Offshore Arctic Pipeline Oil Spill Risk Assessment

2004 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. Comfort ◽  
A. Dinovitzer ◽  
R. Lazor ◽  
D. Hinnah
Keyword(s):  
Oil And Gas ◽  
Barrier Islands ◽  
Failure Criteria ◽  
Third Party ◽  
Upheaval Buckling ◽  
Detection Systems ◽  
Pipeline Failure ◽  
Set Up ◽  
Operational Failures ◽  
Pipeline Design

Renewed interest in offshore arctic oil and gas has led to the need for pipeline designs able to minimize environmental risk. A risk evaluation was conducted to assess the relative merits of pipeline concept designs for the Liberty Pipeline, which is intended to carry oil from BP/Amoco’s Liberty site to onshore Alaska. The Liberty site is inshore of the Barrier Islands in the Alaskan Beaufort Sea, in 22 feet of water. The offshore portion of the pipeline is 6.12 miles long. Risk was defined as the oil volume expected to be spilled over the 20-year life of the Liberty Pipeline. Risks due to ice gouging, strudel scour, permafrost thaw subsidence, thermal loads leading to upheaval buckling, corrosion, third party activities, and operational failures were evaluated. Failure probabilities were assessed based on analyses of the pipeline’s response and failure criteria that were established. A consequence model was set up to quantify the oil volume released during a pipeline failure, considering the mode and location of failure as well as leak detection systems. The risk was evaluated by summing the product of event probability and consequence for each hazard. The relative risk is discussed for each pipeline design.

Offshore Arctic Pipeline Oil Spill Risk Assessment

2004 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. Dinovitzer ◽  
G. Comfort ◽  
R. Lazor ◽  
D. Hinnah
Keyword(s):  
Risk Assessment ◽  
Oil Spill ◽  
Oil And Gas ◽  
Leak Detection ◽  
Hazard Identification ◽  
Third Party ◽  
Quantitative Risk Assessment ◽  
The Arctic ◽  
Upheaval Buckling ◽  
Operational Failures

While offshore arctic pipelines have been under consideration for more than 25 years, few have been built. Renewed interest in offshore arctic oil and gas has necessitated the design of pipelines capable of both overcoming the technical challenges of the arctic offshore environment and minimizing the risk to it. This paper describes a quantitative risk assessment completed by BMT Fleet Technology Limited on the risk of an oil spill for several design alternatives of the proposed Liberty Pipeline that would be used to transport oil onshore from a production site in the Alaskan Beaufort Sea. For the purposes of the study, risk was defined as the volume of oil expected to be released over the planned pipeline 20-year life. The investigation considered the risks associated with ice gouging, strudel scour, permafrost thaw subsidence, operational failures, corrosion, third party activities and thermal loads leading to upheaval buckling. Event probabilities for these hazards were established through the development of event trees used to combine historic operational failure statistics and those estimated through engineering analysis. A pipeline leakage consequence model was developed to quantify the oil volume released during pipeline failure events associated with rupture, through-wall cracking and pinhole leaks. The model considered secondary containment and the expected performance of leak detection and monitoring systems. The time to leak detection, shut down, and line evacuation were used in estimating the total spill volumes. The paper provides an overview of primary elements of the risk assessment including the hazard identification, reliability analysis and consequence modeling, and describes the challenges involved in this comparative risk analysis completed for this unique environment.

Development of Risk-Based Inspection Methodology in River Crossings

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Eduardo Lopes de Paula ◽  
Markus Moratti ◽  
Eduardo Henrique da Silva Rodrigues ◽  
Elivelton Pinheiro Scherrer
Keyword(s):  
Oil And Gas ◽  
Management Program ◽  
Third Party ◽  
Evaluation Methodology ◽  
Control Actions ◽  
Hydrological Hazards ◽  
Static And Dynamic Loads ◽  
Set Up ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
Survey Evaluation

