scholarly journals Solar-Upgrading of Fuels for Generation of Electricity

2001 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rainer Tamme ◽  
Reiner Buck ◽  
Michael Epstein ◽  
Uriyel Fisher ◽  
Chemi Sugarmen
Keyword(s):  
Gas Turbines ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Fossil Fuel ◽  
High Efficiency ◽  
Combined Cycle ◽  
Test Facility ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Product Gas ◽  
Solar Field ◽  
Year 2000

Abstract This paper presents a novel process comprising solar upgrading of hydrocarbons by steam reforming in solar specific receiver reactors and utilizing the upgraded, hydrogen-rich fuel, in high efficiency conversion systems, such as gas turbines or fuel cells. In comparison to conventionally heated processes, about 30 % of fuel can be saved with respect to the same specific output. Such processes can be used in small scale as a stand-alone system for off-grid markets, as well as in large scale to be operated in connection with conventional combined-cycle plants. The solar reforming process has an intrinsic potential for solar/fossil hybrid operation, as well as a capability of solar energy storage to increase the capacity factor. The complete reforming process will be demonstrated in the SOLASYS project, supported by the European Commission in the JOULE/THERMIE framework. The project has been started in June 1998. The SOLASYS plant is designed for 300 kWel output, it consists of the solar field, the solar reformer and a gas turbine, modified to enable operation both on fossil fuel as well as on the product gas from the solar reformer. The SOLASYS plant will be operated at the experimental solar test facility of the Weizmann Institute of Science, Israel. Start-up of the pilot plant is scheduled for the end of the year 2000. The midterm goal is to replace fossil fuel feedstock by renewable or non conventional feedstocks in order to increase the share of renewable energy and to establish processes with only minor or no CO2 emissions. Examples are given for solar upgrading of bio-gas from municipal solid waste as well as for upgrading of weak gas resources. With some feedstock pretreatment (removal of sulfur components, adjustment of composition) the product gases after solar reforming can be used for further processing to methanol or other chemical compounds.

Solar Upgrading of Fuels for Generation of Electricity

2001 ◽  
Vol 123 (2) ◽  
pp. 160-163 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rainer Tamme ◽  
Reiner Buck ◽  
Michael Epstein ◽  
Uriyel Fisher ◽  
Chemi Sugarmen
Keyword(s):  
Gas Turbines ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Fossil Fuels ◽  
High Efficiency ◽  
Combined Cycle ◽  
Test Facility ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Start Up ◽  
Efficiency Conversion ◽  
Solar Field

This paper presents a novel process comprising solar upgrading of hydrocarbons by steam reforming in solar specific receiver-reactors and utilizing the upgraded, hydrogen-rich fuel in high efficiency conversion systems, such as gas turbines or fuel cells. In comparison to conventionally heated processes about 30% of fuel can be saved with respect to the same specific output. Such processes can be used in small scale as a stand-alone system for off-grid markets as well as in large scale to be operated in connection with conventional combined-cycle plants. The complete reforming process will be demonstrated in the SOLASYS project, supported by the European Commission in the JOULE/THERMIE framework. The project has been started in June 1998. The SOLASYS plant is designed for 300 kWel output, it consists of the solar field, the solar reformer and a gas turbine, adjusted to operate with the reformed gas. The SOLASYS plant will be operated at the experimental solar test facility of the Weizmann Institute of Science in Israel. Start-up of the pilot plant is scheduled in April 2001. The midterm goal is to replace fossil fuels by renewable or non-conventional feedstock in order to increase the share of renewable energy and to establish processes with only minor or no CO2 emission. Examples might be upgrading of bio-gas from municipal solid waste as well as upgrading of weak gas resources.

scholarly journals Externally Fired Combined Cycles (EFCC): Part A — Thermodynamics and Technological Issues

1996 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stefano Consonni ◽  
Ennio Macchi ◽  
Francesco Farina
Keyword(s):  
Atmospheric Pressure ◽  
Gas Turbines ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
High Efficiency ◽  
Combined Cycle ◽  
Indirect Contact ◽  
Economic Issues ◽  
Combustion Gases ◽  
Combined Cycles ◽  
Gas Turbine Compressor

