Feasibility Study of an Electrodialysis System for In-Home Water Desalination and Purification in Urban India

Volume 2A: 41st Design Automation Conference ◽

10.1115/detc2015-47613 ◽

2015 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Kishor G. Nayar ◽

Prithiviraj Sundararaman ◽

Jeffrey D. Schacherl ◽

Catherine L. O’Connor ◽

Michael L. Heath ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Salt Content ◽

Water Source ◽

Water Desalination ◽

Salinity Range ◽

Feed Water ◽

Aesthetic Quality ◽

High Salinity Water ◽

Primary Water ◽

The Government ◽

The Aesthetic

Desalination of high salinity water is an effective way of improving the aesthetic quality of drinking water and has been demonstrated to be a characteristic valued by consumers. Across India, 60% of the groundwater, the primary water source for millions, is brackish or contains a high salt content with total dissolved solids (TDS) ranging from 500 parts per million (ppm) to 3,000ppm. The government does not provide sufficient desalination treatment before the water reaches the tap of a consumer. Therefore consumers have turned to in-home desalination. However, current products are either expensive or have low recovery, product water output per untreated feed water, (∼30%) wasting water resources. Electrodialysis (ED) is a promising technology that desalinates water while maintaining higher recovery (up to 95%) compared to existing consumer reverse osmosis (RO) products. This paper first explores the in-home desalination market to determine critical design requirements for an in-home ED system. A model was then used to evaluate and optimize the performance of an ED stack at this scale and designated salinity range. Additionally, testing was conducted in order to validate the model and demonstrate feasibility. Finally, cost estimates of the proposed in-home ED system and product design concept are presented. The results of this work identified a system design that provides consumers with up to 80% recovery of feed water with cost and size competitive to currently available in-home RO products.

Download Full-text

Energetic and Socioeconomic Justification for Solar-Powered Desalination Technology for Rural Indian Villages

Volume 2A: 40th Design Automation Conference ◽

10.1115/detc2014-35176 ◽

2014 ◽

Author(s):

Natasha C. Wright ◽

Amos G. Winter

Keyword(s):

Rural Areas ◽

Energy Savings ◽

Water Source ◽

Water Desalination ◽

Solar Array ◽

Salinity Range ◽

Aesthetic Quality ◽

Capital Costs ◽

Desalination Technology ◽

Solar Powered

This paper provides justification for solar-powered electrodialysis desalination systems for rural Indian villages. It is estimated that 11% of India’s 800 million people living in rural areas do not have access to an improved water source. If the source’s quality in regards to biological, chemical, or physical contaminants is also considered, this percentage is even higher. User interviews conducted by the authors and in literature reveal that users judge the quality of their water source based on its aesthetic quality (taste, odor, and temperature). Seventy-three percent of Indian villages rely on groundwater as their primary drinking supply. However, saline groundwater underlies approximately 60% of the land area in India. Desalination is necessary in order to improve the aesthetics of this water (by reducing salinity below the taste threshold) and remove contaminants that cause health risks. Both technical and socioeconomic factors were considered to identify the critical design requirements for inland water desalination in India. An off-grid power system is among those requirements due to the lack of grid access or intermittent supply, problems faced by half of Indian villages. The same regions in India that have high groundwater salinity also have the advantage of high solar potential, making solar a primary candidate. Within the salinity range of groundwater found in inland India, electrodialysis would substantially reduce the energy consumption to desalinate compared to reverse osmosis, which is the standard technology used for village-level systems. This energy savings leads to a smaller solar array required for electrodialysis systems, translating to reduced capital costs.

Download Full-text

Current situation and perspectives of ready-to-eat food/meal suppliers

Nutrition Reviews ◽

10.1093/nutrit/nuaa089 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 78 (Supplement_3) ◽

pp. 27-30

Author(s):

Takashi Sakata ◽

Keyword(s):