The transportation system for hydrocarbons consists of an important and complex network of pipelines used by oil and gas logistics companies, designed to quickly and efficiently transport oil and gas from its origin, to areas of some demand along territory where operates. Currently Brazil has 15,000 km of transportation pipelines within about 7,500 km of right-of-way pipelines. Along its territorial extension it faces several influences along its route, being the main ones influenced by the external hazards from nature and by third party actions. TRANSPETRO has about 450 water crossings in cataloged water bodies currently. These crossings are currently characterized only according to their geometric characteristics, not considering several aspects inherent to them. The inspections at these crossings are laborious and have a high cost due to necessity of divers and bathymetry in some cases. To monitor the condition of all pipeline water crossings it is important to ensure the pipeline integrity. Depending on hydraulic phenomena, it is possible result in an exposure of the pipelines, free spans, changes in the original pipeline or excessive vibration. These changes can generate high mechanical stresses with both static and dynamic loads. The present study was characterized by the development of a methodology for assessing the susceptibility to the exposure of pipelines as a result of the hydrological hazards present at the crossings in which they are found. Moreover, this evaluation methodology offers a tool to define inspection extent and frequency, as well as the corresponding risk control actions. For this purpose, a pipeline management program has been set up, which consists in the definition of water crossings that constitute a potential hydrological hazard and where they can interact with the pipeline considering the probability of a specific hydrotechnical hazard leading the pipeline the exposure. As a result of this research it was defined a methodology to characterize pipeline crossing areas as well as field survey, evaluation of the susceptibility of pipeline exposure at crossings and the programming of control actions were defined according to the susceptibility found. Finally, the study has also presented a cost analysis of crossings inspections comparing the traditional method to the new premises adopted in this project.

Environmental Loadings and Geotechnical Considerations for the Northstar Offshore Pipelines

2002 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael J. Paulin ◽  
Derick Nixon ◽  
Glenn A. Lanan
Keyword(s):  
Oil And Gas ◽  
Limit State ◽  
Oil Production ◽  
Development Project ◽  
Loading Conditions ◽  
Design Data ◽  
Offshore Pipelines ◽  
Upheaval Buckling ◽  
Production Pipeline ◽  
Pipeline Design

BP Exploration (Alaska) Inc. completed the installation of the first subsea Arctic oil production pipeline in April 2000 for the Northstar Development Project. The drilling and production facilities are located at Seal Island, approximately 10 km offshore of the Alaskan Beaufort Sea coast. Twin 273.1 mm (10-inch) oil and gas pipeline systems run approximately 10 km from Seal Island, through a lagoon area, to a shore crossing, and then overland for approximately 18 km. The unique aspects of this design included the pipeline environmental loadings, geotechnical considerations, and the use of limit state design procedures for extreme loading conditions. Environmental loadings and geotechnical conditions (in-situ and backfill) along the pipeline route were a major factor in the design of the offshore portion of the pipelines. Data collection of environmental conditions (e.g. ice gouging and strudel scour) and proper evaluation of the same were required to provide appropriate design data. Comprehensive field and laboratory programs were undertaken to generate the necessary geotechnical data for design. The evaluation of and design for unique Arctic environmental loading conditions including ice gouging, offshore permafrost, upheaval buckling, and strudel scour are described. Trenching and backfilling aspects of the pipeline design are also discussed. The paper closes with a general overview of the pipeline operations since the start of oil production in November 2001.

Arctic Offshore Pipeline Design and Installation Challenges

2014 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mike Paulin ◽  
Duane DeGeer ◽  
Joseph Cocker ◽  
Mark Flynn
Keyword(s):  
Oil And Gas ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
The Arctic ◽  
Burial Depth ◽  
Upheaval Buckling ◽  
Offshore Pipeline ◽  
Design Loads ◽  
Thaw Settlement ◽  
Hydrocarbon Transport ◽  
Pipeline Design

