Floating-Roof Tanks: Design and Operation in the Petroleum Industry

2000 ◽  
Author(s):  
Terry A. Gallagher ◽  
Christian R. Desjardins
Keyword(s):  
Life Cycle Cost ◽  
Environmental Regulations ◽  
Complex Structure ◽  
Petroleum Industry ◽  
Petroleum Products ◽  
Combined Loads ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Operating Limits ◽  
Present Design ◽  
High Vapor

The floating-roof tank has been the most widely used method of storage of volatile petroleum products since the first demonstration b Chicago Bridge & Iron Company (CB&I) in 1923. There have been many changes and design improvements to that first pan-style-floating roof. A floating roof is a complex structure. It must be designed to remain buoyant even when exposed to combined loads from varying process, weather and product conditions. There is a continued demand for improved floating-roof tanks to store a wide range of petroleum and petrochemical products in compliance with state and federal environmental regulations. Floating roofs are used in open top tanks (EFRT), inside tanks with fixed roofs (IFRT), or in tanks that are totally closed where no product evaporative losses are permitted for release to the atmosphere. This very special type of installation is referred to as a zero emission storage tank (ZEST). Products that might have been stored in basic fixed roof tanks must now utilize a floating roof to limit evaporative emissions to the atmosphere. High vapor pressure condensate service and blended heavy crude oils also present new design challenges to the floating roof tank industry. This paper will review the most prominent styles of floating roofs from 1923 to the present. Design and operating limits for current da floating-roof structures are presented. New trends in environmental regulations and the potential impact on the design and operation of floating-roof tanks will be presented. Current maintenance practices and the effect on Life Cycle Cost Management of the storage syste are also reviewed.

scholarly journals COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF DIFFERENT CRITERIA OF SITE STRUCTURAL STABILITY IN THE TIME SERIES

2019 ◽  
pp. 119-128
Author(s):  
Liliya Andreevna Landman ◽  
Andrei Vladimirovich Faddeenkov
Keyword(s):  
Time Series ◽  
Regression Model ◽  
Structural Changes ◽  
Least Squares Method ◽  
Complex Structure ◽  
Standard Normal Distribution ◽  
Regression Equations ◽  
Unknown Parameters ◽  
Chow Test ◽  
Wide Range

The concept of structure is used to describe a set of stable relations between the main parts of the object, which describe its integrity and identity, i.e, preserving the basic properties for a wide range of internal and external changes. This concept usually relates to the concepts of system and organization. The structure expresses a stable part of the system that is slightly changed during different reforms. Over the years structural changes take place because of active economic policy or as a result of spontaneous, uncontrollable processes. Therefore, it seems to be quite natural to find out whether there have been structural changes in the observation period, and to find them reflected in the specification of the model. The basic ideas of methods for determining structural changes in the time series dynamics have been considered, such as Chow test, Gujarati test and Poirier method. The power study was conducted for the three possible cases of change in time series trends. The random error was modeled according to the standard normal distribution. A linear multiple regression model with three independent variables was used as a time series model. Estimation of the vector of unknown parameters of the model was conducted using least squares method. For each of the three criteria the of test the null hypothesis about time series instability was carried out using the F -criterion, which involves finding the residual sum of squares of a regression model and analysis of correlation between its decline and the loss of degrees of freedom. It can be noted that Gujarati and Poirier equations have a more complex structure than equation of Chow test; however, using Chow test assumes estimation of the parameters of the three regression equations.

scholarly journals The diversity of fungi consortium isolated from polluted soil for degrading petroleum hydrocarbon

2021 ◽  
Vol 22 (11) ◽  
Author(s):  
RIRYN NOVIANTY ◽  
ANNISA HIDAYAH ◽  
SARYONO SARYONO ◽  
AMIR AWALUDDIN ◽  
NOVA WAHYU PRATIWI ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Crude Oil ◽  
Petroleum Hydrocarbon ◽  
Oil Spills ◽  
Petroleum Industry ◽  
Degradation Process ◽  
Petroleum Products ◽  
Industrial Applications ◽  
Polluted Soil ◽  
Gas Chromatography Mass Spectrometry ◽  
Terrestrial Environments

