Model of Performance of Stirling Engines

2012 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. M. Muñoz de Escalona ◽  
D. Sánchez ◽  
R. Chacartegui ◽  
T. Sánchez
Keyword(s):  
Water Consumption ◽  
Gas Turbines ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
High Efficiency ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Detailed Model ◽  
Operation Costs ◽  
Auxiliary Power ◽  
Stirling Engines ◽  
High Investment

This work presents a detailed model of performance of Stirling engines which is expected to be of interest for the Concentrated Solar Power community. In effect, gas turbines of different types have been proposed for small and medium scale solar applications based on their reduced (even inexistent) water consumption and modularity. In the medium to large scale, conventional steam turbine based plants demand high investment costs as well as high operation costs (mostly due to water consumption). In the small-scale it is the Stirling engine which is generally consider as the prime mover of choice due to its high efficiency at moderate temperatures. In this context, this paper describes a detailed model of performance of Stirling engines. The model includes frictional and mechanical losses, heat transfer within the engine and other features like auxiliary power consumption and applies to both on-design and off-design operation. The validation of all these capabilities is also presented in the text. Hence, the model is expected to provide a valuable tool for individuals who need to assess the performance of externally heated piston engines.

Solar Upgrading of Fuels for Generation of Electricity

2001 ◽  
Vol 123 (2) ◽  
pp. 160-163 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rainer Tamme ◽  
Reiner Buck ◽  
Michael Epstein ◽  
Uriyel Fisher ◽  
Chemi Sugarmen
Keyword(s):  
Gas Turbines ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Fossil Fuels ◽  
High Efficiency ◽  
Combined Cycle ◽  
Test Facility ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Start Up ◽  
Efficiency Conversion ◽  
Solar Field

This paper presents a novel process comprising solar upgrading of hydrocarbons by steam reforming in solar specific receiver-reactors and utilizing the upgraded, hydrogen-rich fuel in high efficiency conversion systems, such as gas turbines or fuel cells. In comparison to conventionally heated processes about 30% of fuel can be saved with respect to the same specific output. Such processes can be used in small scale as a stand-alone system for off-grid markets as well as in large scale to be operated in connection with conventional combined-cycle plants. The complete reforming process will be demonstrated in the SOLASYS project, supported by the European Commission in the JOULE/THERMIE framework. The project has been started in June 1998. The SOLASYS plant is designed for 300 kWel output, it consists of the solar field, the solar reformer and a gas turbine, adjusted to operate with the reformed gas. The SOLASYS plant will be operated at the experimental solar test facility of the Weizmann Institute of Science in Israel. Start-up of the pilot plant is scheduled in April 2001. The midterm goal is to replace fossil fuels by renewable or non-conventional feedstock in order to increase the share of renewable energy and to establish processes with only minor or no CO2 emission. Examples might be upgrading of bio-gas from municipal solid waste as well as upgrading of weak gas resources.

scholarly journals Solar-Upgrading of Fuels for Generation of Electricity

2001 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rainer Tamme ◽  
Reiner Buck ◽  
Michael Epstein ◽  
Uriyel Fisher ◽  
Chemi Sugarmen
Keyword(s):  
Gas Turbines ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Fossil Fuel ◽  
High Efficiency ◽  
Combined Cycle ◽  
Test Facility ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Product Gas ◽  
Solar Field ◽  
Year 2000

Abstract This paper presents a novel process comprising solar upgrading of hydrocarbons by steam reforming in solar specific receiver reactors and utilizing the upgraded, hydrogen-rich fuel, in high efficiency conversion systems, such as gas turbines or fuel cells. In comparison to conventionally heated processes, about 30 % of fuel can be saved with respect to the same specific output. Such processes can be used in small scale as a stand-alone system for off-grid markets, as well as in large scale to be operated in connection with conventional combined-cycle plants. The solar reforming process has an intrinsic potential for solar/fossil hybrid operation, as well as a capability of solar energy storage to increase the capacity factor. The complete reforming process will be demonstrated in the SOLASYS project, supported by the European Commission in the JOULE/THERMIE framework. The project has been started in June 1998. The SOLASYS plant is designed for 300 kWel output, it consists of the solar field, the solar reformer and a gas turbine, modified to enable operation both on fossil fuel as well as on the product gas from the solar reformer. The SOLASYS plant will be operated at the experimental solar test facility of the Weizmann Institute of Science, Israel. Start-up of the pilot plant is scheduled for the end of the year 2000. The midterm goal is to replace fossil fuel feedstock by renewable or non conventional feedstocks in order to increase the share of renewable energy and to establish processes with only minor or no CO2 emissions. Examples are given for solar upgrading of bio-gas from municipal solid waste as well as for upgrading of weak gas resources. With some feedstock pretreatment (removal of sulfur components, adjustment of composition) the product gases after solar reforming can be used for further processing to methanol or other chemical compounds.