With the oil industry’s continued quest for oil and gas in frontier offshore locations, several developments have taken place in regions characterized by seasonal ice cover including the US Beaufort, North Caspian, and Sakhalin Island. In these projects, pipeline systems have been used, which are a cost-effective, safe, and reliable mode of hydrocarbon transport. For pipeline development in Arctic, several years of data need to be collected to support the pipeline design and construction planning, and may be required by regulations. Therefore, Arctic offshore pipeline projects generally require repetitive mapping surveys and geotechnical programs to verify design loads, soil properties, and thaw settlement potential. The major design loads that are considered for Arctic projects include ice gouging, strudel scour, upheaval buckling as well as thaw settlement. These issues can have a significant influence on the pipeline engineering considerations such as strain based design, target burial depth requirements, cost, and safety. While important to the design of the pipeline, these issues account for just a few of the many criteria that must be considered when routing a pipeline; criteria which can be categorized as either engineering, environmental, social, administrative, or infrastructural. The pipelines which are currently operational in the Arctic are located in shallow water depths and close to shore but were influenced by the unique Arctic environmental loading conditions. The experience from these past projects provides a significant base for the design, and operating of future offshore arctic pipelines. Pushing the limits to developments further offshore in deeper water will require that additional consideration be given to aspects related to pipeline design, in particular with respect to burial for protection against ice gouging.

scholarly journals Reliability engineering application to pipeline design

2019 ◽  
Vol 36 (9) ◽  
pp. 1644-1662 ◽  
Author(s):  
Olanrewaju Ayobami Omoya ◽  
Kassandra A. Papadopoulou ◽  
Eric Lou
Keyword(s):  
Oil And Gas ◽  
Engineering Application ◽  
Integrated Approach ◽  
Pipeline System ◽  
Reliability Engineering ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Pipeline Systems ◽  
Integrity Management ◽  
Pipeline Failure ◽  
Pipeline Design

Purpose The purpose of this paper is to investigate the application of reliability engineering to oil and gas (O&G) pipeline systems with the aim of identifying means through which reliability engineering can be used to improve pipeline integrity, specifically with regard to man-made incidents (e.g. material/weld/equipment failure, corrosion, incorrect operation and excavation damages). Design/methodology/approach A literature review was carried out on the application of reliability tools to O&G pipeline systems and four case studies are presented as examples of how reliability engineering can help to improve pipeline integrity. The scope of the paper is narrowed to four stages of the pipeline life cycle; the decommissioning stage is not part of this research. A survey was also carried out using a questionnaire to check the level of application of reliability tools in the O&G industry. Findings Data from survey and literature show that a reliability-centred approach can be applied and will improve pipeline reliability where applied; however, there are several hindrances to the effective application of reliability tools, the current methods are time based and focus mainly on design against failure rather than design for reliability. Research limitations/implications The tools identified do not cover the decommissioning of the pipeline system. Research validation sample size can be broadened to include more pipeline stakeholders/professionals. Pipeline integrity management systems are proprietary information and permission is required from stakeholders to do a detailed practical study. Originality/value This paper proposes the minimum applied reliability tools for application during the design, operation and maintenance phases targeted at the O&G industry. Critically, this paper provides a case for an integrated approach to applying reliability and maintenance tools that are required to reduce pipeline failure incidents in the O&G industry.

Application of Wide-Band Ultrasound for the Detection of Angled Crack Features in Oil and Gas Pipelines

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Willem Vos ◽  
Petter Norli ◽  
Emilie Vallee
Keyword(s):  
Large Scale ◽  
Crack Detection ◽  
Oil And Gas ◽  
Wide Band ◽  
Theoretical Background ◽  
Proof Of Concept ◽  
Offshore Pipelines ◽  
Large Scale Testing ◽  
Theoretical Predictions ◽  
Set Up

This paper describes a novel technique for the detection of cracks in pipelines. The proposed in-line inspection technique has the ability to detect crack features at random angles in the pipeline, such as axial, circumferential, and any angle in between. This ability is novel to the current ILI technology offering and will also add value by detecting cracks in deformed pipes (i.e. in dents), and cracks associated with the girth weld (mid weld cracks, rapid cooling cracks and cracks parallel to the weld). Furthermore, the technology is suitable for detection of cracks in spiral welded pipes, both parallel to the spiral weld as well as perpendicular to the weld. Integrity issues around most features described above are not addressed with ILI tools, often forcing operators to perform hydrostatic tests to ensure pipeline safety. The technology described here is based on the use of wideband ultrasound inline inspection tools that are already in operation. They are designed for the inspection of structures operating in challenging environments such as offshore pipelines. Adjustments to the front-end analog system and data collection from a grid of transducers allow the tools to detect cracks in any orientation in the line. Description of changes to the test set-up are presented as well as the theoretical background behind crack detection. Historical development of the technology will be presented, such as early laboratory testing and proof of concept. The proof of concept data will be compared to the theoretical predictions. A detailed set of results are presented. These are from tests that were performed on samples sourced from North America and Europe which contain SCC features. Results from ongoing testing will be presented, which involved large-scale testing on SCC features in gas-filled pipe spools.