Abstract. Novianty R, Saryono, Awaluddin A, Pratiwi NW, Hidayah A, Juliantari E. 2021. The diversity of fungi consortium isolated from polluted soil for degrading petroleum hydrocarbon. Biodiversitas 22: 5077-5084. One of the major problems in the petroleum industry nowadays is crude oil spills. Riau Province, Sumatra is one of the largest oil producers in Indonesia. Accidental releases of petroleum products are of particular concern to the environment. The process of drilling and refining petroleum generates a large amount of oil sludge. One of the effective technologies used in the waste degradation process is bioremediation using certain microorganisms. The prime objective of the current research was to evaluate the efficiency of fungi consortiums in crude oil degradation in Bumi Siak Pusako-Pertamina Hulu, Indonesia. There are three potential fungi isolates as petroleum hydrocarbon degradation agents with four consortium variations. The parameter values of Optical Density (OD), pH, and diluted CO2 were measured on 0, 4, 8, and 16 days. To evaluate the fungal biodegradation activity using Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS). The result showed that consortium II (KF II) has the highest potential to degrade petroleum hydrocarbon (50.61%). The visual GC-MS examination confirmed a decrease in the peak area for eight hydrocarbon compounds, indicating the efficiency of the fungi in the oil decomposition and dismantling of hydrocarbons. Our findings may provide new information on native fungal resources from chronically contaminated terrestrial environments, and will be useful for petroleum-contaminated bioremediation and other industrial applications.  

Design Study of Condenser and Circulation System

1971 ◽  
Vol 8 (02) ◽  
pp. 159-185
Author(s):  
Sterling A. Fielding
Keyword(s):  
Life Cycle Cost ◽  
Circulation System ◽  
Life Cycle Cost Analysis ◽  
Trade Routes ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Flow Through ◽  
Drawing Board ◽  
Design Characteristics ◽  
Guidance Study ◽  
Design Guidance

Economical performance of steam condensers is controlled largely from the drawing board and computer room; not by the ship's crew. The design characteristics of the condenser and circulation system determine condenser performance, except for the effect of tube cleanliness. Seawater for the circulation system varies from 35 to 82.5 F over a wide range of commercial trade routes. However, on certain routes the variation is from 35 to 60 F; on others 65 to 82.5 F. A survey was made of seawater temperatures for selected trade routes, and results plotted graphically for design guidance. Study has been directed toward design of condensers and circulation systems for special-purpose and for universal-type ship operations. A series pump-scoop arrangement is proposed to provide favorable control of flow through condenser. Variations in condenser and circulation system design are evaluated by a life-cycle cost analysis. A computer program for calculating condenser design characteristics, for checking condenser performance, and for analyzing scoop performance is appended.

Microgrid Model on Homer Software

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (VI) ◽  
pp. 757-760
Author(s):  
Mohd Ahamad
Keyword(s):  
Power Generation ◽  
Power Electronics ◽  
Life Cycle Cost ◽  
Low Voltage ◽  
High Reliability ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Local Area ◽  
New Paradigm ◽  
Power Sources ◽  
Wide Range

A new concept in power generation is a microgrid. The Microgrid concept assumes a cluster of loads and microsources operating as a single controllable system that provides power to its local area. This concept provides a new paradigm for defining the operation of distributed generation. The microsources of special interest for MGs are small (<100-kW) units with power electronic interfaces. These sources are placed at customers sites. They are low cost, low voltage and have a high reliability with few emissions. Power electronics provide the control and flexibility required by the MG concept. A properly designed power electronics and controllers insure that the MG can meet the needs of its customers as well as the utilities. The goal of this project is to build a complete model of Microgrid including the power sources, their power electronics, and a load and mains model in THE HOMER. The HOMER Micropower Optimization Model is a computer model developed by the U.S. National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL) to assist in the design of micropower systems and to facilitate the comparison of power generation technologies across a wide range of applications. HOMER models a power system’s physical behavior and its life-cycle cost, which is the total cost of installing and operating the system over its life span. HOMER allows the modeler to compare many different design options based on their technical and economic merits. It also assists in understanding and quantifying the effects of uncertainty or changes in the inputs.