Three Spool High Efficiency Small Scale Gas Turbine Concept

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Matti Malkamäki ◽  
Ahti Jaatinen-Värri ◽  
Antti Uusitalo ◽  
Aki Grönman ◽  
Juha Honkatukia ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Power Generation ◽  
Gas Turbine ◽  
Gas Turbines ◽  
High Efficiency ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Inlet Temperature ◽  
Substantial Impact ◽  
Electrical Efficiency ◽  
Partial Load ◽  
Reciprocating Engines

Decentralized electricity and heat production is a rising trend in small-scale industry. There is a tendency towards more distributed power generation. The decentralized power generation is also pushed forward by the policymakers. Reciprocating engines and gas turbines have an essential role in the global decentralized energy markets and improvements in their electrical efficiency have a substantial impact from the environmental and economic viewpoints. This paper introduces an intercooled and recuperated three stage, three-shaft gas turbine concept in 850 kW electric output range. The gas turbine is optimized for a realistic combination of the turbomachinery efficiencies, the turbine inlet temperature, the compressor specific speeds, the recuperation rate and the pressure ratio. The new gas turbine design is a natural development of the earlier two-spool gas turbine construction and it competes with the efficiencies achieved both with similar size reciprocating engines and large industrial gas turbines used in heat and power generation all over the world and manufactured in large production series. This paper presents a small-scale gas turbine process, which has a simulated electrical efficiency of 48% as well as thermal efficiency of 51% and can compete with reciprocating engines in terms of electrical efficiency at nominal and partial load conditions.

scholarly journals Fault diagnosis of air-conditioning refrigeration system based on sparse autoencoder

2019 ◽  
Vol 14 (4) ◽  
pp. 487-492
Author(s):  
Zhiyi Wang ◽  
Jiachen Zhong ◽  
Jingfan Li ◽  
Cui Xia
Keyword(s):  
Fault Diagnosis ◽  
Air Conditioning ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
High Efficiency ◽  
Support Vector ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Refrigeration System ◽  
Large Scale Data ◽  
Fault Features ◽  
Sparse Autoencoder

Abstract To overcome the drawbacks of using supervised learning to extract fault features for classification and low nonlinearity of the features in most of current fault diagnosis of air-conditioning refrigeration system, sparse autoencoder (SAE) is presented to extract fault features that are used as the input to the classifier and to achieve fault diagnosis for air-conditioning refrigeration system. The SAE structure is tuned by adjusting the number of hidden layers and nodes to build the optimal model, which is compared with the fault diagnosis model based on support vector machine. Results indicate that the indexes of the model combined with SAE, such as accuracy, precision and recall, are all improved, especially for the faults with high complexity. Besides, SAE shows high generalization ability with small-scale sample data and high efficiency with large-scale data. Obviously, the use of SAE can effectively optimize the diagnosis performance of the classifier.

scholarly journals Externally Fired Combined Cycles (EFCC): Part A — Thermodynamics and Technological Issues

1996 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stefano Consonni ◽  
Ennio Macchi ◽  
Francesco Farina
Keyword(s):  
Atmospheric Pressure ◽  
Gas Turbines ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
High Efficiency ◽  
Combined Cycle ◽  
Indirect Contact ◽  
Economic Issues ◽  
Combustion Gases ◽  
Combined Cycles ◽  
Gas Turbine Compressor

Externally Fired Combined Cycles (EFCC) are one of the options allowing the use of “dirty” fuels like coal, biomass or waste in conjunction with modern, high efficiency gas turbines. The plant concept comprises an indirect-contact ceramic heat exchanger where compressed air exiting the gas turbine compressor is heated by hot combustion gases; the combustor is placed downstream the turbine and operates at nearly atmospheric pressure. From a thermodynamic standpoint, the cycle is equivalent to a combined cycle with supplementary firing. Attainable efficiencies are higher than those achievable by steam cycles (even the most advanced ultra-supercritical), as well as those of most other coal-based technologies (PFBC and IGCC). These efficiency advantages must be weighted against the uncertainty (and risk) of the realization of high temperature ceramic heat exchangers, and the challenges for the design of the combustor. This two-part paper discusses thermodynamic, technological and economic issues crucial to the success of EFCCs, both for large scale utility service (3–400 MWe1 and more) and for medium/low scale applications (down to 30–50 MWe1). Part A addresses the most relevant thermodynamic and technological issues, performing comparisons with the technologies which will presumably dominate the coal-based power generation market of the next century.

