scholarly journals Energetic and Socioeconomic Justification for Solar-Powered Desalination Technology for Rural Indian Villages

2014 ◽  
Author(s):  
Natasha C. Wright ◽  
Amos G. Winter
Keyword(s):  
Rural Areas ◽  
Energy Savings ◽  
Water Source ◽  
Water Desalination ◽  
Solar Array ◽  
Salinity Range ◽  
Aesthetic Quality ◽  
Capital Costs ◽  
Desalination Technology ◽  
Solar Powered

This paper provides justification for solar-powered electrodialysis desalination systems for rural Indian villages. It is estimated that 11% of India’s 800 million people living in rural areas do not have access to an improved water source. If the source’s quality in regards to biological, chemical, or physical contaminants is also considered, this percentage is even higher. User interviews conducted by the authors and in literature reveal that users judge the quality of their water source based on its aesthetic quality (taste, odor, and temperature). Seventy-three percent of Indian villages rely on groundwater as their primary drinking supply. However, saline groundwater underlies approximately 60% of the land area in India. Desalination is necessary in order to improve the aesthetics of this water (by reducing salinity below the taste threshold) and remove contaminants that cause health risks. Both technical and socioeconomic factors were considered to identify the critical design requirements for inland water desalination in India. An off-grid power system is among those requirements due to the lack of grid access or intermittent supply, problems faced by half of Indian villages. The same regions in India that have high groundwater salinity also have the advantage of high solar potential, making solar a primary candidate. Within the salinity range of groundwater found in inland India, electrodialysis would substantially reduce the energy consumption to desalinate compared to reverse osmosis, which is the standard technology used for village-level systems. This energy savings leads to a smaller solar array required for electrodialysis systems, translating to reduced capital costs.

scholarly journals Feasibility Study of an Electrodialysis System for In-Home Water Desalination and Purification in Urban India

2015 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kishor G. Nayar ◽  
Prithiviraj Sundararaman ◽  
Jeffrey D. Schacherl ◽  
Catherine L. O’Connor ◽  
Michael L. Heath ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Salt Content ◽  
Water Source ◽  
Water Desalination ◽  
Salinity Range ◽  
Feed Water ◽  
Aesthetic Quality ◽  
High Salinity Water ◽  
Primary Water ◽  
The Government ◽  
The Aesthetic

Desalination of high salinity water is an effective way of improving the aesthetic quality of drinking water and has been demonstrated to be a characteristic valued by consumers. Across India, 60% of the groundwater, the primary water source for millions, is brackish or contains a high salt content with total dissolved solids (TDS) ranging from 500 parts per million (ppm) to 3,000ppm. The government does not provide sufficient desalination treatment before the water reaches the tap of a consumer. Therefore consumers have turned to in-home desalination. However, current products are either expensive or have low recovery, product water output per untreated feed water, (∼30%) wasting water resources. Electrodialysis (ED) is a promising technology that desalinates water while maintaining higher recovery (up to 95%) compared to existing consumer reverse osmosis (RO) products. This paper first explores the in-home desalination market to determine critical design requirements for an in-home ED system. A model was then used to evaluate and optimize the performance of an ED stack at this scale and designated salinity range. Additionally, testing was conducted in order to validate the model and demonstrate feasibility. Finally, cost estimates of the proposed in-home ED system and product design concept are presented. The results of this work identified a system design that provides consumers with up to 80% recovery of feed water with cost and size competitive to currently available in-home RO products.

Analysis of Legal System and Public Policy on Rural Water Source in China

2012 ◽  
Vol 518-523 ◽  
pp. 4126-4129
Author(s):  
Zhen Hua Liu
Keyword(s):  
Public Policy ◽  
Drinking Water ◽  
Water Supply ◽  
Legal System ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Water Conservation ◽  
Water Source ◽  
Drinking Water Source ◽  
Rural Water ◽  
Laws And Regulations

Source of water is the beginning of rural drinking water projects, safe water source is the key to rural drinking water safety. Status of rural drinking water source in china and laws and regulations on rural water conservation were analyzed. The population of centralized water supply accounts for 51% of the total population in rural areas in 2008, centralized water supply 49%. Groundwater source accounts for 57% of the population of centralized water supply projects in rural areas in 2008, surface water sources 43%. China has a relatively sound legal system of drinking water source, including basic law, general law, administrative regulations, local regulations.The paper draws a conclusion that sources of drinking water in rural areas is mainly groundwater, water conservation is short of specific laws and regulations and not suitable for rural area,it is necessary to improve laws and regulations on rural water conservation, government must assume responsibility for rural water conservation, especially financial investment and public policy support.