scholarly journals Tax Law: Third Party As Payer of Income from Dependent Activity

2013 ◽  
Vol 13 (1) ◽  
pp. 147-161
Author(s):  
Jana Tepperová ◽  
Lucie Rytířová
Keyword(s):  
Income Tax ◽  
Personal Income ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Third Party ◽  
Personal Income Tax ◽  
The Czech Republic ◽  
International Regulations ◽  
Set Up ◽  
Specific Tax ◽  
Collection Point

Abstract Employment related income paid by a third party (non-employer) has its specific tax treatment. In the Czech Republic, a different approach applies for calculation of personal income tax and obligatory insurance contributions from this income. With the preparation of the Single Collection Point (unifying the collection of personal income tax and obligatory insurance contributions), the question arises whether it is possible to set up unified treatment of this income for all obligatory payments. We provide detailed analyses of this topic from the point of view of the Czech legislation and comparison with selected countries. Further we follow with the discussion of problematic issues in unified treatment for all obligatory payments from this income; such as discrimination and complicated administration. We conclude that even if the national legislation for all obligatory payments from this income would not diff er, there will still be different treatment due to specific international regulations.

scholarly journals IN-PLACE ANALYSIS OF OFFSHORE JACKET PLATFORM FOR DIFFERENT WAVE DIRECTIONS

2020 ◽  
Vol 4 (5) ◽  
pp. 16-25
Author(s):  
MIRZA AAMIR BAIG ◽  
UMER MAQBOOL
Keyword(s):  
Extreme Point ◽  
Oil And Gas ◽  
Structural Elements ◽  
Great Care ◽  
Dynamic Reaction ◽  
Ecological Conditions ◽  
Offshore Jacket Platform ◽  
Space Technique ◽  
Fixed Base ◽  
Set Up

Offshore jacket platforms are subjected to variety of forces during their life period. To resists all kinds of forces, the structural elements should be designed properly to have safety and economy. In order to fulfil this purpose, the structure should be analyzed with great care. As the improvement of oil and gas moves into more profound water, in any case, taller stages with longer periods are fabricated that react all the more powerfully to extraordinary waves. Expectation of the dynamic reaction of such structures in extraordinary ocean states is in this way an essential plan thought. Standard waves have all their vitality lumped at a couple of particular frequencies and can, in this manner, cause wrong powerful enhancements, particularly if these frequencies happen to be near the regular frequencies of the structure. In any case, waves in the ocean are exceptionally sporadic and can be best depicted as directional range, which indicates the appropriation of wave vitality as for recurrence and heading, and is most appropriate for the examination of structure in recurrence space technique. For this situation the nonlinear drag is linearized and utilized in the Morison's condition. This guess is proper for the littler, operational sort waves considered in weariness counts, in light of the fact that the powers because of these waves are overwhelmed by the direct idleness part. Various kinds of investigations related with the coat stage ought to be performed to figure the reaction of the structure and measurement the components of the structure. Here an endeavor has been made to complete various examinations to comprehend the dynamic conduct of coat stages subject to different stacking conditions in various ecological conditions. Coat set up investigation was performed, both static and dynamic hypothetically fixed base stage. With the ongoing imaginative thoughts of investigation utilizing programming, it is presently simpler for the seaward architects to do disentangled and sensible assessment of the static operational and extreme point of confinement state qualities of format or coat stages, which are exposed to different ecological conditions. The essential auxiliary parts of coat type seaward structures including topsides, coat, heaps and the encompassing soil are viewed as utilizing SACS programming various types of investigations identified with coat stage according to API code prerequisite.

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