Development of a high-efficiency and long-life 500W class H-Darrieus-type vertical axis wind turbine (VAWT) system using skin-spar-foam sandwich composite structure

2013 ◽  
Vol 20 (4) ◽  
pp. 383-394
Author(s):  
Changduk Kong ◽  
Haseung Lee
Keyword(s):  
Wind Turbine ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
High Efficiency ◽  
Vertical Axis ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Test Results ◽  
Vertical Axis Wind Turbine ◽  
Horizontal Axis Wind Turbine ◽  
Structural Test ◽  
The City

AbstractSince the focus on the energy crisis and environmental issues due to excessive fossil fuel consumption, wind power has been considered as an important renewable energy source. Recently, several megawatt-class large-scale wind turbine systems have been developed in some countries. Even though the large-scale wind turbine can effectively produce electrical power, the small-scale wind turbine has been continuously developed due to some advantages; for instance, it can be easily built at a low cost without any limitation of location, i.e., even in the city. In case of small-scale wind turbines, the vertical axis wind turbine (VAWT) is used in the city despite having a lower efficiency than the horizontal axis wind turbine. Furthermore, most small-scale wind turbine systems have been designed at the rated wind speed of around 12 m/s. This aim of this work is to design a high-efficiency 500W class composite VAWT blade that is applicable to relatively low-speed regions. With regard to the aerodynamic design of the blade, parametric studies are carried out to decide an optimal aerodynamic configuration. The aerodynamic efficiency and performance of the designed VAWT is confirmed by computational fluid dynamics analysis. The structural design is performed by the load case study, initial sizing using the netting rule and the rule of mixture, structural analysis using finite element method (FEM), fatigue life estimation and structural test. The prototype blade is manufactured by hand lay-up and the matched die molding. The experimental structural test results are compared with the FEM analysis results. Finally, to evaluate the prototype VAWT including designed blades, the performance test is performed using a truck to simulate various ranges of wind speeds and some measuring equipment. According to the performance evaluation result, the estimated performance agrees well with the experimental test results in all operating ranges.

scholarly journals SISTEM INFORMASI PERAWATAN TANAMAN BERBASIS INTERNET OF THINGS DI TAMAN BALAD CIPARAY KABUPATEN BANDUNG

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-9
Author(s):  
Rosmalina Rosma ◽  
Yaya Suharya ◽  
Megantari Suhendar
Keyword(s):  
Information Systems ◽  
Internet Of Things ◽  
Water Consumption ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Business Owners ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
The Internet ◽  
Sensor Structure ◽  
Care Information ◽  
The Internet Of Things

Most people in Indonesia usually have plants at their homes, places of business and so on. Balad is a place of business, which has a minimalist garden on the second floor. The limited land owned by Balad has made business owners take advantage of the existing land conditions to raise crops on a small scale. The garden is usually planted with a variety of plants to beautify and make the gardens in Balad cool. Plants grown by business owners in order to grow properly must have adequate water consumption and adequate lighting. The provision of water or watering and lighting to plants is one of the important things to keep the plants alive. Seeing this condition, business owners must do regular watering so that these plants get sufficient water consumption. Nowadays everyone has their own preferences, the same applies to business owners in Balad, so that sometimes they are forgotten to care for plants due to limited time. Information systems on plant care based on the Internet of Things help in collecting information related to conditions such as humidity, temperature, soil fertility, and plant inspection that can be controlled via a smartphone using the internet network. Internet of Things makes use of plant owners to connect with their residence or place of business from anywhere and anytime. The remote sensor structure using Microcontroller ESP8266 is used to monitor the condition of plants in the Balad park, of course, to see conditions remotely. Designing Plant Care Information Systems based on the Internet of Things, can reduce costs and update productivity standards in maintaining small-scale plants and if needed can be developed on a large scale

Concepts for the Production of Biomass Derived Fuel Gases for Gas Turbine Applications

2000 ◽  
Author(s):  
W. Schmitz ◽  
D. Hein
Keyword(s):  
Gas Turbine ◽  
Gas Turbines ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Biomass Conversion ◽  
Rankine Cycle ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Pyrolysis Gas ◽  
Gas Cleaning ◽  
Mild Pyrolysis ◽  
Hot Gas Cleaning