THE GIPPSLAND OIL AND GAS FIELDS—FOUR YEARS OF PRODUCTION AND UTILISATION

1973 ◽  
Vol 13 (1) ◽  
pp. 166
Author(s):  
M. A. Stratton
Keyword(s):  
Natural Gas ◽  
Social Life ◽  
Oil And Gas ◽  
Petroleum Industry ◽  
Petroleum Products ◽  
The State ◽  
Oil Field ◽  
Oil Fields ◽  
Gas Field ◽  
Paper Mills

The discovery by the partnership of Esso Exploration and Production Australia Inc. and Hematite Petroleum Pty Ltd during the past eight years of the natural gas and crude oil fields off the east Victorian coast has often been compared to that of gold in the State in the 1850's in its impact .on the economic, industrial and social life of the community.To date the amount spent in the State on the discovery and overall development of these fields is approximately $600 million. The value of oil and gas recovered over the period of nearly four years since production commenced in 1969 and distributed and utilised by various means to 31 December 1972, amounts to about $500 million. In addition the value of refined products from Victoria's three refineries and items produced by industrial processes through the use of natural gas and petroleum products as fuels, amount to many more millions of dollars. The total impact on Victoria in one form or another could, if measured in monetary value, he equivalent to about $1200 million-all in the course of about eight years.Other States have also benefited. The building of tankers, barges, tugs and work boats and the modification of refineries in New South Wales and Queensland, have probably cost in the region of $200 million whilst indirectly the success of the Gippsland oil and gas discoveries has spurred other explorers to step up the search in many areas and, as far as natural gas is concerned, with considerable success.The speed and efficiency with which the four gas and oil fields developed to date were brought into production, the necessary treatment plants erected, the pipelines laid and distribution facilities organised; and with which the gas industry changed over to the new fuel and refineries modified their processes to use indigenous crudes have, by world standards, been exceptional. From the time the first gas field-Barracouta, was found in February 1965 until the last oil field in the program -Kingfish came fully on stream late in 1971, less than seven years elapsed.During that time Victorian fuel patterns underwent vast changes. Today over 95% of all gas consumers are using natural gas and about 70% of crude processed by local refineries comes from the Gippsland Basin. The significance of natural gas in particular is demonstrated by a 41% increase in gas sales in Victoria in 1971/72 over the previous twelve months and this trend is expected to accelerate as a result of recent arrangements for the supply of large volumes of this fuel to industrial plants including paper mills, cement works and an alumina smelter.Also of major significance to the State has been the development of the port of Western Port where the loading of tankers and LPG carriers has resulted in it becoming the State's second busiest port. Of less immediate impact but still of great value in the long term, has been the building of better roads and facilities needed to service the installations and the emergence of many valuable skills in the petroleum industry which will make easier the task of future development of new fields and facilities in Victoria and other parts of Australia.

Determination of T2 cut-off for shale reservoirs: a case study from the Carynginia formation, Perth Basin, Western Australia

2017 ◽  
Vol 57 (2) ◽  
pp. 664 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Nadia Testamanti ◽  
Reza Rezaee ◽  
Yujie Yuan ◽  
Dawei Pan
Keyword(s):  
Pore Size Distribution ◽  
Pore Size ◽  
Size Distribution ◽  
Petroleum Industry ◽  
Bound Water ◽  
Invasive Technique ◽  
Sources Of Information ◽  
Vacuum Oven ◽  
Low Field ◽  
Wide Range