Externally Fired Combined Cycles (EFCC) are one of the options allowing the use of “dirty” fuels like coal, biomass or waste in conjunction with modern, high efficiency gas turbines. The plant concept comprises an indirect-contact ceramic heat exchanger where compressed air exiting the gas turbine compressor is heated by hot combustion gases; the combustor is placed downstream the turbine and operates at nearly atmospheric pressure. From a thermodynamic standpoint, the cycle is equivalent to a combined cycle with supplementary firing. Attainable efficiencies are higher than those achievable by steam cycles (even the most advanced ultra-supercritical), as well as those of most other coal-based technologies (PFBC and IGCC). These efficiency advantages must be weighted against the uncertainty (and risk) of the realization of high temperature ceramic heat exchangers, and the challenges for the design of the combustor. This two-part paper discusses thermodynamic, technological and economic issues crucial to the success of EFCCs, both for large scale utility service (3–400 MWe1 and more) and for medium/low scale applications (down to 30–50 MWe1). Part A addresses the most relevant thermodynamic and technological issues, performing comparisons with the technologies which will presumably dominate the coal-based power generation market of the next century.

Design and Validation of a Compressor for a New Generation of Heavy-Duty Gas Turbines

2007 ◽  
Author(s):  
F. Eulitz ◽  
B. Kuesters ◽  
F. Mildner ◽  
M. Mittelbach ◽  
A. Peters ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Power Plant ◽  
Gas Turbine ◽  
Gas Turbines ◽  
High Performance ◽  
High Efficiency ◽  
Forced Response ◽  
Combined Cycle ◽  
Test Facility ◽  
Primary Driver ◽  
Compressor Technology

Siemens H-Class. Siemens has developed the world-largest H-class Gas Turbine (SGT™) that sets unparalleled standards for high efficiency, low life cycle costs and operating flexibility. With a power output of 340+ MW, the SGT5–8000H gas turbine will be the primary driver of the new Siemens Combined Cycle Power Plant (SCC™) for the 50 Hz market, the SCC5–8000H, with an output of 530+ MW at more than 60% efficiency. After extensive lab and component testing, the prototype has been shipped to the power plant for an 18-month validation phase. In this paper, the compressor technology, which was developed for the Siemens H-class, is presented through its development and validation phases. Reliability and Availability. The compressor has been extensively validated in the Siemens Berlin Test Facility during consecutive engine test programs. All key parameters, such as mass flow, operating range, efficiency and aero mechanical behavior meet or exceed expectations. Six-sigma methodology has been exploited throughout the development to implement the technologies into a robust design. Efficiency. The new compressor technology applies the Siemens advanced aerodynamics design methodology based on the high performance airfoil (HPA) systematic which leads to broader operation range and higher efficiency than a standard controlled diffusion airfoil (CDA) design. Operational Flexibility. The compressor features an IGV and three rows of variable guide vanes for improved turndown capability and improved part load efficiency. Serviceability. The design has been optimized for serviceability and less complexity. Following the Siemens tradition, all compressor rotating blades can be replaced without rotor lift or destacking. Evolutionary Design Innovation. The compressor design incorporates the best features and experience from the operating fleets and technology innovation prepared through detailed research, analysis and lab testing in the past decade. The design tools are based on best practices from former Siemens KWU and Westinghouse with enhancements allowing for routine front-to-back compressor 3D CFD multistage analysis, unsteady blade row interaction, forced response analyses and aero-elastic analysis.

Model of Performance of Stirling Engines

2012 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. M. Muñoz de Escalona ◽  
D. Sánchez ◽  
R. Chacartegui ◽  
T. Sánchez
Keyword(s):  
Water Consumption ◽  
Gas Turbines ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
High Efficiency ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Detailed Model ◽  
Operation Costs ◽  
Auxiliary Power ◽  
Stirling Engines ◽  
High Investment

This work presents a detailed model of performance of Stirling engines which is expected to be of interest for the Concentrated Solar Power community. In effect, gas turbines of different types have been proposed for small and medium scale solar applications based on their reduced (even inexistent) water consumption and modularity. In the medium to large scale, conventional steam turbine based plants demand high investment costs as well as high operation costs (mostly due to water consumption). In the small-scale it is the Stirling engine which is generally consider as the prime mover of choice due to its high efficiency at moderate temperatures. In this context, this paper describes a detailed model of performance of Stirling engines. The model includes frictional and mechanical losses, heat transfer within the engine and other features like auxiliary power consumption and applies to both on-design and off-design operation. The validation of all these capabilities is also presented in the text. Hence, the model is expected to provide a valuable tool for individuals who need to assess the performance of externally heated piston engines.