Design Optimization of a Solar-Powered Reverse Osmosis Desalination System for Small Communities

2013 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jihun Kim ◽  
Karim Hamza ◽  
Mohamed El Morsi ◽  
Ashraf O. Nassef ◽  
Sayed Metwalli ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Reverse Osmosis ◽  
Fresh Water ◽  
Energy Resource ◽  
Production Capacity ◽  
Water Desalination ◽  
Battery Storage ◽  
Water Stream ◽  
Permeable Membrane ◽  
Small Communities ◽  
Solar Powered

Fresh water availability is essential for the economic development in small communities in remote areas. In desert climate, where naturally occurring fresh water is scarce, seawater or brackish water from wells is often more abundant. Since water desalination approaches are energy intensive, a strong motivation exists for the design of cost-effective desalination systems that utilize the abundant renewable energy resource; solar energy. This paper presents an optimization model of a solar-powered reverse osmosis (RO) desalination system. RO systems rely on pumping salty water at high pressure through semi-permeable membrane modules. Under sufficient pressure, water molecules will flow through the membranes, leaving salt ions behind, and are collected in a fresh water stream. Since RO system are primarily powered via electricity, the system model incorporates photovoltaic (PV) panels, and battery storage for smoothing out fluctuations in the PV power output, as well as allowing system operation for a number of hours after sunset. Design variables include sizing of the PV solar collectors, battery storage capacity, as well as the sizing of the RO system membrane module and power elements. The objective is to minimize the cost of unit volume produced fresh water, subject to constraints on production capacity. A genetic algorithm is used to generate and compare optimal designs for two different locations near the Red Sea and Sinai.

scholarly journals Solar powered desalination – Technology, energy and future outlook

Desalination ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 453 ◽  
pp. 54-76 ◽  
Author(s):  
Farah Ejaz Ahmed ◽  
Raed Hashaikeh ◽  
Nidal Hilal
Keyword(s):  
Future Outlook ◽  
Desalination Technology ◽  
Solar Powered

Carbothermic Reduction Methods for Alumina

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Efthymios Balomenos ◽  
Dimitrios Gerogiorgis
Keyword(s):  
Carbothermic Reduction ◽  
Energy Savings ◽  
Greenhouse Gas Emission ◽  
Industrial Process ◽  
Primary Aluminum ◽  
Aluminum Carbide ◽  
Aluminum Production ◽  
Capital Costs ◽  
Reduction Methods ◽  
The 19Th Century

The Hall–Héroult process for the electrolytic reduction of alumina was developed at the end of the 19th century and is still currently the only industrial process for the production of primary aluminum. Today, this process is ranked among the most energy- and CO2intensive industrial processes. Direct carbothermic reduction of alumina has been proposed as an alternative process, which can substantially improve the sustainability of primary aluminum production, leading to energy savings of up to 21% and reduction in greenhouse gas emission of up to 52%, while plant capital costs can be reduced up to 50%. However, processes developed so far suffer from low aluminum yields, primarily due to aluminum carbide and oxycarbide formation and aluminum vaporization phenomena. This article presents a thermodynamic study of the Al–C–O system and a review on the alumina carbothermic processes developed so far.

scholarly journals Assessment of Fluoride in Groundwater and Surface Water in Gorakhpur District, Uttar Pradesh, India

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (VII) ◽  
pp. 2028-2036
Author(s):  
Aseem Saxena
Keyword(s):  
Surface Water ◽  
Ground Water ◽  
Water Samples ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Fluoride Concentration ◽  
Uttar Pradesh ◽  
Water Source ◽  
Common Element ◽  
Daily Routine ◽  
Groundwater Source

Fluorine is the most electronegative and most reactive halogen. Fluorine is 13th most common element on earth crust found in the form of fluoride. Concentration of fluoride below 1 mg/l are believed beneficial in the prevention of dental carries or tooth decay, but above 1.5mg/l, it increases the severity of the deadly diseases fluorosis, which is incurable in India. The whole study was conducted in Gorakhpur region to know about the concentration of fluoride, mainly in rural areas of the district. We have collected 64 drinking water samples from 9 blocks of the district in which we took 6 number of ground water samples from each block so total 54 number of samples were collected from the groundwater source and 8 number of samples were taken from surface water source. Out of 54 ground water samples, 36 numbers of samples were taken from India Mark-II hand pumps and rest 18 number of samples were taken from shallow depth hand pumps and tested to determine the concentration of fluoride. From our assessment we came to know that in this region the concentration of fluoride in groundwater ranges between 0.004 to 1.42mg/l, minimum value is found in the surface water source and the maximum value is found from the ground water source.The samples collected from both ground water and as well as surface water were taken from potable sources i.e. they are used for drinking purposes in daily routine. After the testing and analyzing the samples it is come to know that surface water has quite lower levels fluoride compare to ground water. The conclusion of this work is to give information about the concentration of fluoride in groundwater and surface water of the district.