Over recent decades, the low-field Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) method has been consistently used in the petroleum industry for the petrophysical characterisation of conventional reservoirs. Through this non-invasive technique, the porosity, pore size distribution and fluid properties can be determined from the signal emitted by fluids present in the porous media. Transverse relaxation (T2) data, in particular, are one of the most valuable sources of information in an NMR measurement, as the resulting signal decay can be inverted to obtain the T2 distribution of the rock, which can in turn be correlated with porosity and pore size distribution. The complex pore network of shales, which can have a large portion of pore sizes in the nanopore and mesopore range, restricts the techniques that can be used to investigate their pore structure and porosity. The ability of the NMR technique to detect signals from a wide range of pores has therefore prompted the quest for more standardised interpretation methods suitable for shales. Using low-field NMR, T2 experiments were performed on shale samples from the Carynginia formation, Perth Basin, at different saturation levels. The shale samples were initially saturated with brine and the T2 spectrum for each sample was obtained. Then, they were placed in a vacuum oven and their weight monitored until a constant value was reached. T2 curves were subsequently obtained for each of the oven-dried samples and a cut-off value for clay-bound water was calculated.

scholarly journals Comparative Study on Surfactants Mixtures in Aqueous Solution at Atmospheric Pressure and 10 bar Reservoir Atmosphere

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andrea Elekes ◽  
Roland Nagy ◽  
László Bartha ◽  
Árpád Vágó
Keyword(s):  
Crude Oil ◽  
Petroleum Industry ◽  
Test Methods ◽  
Petroleum Exploration ◽  
Process Conditions ◽  
Water Type ◽  
The Real ◽  
Real Process ◽  
Oil In Water ◽  
Wide Range

This paper considers anionic and nonionic surfactants, as candidates for crude oil production by enhancement applications. In this study some colloidal properties of surfactants were tested by conventional and new test methods. The oil in water type emulsions have great importance in the petroleum industry. The stability of crude oil in water emulsions are investigated in a wide range of physical and chemical circumstances. Investigations at 10 bar are needed to get knowledges on the real conditions of the given petroleum exploration processes. A special glass cell was used for the tests of the mixtures various crude oil-water emulsions under hydrocarbon gas atmosphere and for the oil disclapement efficiency. Based on the experimental results it was found that emulsifying capacity was changed significantly by the real process conditions. The decrease of the density of hydrocarbon phase was contributed to the overall reduction in the efficiency of emulsifiers also occurred. Based on the experimented data it is supported to pay more attention to apply the real test conditions or approximate the real values.

Investigation of Diesel Engine and Turbocharger Interaction

1967 ◽  
Vol 182 (1) ◽  
pp. 331-360 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. Kellett ◽  
J. F. Betteridge ◽  
M. Mistovski
Keyword(s):  
Charge Density ◽  
Fuel Injection ◽  
Pressure Ratio ◽  
Smoke Control ◽  
Medium Speed ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Torque Curve ◽  
In Series ◽  
Operating Limits ◽  
Wide Speed Range

The authors are concerned with the proper provisioning of turbochargers and fuel-injection equipment for diesel engines, particularly in the automotive class. Medium-speed engines are run at high mean effective pressures and there is a tendency towards similar outputs in automotive engines. Because of transmission demands these outputs will be required over a wide speed range and the relation of engine air and fuel requirements is examined. The simple turbocharger is not ideally suited to wide range matching and the extent of the compromise inherent in fixed geometry compressors and turbines is discussed. In order to survey engine, turbocharger, and fuel-system interactions tests are reported where turbocharger limitations are avoided by the use of two units in series. Engine operating limits were selected on the basis of safe engine factors and the output assessed with respect to the principal variables of turbocharger pressure ratio and engine compression ratio. The resulting compromise between high cylinder pressures and smoke control tended towards a traction-type torque curve with a higher-than-conventional fall-off in torque with speed. A suggestion was verified that smoke occurred at higher air/fuel ratios as the charge density increased. Nevertheless accepted methods of heat-release prediction from rate of injection characteristics were not affected by variation in charge density.