Healthy Eating ◽

Salt Content ◽

Life Sciences ◽

Healthy Food ◽

Management Policy ◽

Whole Grain ◽

Research Committee ◽

Dietary Reference Intakes ◽

Group 2 ◽

The Government

Abstract Working Group 2 of the Healthy Diet Research Committee of International Life Sciences Institute Japan (WG2) assessed the concept and practice of healthy eating in the ready-to-eat food/meal industry in Japan. WG2 interviewed 14 arbitrarily selected member companies that included “health” or “nutrition” in their management policy, and sent a questionnaire to 338 member companies of the Japan Ready-Made Meal Association. Ready-to-eat food/meal suppliers mainly referred to Dietary Reference Intakes for Japanese, the Japanese Food Guide, and/or Healthy Japan 21 for their menu construction. They increased dietary fiber, variety, vegetables, whole-grain cereals, millet rice, and soy bean products; and reduced energy, carbohydrates, and salt in “healthy” food. They tended to avoid making direct appeals to health. Many companies reduced the salt content without drawing attention to the practice. They continually strive to improve flavor as the single most important factor for selling healthy food. The cycling of menus is used to increase diversity in food consumption. These industries require both academia and the government to define priorities for increasing and decreasing particular nutrients as the main targets and to establish the maximum time for balancing each nutrient.

Download Full-text

THE ROLE OF URBAN AESTHETICS ON ENHANCING VITALITY OF URBAN SPACES

Khulna University Studies ◽

10.53808/kus.2021.18.02.2112-e ◽

2021 ◽

pp. xx-xx

Keyword(s):

Urban Design ◽

Direct Consequence ◽

Point Of View ◽

Urban Spaces ◽

Urban Setting ◽

Aesthetic Quality ◽

Aesthetic Design ◽

Active Involvement ◽

The Aesthetic

Several scholars have focused on the different approaches in designing convivial urban spaces, but literary evidence shows that the essence of aesthetic design in public urban spaces, by referring to the main dimensions involved in the shaping of urban vitality, has not been adequately researched. In this regard, this study, by hypothesizing that the quality of urban design leads to a vital urban environment, focuses on urban vitality from the aesthetic point of view. Thus, in using qualitative grounded theory as a main methodological tool and using a systematic review of the related literature as the main induction approach for collecting qualitative data, five main dimensions of urban vitality, which are necessary to attain a correlation with the aesthetic quality of urban design, were conceptualized. The study concludes that the aesthetic design of an urban setting has a direct effect on the active involvement of its users and that this, therefore, has a direct consequence on the level of public urban vitality, manifested. Integrating the complexity theory with the five main dimensions used for assessing urban vitality was suggested as a viable area for further research.

Download Full-text

The erotic/aesthetic quality seen from the perspective of Levinas’s ethical an-archaeology

Filozofija i drustvo ◽

10.2298/fid2001098m ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 31 (1) ◽

pp. 98-107

Author(s):

Srdjan Maras

Keyword(s):

Sharp Contrast ◽

The Other ◽

Aesthetic Quality ◽

Other Hand ◽

The Aesthetic ◽

The Erotic

This paper emphasizes the place and the role of the aesthetic quality and the role of the erotic in Levinas?s project that deals with ethical an-archaeology. Despite Levinas?s categorical statements that there are irreconcilable differences between ethics and aesthetics, i.e. between ethics and the erotic, above all, it is emphasized here that these differences do not represent a stark or sharp contrast, but quite contrary, they often constitute a subversive ontological element. On the other hand, somewhat unexpectedly, with its ethical anti-aestheticism Levinas?s ?noncontemporary? thought appears to be, at the same time, both significant and critical, elementary, emancipatory and contemporary in relation to present-day reactionary reactualization and revitalization of the aesthetic quality which mechanically proceeds to develop on the margins of Levinas?s emancipatory past.

Download Full-text

KAJIAN POTENSI KOLEKSI POHON LOKAL KEBUN RAYA CIBODAS UNTUK FUNGSI ESTETIKA DALAM LANSKAP

10.31226/osf.io/zqamh ◽

2019 ◽

Author(s):

Muhammad Amin Shodiq ◽

Tati Budiarti ◽

Nizar Nasrullah

Keyword(s):

Tree Species ◽

Botanical Garden ◽

Species Selection ◽

Survey Method ◽

Literature Study ◽

Species List ◽

Aesthetic Quality ◽

Native Tree ◽

Native Tree Species ◽

The Aesthetic

Trees in the landscape have many important roles; one of them is aesthetics function. Therefore, tree species selection must be considered well. Indonesia has big number of tree biodiversity that can use for tree selection purposes. The selection can be considered based on physical characteristics and ecological characteristics of the tree species. Therefore, purposes of this study are 1) to identify ecological distribution of native tree species in Java island, 2) to identify native tree species which have high aesthetic value, and 3) to arrange native tree species list that have potential to be developed for aesthetic use in the landscape. This study conducted in Cibodas Botanical Garden. The method used for this research is literature study from Botanical Garden Catalogue, direct survey method, aesthetic analyze using Key Performance Index for aesthetic quality assessment. The results of this research is there are 223 Java Island native tree species collection in Cibodas Botanical Garden. The habitat of these collections of tree species is evenly distributed throughout the island of Java. Most can grow well in tropical zones (0-1000 masl) and tropical-mountain zones (0-2400 masl). Based on the aesthetic criteria assessment there are 50 species belonging to the good category, 101 species are included in the moderate category, and only one species is categorized as bad.