Amongst the available alternatives of regenerative energy sources, biomass may play an important role in the future. Biomass represents stored solar energy, accessible whenever there is demand. But so far, its large potential has only been used to a small extent. This is partly due to the fact that solid biomass is a common fuel for the production of heat, but is hardly used in combined heat and power (CHP) plants. For the conversion of solid fuels, combustion in combination with a Rankine cycle is the only well established technology available today, thus acceptable net efficiencies (> 25% LHV) are only possible in complex, rather large scale plants. However, since the occurrence of biomass differs depending on region and season, and because of its low energy density and thus reduced transportability, biomass is particularly suited for decentralized applications, i.e. for the generation of heat and power (1) in the small power range. This paper discusses strategies for the integration of biomass gasification / pyrolysis and gas cleaning processes into different gas turbine schemes. Rather than reviewing all possible aspects of and concepts for the usage of biomass in gas turbine applications, this paper evaluates some key aspects (pressurization, tar removal, gas cleaning, choice of gas turbine cycle) of directly fired gas turbine concepts with regard to small scale applications. The paper shows that tar is a key problem. Especially for small scale applications solutions based on the combustion of tars, like pressurized biomass conversion in combination with hot gas cleaning, prove to be simple and efficient. This paper also compares the characteristics of integrated gasification cycles, e.g. by demonstrating difficulties connected with the integration of steam blown allothermal gasification (reforming). Furthermore, it is shown that recuperated gas turbines are well suited for highly efficient, yet simple small scale applications. Test results indicate that “mild” pyrolysis is an alternative technology for the production of comparatively clean medium heating value gases. Integrating the use of pyrolysis gas and charcoal into a simple gas turbine plant, however, can not easily be achieved.

Simplified Versus Detailed Solid Oxide Fuel Cell Reactor Models and Influence on the Simulation of the Design Point Performance of Hybrid Systems

2004 ◽  
Vol 126 (3) ◽  
pp. 516-523 ◽  
Author(s):  
Loredana Magistri ◽  
Riccardo Bozzo ◽  
Paola Costamagna ◽  
Aristide F. Massardo
Keyword(s):  
Solid Oxide Fuel Cells ◽  
Hybrid Systems ◽  
Gas Turbines ◽  
High Efficiency ◽  
Solid Oxide ◽  
Oxide Fuel ◽  
Detailed Model ◽  
Design Point ◽  
Cell Reactor ◽  
Reactor Models

High-efficiency hybrid systems (HS) based on the coupling of solid oxide fuel cells (SOFCs) and gas turbines (GT) are analyzed in this paper through the use of two different approaches: simplified and detailed SOFC models. The simplified model, already presented by the authors, is very useful for HS design and off-design analysis. The detailed model, developed by the authors and verified through the use of available experimental data, allows the complete description of the SOFC reactor’s internal behavior to be obtained. The detailed model can also be utilized for HS modeling. Both models are presented and discussed in this paper, and they are compared to each other. The results obtained for the stand-alone SOFC reactor, and the HS design point configuration are presented and carefully discussed, also taking into account the nonlinear SOFC response.

Development of a High Efficiency and Long Life 500W Class H-Darrieus Type VAWT (Vertical Axis Wind Turbine) System Using Skin-Spar-Foam Sandwich Composite Structure

2012 ◽  
Author(s):  
Changduk Kong ◽  
Haseung Lee
Keyword(s):  
Wind Turbine ◽  
Wind Turbines ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Performance Test ◽  
High Efficiency ◽  
Vertical Axis ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Vertical Axis Wind Turbine ◽  
Horizontal Axis Wind Turbine ◽  
Structural Test

Since the energy crisis and the environmental issue have been focused due to excessive fossil fuel consumption, the wind power has been considered as an important renewable energy source. Recently, several MW class large scale wind turbine systems have been developed in some countries. Even though the large scale wind turbine can effectively produce the electrical power, the small scale wind turbines have been continuously developed due some advantages, for instance, it can be easily built by low cost without any limitation of location, i.e. even in city. In case of small scale wind turbines, the vertical axis wind turbine (VAWT) is used in city having frequent wind direction change, even though it has a bit lower efficient than the horizontal axis wind turbine. Furthermore, most small scale wind turbine systems have been designed at the rated wind speed of around 12m/s. This work is to design a high efficiency 500W class composite VAWT blade which is applicable to relatively low speed region. In the aerodynamic design of blade, the parametric studies are carried out to decide an optimal aerodynamic configuration. The aerodynamic efficiency and performance of the designed VAWT is confirmed by the CFD analysis. The structural design is performed by the load case study, the initial sizing using the netting rule and the rule of mixture, the structural analysis using FEM, the fatigue life estimation and the structural test. The prototype blade is manufactured by the hand lay-up and the matched die molding. The experimental structural test results are compared with the FEM analysis results. Finally, to evaluate the prototype VAWT including designed blades, the performance test is performed using a truck to simulate the various range wind speeds and some measuring equipments. According to the performance evaluation result, the estimated performance is well agreed with the experimental test result in all operating ranges.

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