scholarly journals Determinants of soil-transmitted helminth infections among pre-school-aged children in Gamo Gofa zone, Southern Ethiopia: A case-control study

PLoS ONE ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 15 (12) ◽  
pp. e0243836
Author(s):  
Mekuria Asnakew Asfaw ◽  
Teklu Wegayehu ◽  
Tigist Gezmu ◽  
Alemayehu Bekele ◽  
Zeleke Hailemariam ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Rural Areas ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Case Control Study ◽  
Water Source ◽  
Case Control ◽  
Southern Ethiopia ◽  
School Aged Children ◽  
Context Specific ◽  
Gamo Gofa ◽  
Control Study

Background Pre-school aged children (PSAC) are highly affected by soil-transmitted helminths (STH), particularly in areas where water, sanitation, and hygiene (WASH) are inadequate. Context-specific evidence on determinants of STH infections in PSAC has not been well established in the study area. This study, therefore, aimed to fill these gaps in Gamo Gofa zone, Southern Ethiopia. Methods A community-based unmatched case-control study, nested in a cross-sectional survey, was conducted in January 2019. Cases and controls were identified based on any STH infection status using the Kato-Katz technique in stool sample examination. Data on social, demographic, economic, behavioral, and WASH related variables were collected from primary caregivers of children using pre-tested questionnaire. Determinants of STH infections were identified using multivariable logistic regression model using SPSS version 25. Results A total of 1206 PSAC (402 cases and 804 controls) participated in this study. Our study showed that the odds of STH infection were lowest among PSAC living in urban areas (AOR = 0.55, 95% CI: 0.39–0.79), among those from households with safe water source (AOR = 0.67, 95% CI: 0.47–0.0.93), and in those PSAC from households with shorter distance from water source (<30 minutes) (AOR = 0.51, 95% CI: 0.39–0.67). On the other hand, the odds of STH infection were highest among PSAC from households that had no functional hand washing facility (AOR = 1.36, 95% CI: 1.04–1.77), in those PSAC from households that had unclean latrine (AOR: 1.82, 95% CI: 1.19–2.78), and among those PSAC under caregivers who had lower score (≤5) on knowledge related to STH transmission (AOR = 1.85, 95% CI: 1.13–3.01). Conclusions Given efforts required eliminating STH by 2030; the existing preventive chemotherapy intervention should be substantially strengthened with WASH and behavioral interventions. Thus, an urgent call for action is required to integrate context-specific interventions, particularly in rural areas.

scholarly journals REVIEW DAN ANALISIS PERKEMBANGAN PLTS PADA SARANA TRANSPORTASI LAUT

2021 ◽  
Vol 4 (2) ◽  
pp. 105-118
Author(s):  
Made Puji Dwicaksana ◽  
I Nyoman Satya Kumara ◽  
I Nyoman Setiawan ◽  
I Made Aditya Nugraha
Keyword(s):  
Online Survey ◽  
Solar Power ◽  
Solar Array ◽  
Production Volume ◽  
Solar Pv ◽  
Passenger Transportation ◽  
Battery Capacity ◽  
Array Structure ◽  
Solar Powered ◽  
Fixed Array

This paper aims to review the current development of vessels with solar power to reference the research and development of solar power vessels in Indonesia. The research method is a systematic literature review on the development of solar-powered vessels and includes an online survey of vessels using solar PV. This study found 86 solar-powered vessels consisting of boats, utility boats, ferries, houseboats, research, vehicle carriers, dive boats, and yachts developed from 1988 to 2020. These solar-powered vessels were built for various functions such as competitions, cleaning the environment, passenger transportation, and water tourism.  Production of solar-powered vessels is increasing in terms of production volume, PV capacity, and battery capacity. In terms of PV configuration, the solar array is dominated by a fixed array structure. However, there have been innovations using sun-tracking, wind tracking airfoils, and expandable channels to increase PV capacity.

scholarly journals Efficient Fronthaul and Backhaul Connectivity for IoT Traffic in Rural Areas

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Elias Yaacoub ◽  
Mohamed-Slim Alouini
Keyword(s):  
Internet Of Things ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Cost Efficiency ◽  
Radio Resource Management ◽  
Free Space Optics ◽  
Radio Resource ◽  
Planning Techniques ◽  
Space Optics ◽  
Iot Devices ◽  
Solar Powered

<p><b>In this paper, internet of things (IoT) connectivity in rural areas is investigated. Both fronthaul and backhaul considerations are studied. First, intelligent radio resource management (RRM) and network planning techniques are discussed for IoT access/fronthaul networks. The proposed RRM scheduling approach was shown to lead to good performance in scheduling IoT devices. Then, several backhauling techniques for providing connectivity to rural areas are investigated and their cost efficiency is analyzed. Techniques based on free space optics with solar powered devices are found to be a suitable backhaul solution.</b></p>

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