Download Full-text

Design and Performance of Small Scale Solar Powered Water Desalination Systems, Utilizing Reverse Osmosis

Journal of Solar Energy Engineering ◽

10.1115/1.1330542 ◽

2000 ◽

Vol 122 (4) ◽

pp. 170-175 ◽

Cited By ~ 7

Author(s):

K. B. Franc¸a ◽

H. M. Laborde ◽

H. Neff

Keyword(s):

High Pressure ◽

Energy Consumption ◽

Feed Solution ◽

Water Desalination ◽

Small Scale ◽

Feed Water ◽

High Pressure Pump ◽

And Performance ◽

Solar Powered ◽

Power Needs

A small scale solar powered desalination system has been designed, analyzed, and optimized with regard to power needs and energy consumption. Both quantities scale linearly with the concentration of the total dissolved salt concentration (TDS) in the feed solution. The desalination of brackish water at a TDS value of 3,000 ppm requires an energy of approximately 1.5 kWh/m3. For seawater at a TDS value of 34,000 ppm, this value increases to 9.5 kWh/m3. The selected type of membrane, the system design, and, in particular, the efficiency of the high pressure pump crucially affect energy consumption. The desalination cost also has been estimated for a small scale system that linearly scale with the TDS value of the feed water. [S0199-6231(00)00104-0]

Download Full-text

Perception Based Method for Measuring the Aesthetic Quality of the Urban Environment

Open House International ◽

10.1108/ohi-02-2017-b0003 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 42 (2) ◽

pp. 11-19

Author(s):

Hourakhsh Ahmad Nia ◽

Resmiye Alpar Atun ◽

Rokhsaneh Rahbarianyazd

Keyword(s):

Urban Environment ◽

Spatial Configuration ◽

Human Perception ◽

Urban Morphology ◽

Urban Environments ◽

Human Cognition ◽

Aesthetic Perception ◽

Aesthetic Quality ◽

The Aesthetic ◽

Aesthetic Values

This study assesses changing aesthetic values and their characteristics in urban environments based on human perception. With this in mind, a model for assessing the aesthetic values of the urban environment based on the three steps of human cognition has been developed to elaborate the user's perception in different urban environments. The results of the survey confirm that by changing urban morphology the aesthetic perception of the environment also changes. The finding of this research opens up a new window for urban planners to assess the aesthetic effects of the elements of urban spatial configuration for future urban development.

Download Full-text

Research on the Dynamics of Changes in the Sight-aesthetic Quality of Rural Lake District Landscapes in the Aspect of Implementing the European Landscape Convention

Proccedings of 10th International Conference "Environmental Engineering" ◽

10.3846/enviro.2017.045 ◽

2017 ◽

Author(s):

Adam Senetra

Keyword(s):

Local Governments ◽

Land Use Management ◽

Lake District ◽

Aesthetic Value ◽

Aesthetic Quality ◽

European Landscape Convention ◽

General Rules ◽

The Aesthetic ◽

Landscape Transformations

The article presents selected methodological assumptions of developing and evaluating landscape attribute maps that could be used in the process of the implementation of the European Landscape Convention (ELC). The Convention led to the passing of the Act of 24th April 2015 on the modification of some acts due to the enhancement of landscape protection tools. Article 7 implements changes in the Act of 23rd March 2003 on spatial planning and land use management. Determining general rules for landscape auditing and defining the priority landscape are elements of the changes. On 11th September 2015, the regulations that partially carry out the recommendation of the Convention entered into force. The regulations oblige local governments to conduct landscape auditing (not less often than every 20 years). The article presents a new method for evaluating the aesthetic-scenic value of landscape (EEVL), developed by the author on the basis of conceptual works done between 2004 and 2008. Tests of this method started in 2008. Then an assessment of the aesthetic value of the municipality of Pozezdrze in the Masurian Lake District was made. The three measurements, collected in 2008, 2012 and 2016, were then used in comparing the dynamics of landscape transformations considering the aesthetic value over 8 years. The research enabled the assessment of the usefulness of the method in landscape auditing.

Download Full-text