Adaptation and Modification of Gas Turbines for Solar Energy Applications

2005 ◽  
Author(s):  
Joseph Sinai ◽  
Chemi Sugarmen ◽  
Uriyel Fisher
Keyword(s):  
Solar Energy ◽  
Gas Turbine ◽  
Gas Turbines ◽  
High Efficiency ◽  
The United States ◽  
Combined Cycle ◽  
Energy Applications ◽  
Equipment Utilization ◽  
German Aerospace ◽  
Solar Field

Adapting a gas turbine to high-temperature solar receivers and solar tower technology constitutes real progress towards commercial solar power utilization with high efficiency combined cycle power system. Solar gas turbine systems can also be adapted to hybrid solar/fossil fuel operation, thanks to its high efficiency conversion, relatively small solar field, and quick response to load fluctuations, low CO2 emissions, easy start, and more effective equipment utilization. ORMAT initiated adaptation and modification of gas turbines for solar energy applications in the early 1990s in cooperation with the Weizmann Institute of Science and later with the Boeing Corporation, with the support of the United States Israel Science and Technology Foundation (USISTF). Ultimately, the concept reached its successful realization (2001–2004) in the solar tower Plataforma Solar de Almeria (Spain) which has three solar receivers and a receiving system designed and supplied by the German Aerospace Center DLR.

Ancillary Services Potential for Flexible Combined Cycles

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alberto Vannoni ◽  
Jose Angel Garcia ◽  
Weimar Mantilla ◽  
Rafael Guedez ◽  
Alessandro Sorce
Keyword(s):  
Electricity Market ◽  
Gas Turbines ◽  
High Efficiency ◽  
Combined Cycle ◽  
Ancillary Services ◽  
Ancillary Service ◽  
Spinning Reserve ◽  
Service Market ◽  
Partial Load ◽  
Ancillary Services Market

Abstract Combined Cycle Gas Turbines, CCGTs, are often considered as the bridging technology to a decarbonized energy system thanks to their high exploitation rate of the fuel energetic potential. At present time in most European countries, however, revenues from the electricity market on their own are insufficient to operate existing CCGTs profitably, also discouraging new investments and compromising the future of the technology. In addition to their high efficiency, CCGTs offer ancillary services in support of the operation of the grid such as spinning reserve and frequency control, thus any potential risk of plant decommissioning or reduced investments could translate into a risk for the well-functioning of the network. To ensure the reliability of the electricity system in a transition towards a higher share of renewables, the economic sustainability of CCGTs must be preserved, for which it becomes relevant to monetize properly the ancillary services provided. In this paper, an accurate statistical analysis was performed on the day-ahead, intra-day, ancillary service, and balancing markets for the whole Italian power-oriented CCGT fleet. The profitability of 45 real production units, spread among 6 market zones, was assessed on an hourly basis considering local temperature, specific plant layouts, and off-design performance. The assessment revealed that net income from the ancillary service market doubled, on average, the one from the day-ahead energy market. It was observed that to be competitive in the ancillary services market CCGTs are required to be more flexible in terms of ramp rates, minimum environmental loads, and partial load efficiencies. This paper explores how integrating a Heat Pump and a Thermal Energy Storage within a CCGT could allow improving its competitiveness in the ancillary services market, and thus its profitability, by means of implementing a model of optimal dispatch operating on the ancillary services market.

Three Spool High Efficiency Small Scale Gas Turbine Concept

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Matti Malkamäki ◽  
Ahti Jaatinen-Värri ◽  
Antti Uusitalo ◽  
Aki Grönman ◽  
Juha Honkatukia ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Power Generation ◽  
Gas Turbine ◽  
Gas Turbines ◽  
High Efficiency ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Inlet Temperature ◽  
Substantial Impact ◽  
Electrical Efficiency ◽  
Partial Load ◽  
Reciprocating Engines

Decentralized electricity and heat production is a rising trend in small-scale industry. There is a tendency towards more distributed power generation. The decentralized power generation is also pushed forward by the policymakers. Reciprocating engines and gas turbines have an essential role in the global decentralized energy markets and improvements in their electrical efficiency have a substantial impact from the environmental and economic viewpoints. This paper introduces an intercooled and recuperated three stage, three-shaft gas turbine concept in 850 kW electric output range. The gas turbine is optimized for a realistic combination of the turbomachinery efficiencies, the turbine inlet temperature, the compressor specific speeds, the recuperation rate and the pressure ratio. The new gas turbine design is a natural development of the earlier two-spool gas turbine construction and it competes with the efficiencies achieved both with similar size reciprocating engines and large industrial gas turbines used in heat and power generation all over the world and manufactured in large production series. This paper presents a small-scale gas turbine process, which has a simulated electrical efficiency of 48% as well as thermal efficiency of 51% and can compete with reciprocating engines in terms of electrical efficiency at nominal and partial load conditions.

