipelines traversing water depths from 5m to 65m and potentially exposed to large waves and strong currents generated by intense tropical cyclones. For added realism, all of the model rock berms were constructed using a scaled simulation of rock installation by fall pipe vessel to be used in the field. Special attention was also given to simulating the self-stability of the model pipeline segments, including special end constraints designed to mimic the behaviour of a continuous pipeline. A large data set concerning the behaviour of dynamically reshaping rock berms in a range of water depths under intense hydrodynamic forcing due to three-dimensional waves and currents was produced and used to develop efficient and cost-effective rock berm designs for all depth zones.

Three-Dimensional Response of Buried Pipelines Subjected to Large Soil Deformation Effects: Part I—3D Continuum Modeling Using ALE and SPH Formulations

2010 ◽  
Author(s):  
Abdelfettah Fredj ◽  
Aaron Dinovitzer
Keyword(s):  
Large Scale ◽  
Numerical Models ◽  
Soil Mechanics ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Ground Movement ◽  
Assessment Process ◽  
Continuum Modeling ◽  
Integrity Assessment ◽  
Particle Hydrodynamics ◽  
Large Soil

Understanding the effect of soil-pipeline interactions in the event of large ground movement is an important consideration for the pipeline designer. Both experimental investigation and computational analyses play significant roles in soil-pipeline research. As part of this effort, a framework incorporating continuum soil mechanics and advanced finite element approach (i.e., ALE and SPH method) for modeling soil pipe interaction was constructed. The overall objective of this work is to develop, validate and apply 3D continuum modeling techniques to assess the performance of pipeline systems subjected to large soil displacements. The numerical models produced may subsequently be used to predict the wrinkle formation and post formation behavior of the pipeline considering the effect of the soil confinement. The aim is to develop a comprehensive wrinkle integrity assessment process. This is the first paper (Part I) in a series of two papers. In this paper a three-dimensional Continuum models using MM-ALE (Multi-material Arbitrary Eulerian Lagrangian) and SPH (smooth particle hydrodynamics) approaches are developed and employed using LS-DYNA. The results are compared with published experimental data of large-scale tests to verify the numerical analysis methods. In the second paper (Part II) the effects of soil restraint on the response of the pipe/soil systems (e.g., pipeline wrinkle and buckle, strain demand) are discussed.

Three-dimensional image analysis and visualization in confocal light microscopy

1993 ◽  
Vol 51 ◽  
pp. 158-159
Author(s):  
J. K. Samarabandu ◽  
R. Acharya ◽  
D. R. Pareddy ◽  
P. C. Cheng
Keyword(s):  
Depth Perception ◽  
Computer Graphic ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Cellular Organization ◽  
Data Set ◽  
Computational Burden ◽  
Interactive Operation ◽  
Cell Organization ◽  
Confocal Images ◽  
3D Digitization

In the study of cell organization in a maize meristem, direct viewing of confocal optical sections in 3D (by means of 3D projection of the volumetric data set, Figure 1) becomes very difficult and confusing because of the large number of nucleus involved. Numerical description of the cellular organization (e.g. position, size and orientation of each structure) and computer graphic presentation are some of the solutions to effectively study the structure of such a complex system. An attempt at data-reduction by means of manually contouring cell nucleus in 3D was reported (Summers et al., 1990). Apart from being labour intensive, this 3D digitization technique suffers from the inaccuracies of manual 3D tracing related to the depth perception of the operator. However, it does demonstrate that reducing stack of confocal images to a 3D graphic representation helps to visualize and analyze complex tissues (Figure 2). This procedure also significantly reduce computational burden in an interactive operation.

EMCAT: An automatic image-processing system for electron-microscopic tomography

1994 ◽  
Vol 52 ◽  
pp. 418-419
Author(s):  
Weiping Liu ◽  
John W. Sedat ◽  
David A. Agard
Keyword(s):  
Image Processing ◽  
Structural Information ◽  
Imaging Technique ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Processing System ◽  
Electron Microscopic ◽  
Data Set ◽  
Ordered Structures ◽  
Automatic Image Processing ◽  
Em Tomography

Any real world object is three-dimensional. The principle of tomography, which reconstructs the 3-D structure of an object from its 2-D projections of different view angles has found application in many disciplines. Electron Microscopic (EM) tomography on non-ordered structures (e.g., subcellular structures in biology and non-crystalline structures in material science) has been exercised sporadically in the last twenty years or so. As vital as is the 3-D structural information and with no existing alternative 3-D imaging technique to compete in its high resolution range, the technique to date remains the kingdom of a brave few. Its tedious tasks have been preventing it from being a routine tool. One keyword in promoting its popularity is automation: The data collection has been automated in our lab, which can routinely yield a data set of over 100 projections in the matter of a few hours. Now the image processing part is also automated. Such automations finish the job easier, faster and better.

scholarly journals Cyber-Physical Systems Improving Building Energy Management: Digital Twin and Artificial Intelligence

Energies ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (8) ◽  
pp. 2338
Author(s):  
Sofia Agostinelli ◽  
Fabrizio Cumo ◽  
Giambattista Guidi ◽  
Claudio Tomazzoli
Keyword(s):  
Artificial Intelligence ◽  
Renewable Energy ◽  
Energy Management ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Automation System ◽  
Climate Conditions ◽  
Digital Twin ◽  
Building Energy Management ◽  
Computing Paradigm

The research explores the potential of digital-twin-based methods and approaches aimed at achieving an intelligent optimization and automation system for energy management of a residential district through the use of three-dimensional data model integrated with Internet of Things, artificial intelligence and machine learning. The case study is focused on Rinascimento III in Rome, an area consisting of 16 eight-floor buildings with 216 apartment units powered by 70% of self-renewable energy. The combined use of integrated dynamic analysis algorithms has allowed the evaluation of different scenarios of energy efficiency intervention aimed at achieving a virtuous energy management of the complex, keeping the actual internal comfort and climate conditions. Meanwhile, the objective is also to plan and deploy a cost-effective IT (information technology) infrastructure able to provide reliable data using edge-computing paradigm. Therefore, the developed methodology led to the evaluation of the effectiveness and efficiency of integrative systems for renewable energy production from solar energy necessary to raise the threshold of self-produced energy, meeting the nZEB (near zero energy buildings) requirements.

Harmonic Analysis on Low Quality Tidal Data

2014 ◽  
Author(s):  
Joost den Haan
Keyword(s):  
Harmonic Analysis ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Measurement Data ◽  
Tidal Energy ◽  
Energy Yield ◽  
Profile Measurement ◽  
Current Profile ◽  
Tidal Power ◽  
Data Set ◽  
Tidal Forcing

The aim of the study is to devise a method to conservatively predict a tidal power generation based on relatively short current profile measurement data sets. Harmonic analysis on a low quality tidal current profile measurement data set only allowed for the reliable estimation of a limited number of constituents leading to a poor prediction of tidal energy yield. Two novel, but very different approaches were taken: firstly a quasi response function is formulated which combines the currents profiles into a single current. Secondly, a three dimensional vectorial tidal forcing model was developed aiming to support the harmonic analysis with upfront knowledge of the actual constituents. The response based approach allowed for a reasonable prediction. The vectorial tidal forcing model proved to be a viable start for a full featuring numerical model; even in its initial simplified form it could provide more insight than the conventional tidal potential models.

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