Integrating CFD and piloted simulation to quantify ship-helicopter operating limits

2006 ◽  
Vol 110 (1109) ◽  
pp. 419-428 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. M. Roper ◽  
I. Owen ◽  
G. D. Padfield ◽  
S. J. Hodge
Keyword(s):  
National Research Council ◽  
Flight Simulation ◽  
Pilot Training ◽  
Helicopter Control ◽  
Numerical Predictions ◽  
Motion Simulator ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Operating Limits ◽  
Wind Tunnel Data ◽  
Computational Fluid Dynamics Cfd

Abstract This paper describes a study which has been concerned with numerical predictions of the airwakes resulting from two simplified ship geometries: the internationally agreed Simple Frigate Shape, SFS1, and its successor, SFS2. Extensive steady-state simulations have been carried out for a wide range of wind conditions using Fluent, a commercially available Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) code. The CFD predictions have been partially validated against wind tunnel data produced by the National Research Council of Canada (NRC) and have shown good agreement. The resulting airwake velocity components have been exported from Fluent, interpolated onto suitable grids and attached to the FLIGHTLAB flight-simulation environment as look-up tables; piloted flight trials were then carried out using the Liverpool full-motion simulator. The pilot workload and helicopter control margins resulting from a range of wind-over-deck conditions have been used to develop the Ship-Helicopter Operating Limits (SHOL) for a Lynx-like helicopter and the SFS2. The workload was compared to the pilot’s experiences on a similar aircraft and a Type 23 Frigate and the simulated SHOL compared with SHOLs derived from sea trials. The results are very encouraging and open up further the long awaited prospect of such simulations being used in the future to reduce at-sea trials, and to provide a safe environment for pilot training.

Actin Binding Proteins: Regulation of Cytoskeletal Microfilaments

2003 ◽  
Vol 83 (2) ◽  
pp. 433-473 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. G. Dos Remedios ◽  
D. Chhabra ◽  
M. Kekic ◽  
I. V. Dedova ◽  
M. Tsubakihara ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Actin Filaments ◽  
Binding Proteins ◽  
Complex Structure ◽  
Actin Binding ◽  
Cellular Functions ◽  
Actin Binding Proteins ◽  
Ancestral Gene ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Human Disorders ◽  
And Function

The actin cytoskeleton is a complex structure that performs a wide range of cellular functions. In 2001, significant advances were made to our understanding of the structure and function of actin monomers. Many of these are likely to help us understand and distinguish between the structural models of actin microfilaments. In particular, 1) the structure of actin was resolved from crystals in the absence of cocrystallized actin binding proteins (ABPs), 2) the prokaryotic ancestral gene of actin was crystallized and its function as a bacterial cytoskeleton was revealed, and 3) the structure of the Arp2/3 complex was described for the first time. In this review we selected several ABPs (ADF/cofilin, profilin, gelsolin, thymosin β4, DNase I, CapZ, tropomodulin, and Arp2/3) that regulate actin-driven assembly, i.e., movement that is independent of motor proteins. They were chosen because 1) they represent a family of related proteins, 2) they are widely distributed in nature, 3) an atomic structure (or at least a plausible model) is available for each of them, and 4) each is expressed in significant quantities in cells. These ABPs perform the following cellular functions: 1) they maintain the population of unassembled but assembly-ready actin monomers (profilin), 2) they regulate the state of polymerization of filaments (ADF/cofilin, profilin), 3) they bind to and block the growing ends of actin filaments (gelsolin), 4) they nucleate actin assembly (gelsolin, Arp2/3, cofilin), 5) they sever actin filaments (gelsolin, ADF/cofilin), 6) they bind to the sides of actin filaments (gelsolin, Arp2/3), and 7) they cross-link actin filaments (Arp2/3). Some of these ABPs are essential, whereas others may form regulatory ternary complexes. Some play crucial roles in human disorders, and for all of them, there are good reasons why investigations into their structures and functions should continue.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document