Performance Improvement Program for Kawasaki Gas Turbine

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tomoki Taniguchi ◽  
Ryoji Tamai ◽  
Yoshihiko Muto ◽  
Satoshi Takami ◽  
Ryozo Tanaka ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Gas Turbine ◽  
Thermal Performance ◽  
Film Cooling ◽  
Gas Turbines ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
New Technologies ◽  
Design Procedure ◽  
Product Line ◽  
Combined Cycle ◽  
Improvement Program

Kawasaki Heavy Industries, Ltd (KHI) has started a comprehensive program to further improve performance and availability of existing Kawasaki gas turbines. In the program, one of the Kawasaki’s existing gas turbine was selected from the broad product line and various kinds of technology were investigated and adopted to further improve its thermal performance and availability. The new technologies involve novel film cooling of turbine nozzles, advanced and large-scale numerical simulations, new thermal barrier coating. The thermal performance target is combined cycle efficiency of 51.6% and the target ramp rate is 20% load per minute. The program started in 2015 and engine testing has just started. In this paper, details of the program are described, focusing on design procedure.

Ceramic Gas Turbine Development: Need for a 10-Year Plan

2008 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mark van Roode
Keyword(s):  
Gas Turbine ◽  
Gas Turbines ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Energy Savings ◽  
High Strength ◽  
Combined Cycle ◽  
High Fracture Toughness ◽  
Development Programs ◽  
High Fracture ◽  
Electrical Efficiency

Ceramic gas turbine development that started in the 1950s has slowed considerably since most of the large-scale ceramic gas turbine development programs of the 1970s–1990s ended. While component durability still does not meet expectations, the prospect of significant energy savings and emissions reductions, potentially achievable with ceramic gas turbines, continues to justify development efforts. Four gas turbine applications have been identified that could be commercially attractive: a small recuperated gas turbine (microturbine) with ∼35% electrical efficiency, a recuperated gas turbine for transportation applications with ∼40% electrical efficiency with potential applications for efficient small engine cogeneration, a ∼40% efficient mid-size industrial gas turbine and a ∼63% (combined cycle) efficient utility turbine. Key technologies have been identified to ensure performance and component durability targets can be met over the expected life cycle for these applications. These technologies include: a Si3N4 or SiC with high fracture toughness, durable EBCs for Si3N4 and SiC, an effective EBC/TBC for SiC/SiC, a durable Oxide/Oxide CMC with thermally insulating coating, and the Next Generation CMCs with high strength that can be used as structural materials for turbine components for small engines and for rotating components in engines of various sizes. The programs will require integrated partnerships between government, national laboratories, universities and industry. The overall cost of the proposed development programs is estimated at U.S. $100M over ten-years, i.e. an annual average of U.S. $10M.

Effective Decision Making in Simple and Combined Cycle Schemes at the Turn of the Millennium

1999 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stéphane Gayraud ◽  
Riti Singh
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Gas Turbines ◽  
High Efficiency ◽  
Combined Cycle ◽  
Market Potential ◽  
Load Following ◽  
Cost Planning ◽  
New Challenges ◽  
Effective Decision Making ◽  
Save Energy

The electricity supply industry is being restructured all over the world. Privatisation, with the emergence of Independent Power Projects (IPPs), especially in developing countries, and liberalisation of the power generation market are changing decision-making processes in a radical way. New challenges of deregulation and customer demands, and economic instabilities in south-east Asia, oblige electric utilities to face a double jeopardy: least-cost planning and least-risk investments. Consumers are encouraged to save energy and emission reduction policies are implemented to promote utilisation of high efficiency, clean power production technologies. The aim of this paper is to introduce the concept of life cycle risk management and Decision Support System (DSS) for open and combined cycle schemes, highlighting the market potential for Flexible Mid-size Gas Turbines (FMGT) in mid-merit applications. The DSS that has been developed at Cranfield University includes: plant simulation program, providing design and off-design performance, maintenance planning, component degradation, and load-following models. In addition several economic techniques based upon engineering finance and project accounting make power plant economic appraisals possible. The DSS also provides a Monte Carlo risk analysis in order to deal with technical and economic uncertainties in a very effective way. Case studies will stress several parameters that planners have to carefully assess when making decision in the context of the coming millennium, bringing all sorts of new challenges and areas of uncertainty that will be discussed in the paper.

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