Control Optimization of Pump Cycles in Onshore Oilfields With Network and Electric Power Constraints

2020 ◽  
Vol 143 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Eduardo Camponogara ◽  
Laio Oriel Seman
Keyword(s):  
Electric Power ◽  
Control Policy ◽  
Mixed Integer ◽  
Large Area ◽  
Pressure Drops ◽  
Control Optimization ◽  
Sucker Rod ◽  
Flow Through ◽  
Cyclic Control ◽  
Central Facility

Abstract In onshore oilfields, sucker rod pumps are deployed to lift fluids from wells to the surface, which are then transferred by a pipeline network to a central facility. Each pump operates according to a cyclic control policy that alternates between a period of production and a period of recess, allowing the reservoir to replenish the fluids. To minimize the peak in the electric power drawn by the sucker rods, previous works have considered the scheduling of the control policies over time. However, when the production system sprawls over a large area, the energy required to force the flow through the pipelines and the pressure drops are significant. To this end, this article develops mixed-integer nonlinear formulations and mixed-integer linear approximations for baseline control-policy scheduling and reconfiguration.

Paper 3: Steady Flow Tests on Twin Poppet Valves

1967 ◽  
Vol 182 (4) ◽  
pp. 126-133 ◽  
Author(s):  
W. A. Woods
Keyword(s):  
Steady Flow ◽  
Pressure Loss ◽  
Pressure Ratio ◽  
Effective Area ◽  
Valve Lift ◽  
Cylinder Wall ◽  
Large Area ◽  
Pressure Losses ◽  
Flow Through ◽  
Poppet Valves

This paper presents the results of an experimental investigation of steady flow through a pair of exhaust poppet valves. An account is given of the gas exchange process on engines which use poppet valves and the reason why pressure losses should be kept to a minimum is explained. Tests carried out on the cylinder head of a uniflow two-stroke cycle engine are described following a brief description of the apparatus used. The results of a simple analysis of incompressible flow are also given. It is shown that the two previous models of flow through a valve, namely the sudden enlargement and constant static pressure, both give unrealistic pressure losses for large area ratios, i.e. at high valve lifts. A new model is introduced which leads to realistic pressure losses at small and large area ratios, i.e. at low and high valve lifts. Effective areas for the present tests are calculated on the basis of the constant pressure model, and details of calculation of pressure losses are outlined. The blockage effect caused by placing the exhaust valves near the cylinder wall is given in the discussion of the test results. This is zero for 0 < l/d < 0·08, but reaches a maximum blockage of 10 per cent at l/d = 0·28. With unrestricted twin valves the effective area is about twice that of a single valve up to l/d = 0·18 with a progressively larger effective area at lifts up to 13 per cent higher at l/d = 0·4. A comparison is also made with other data readily available. The pressure losses determined from the tests were analysed using a parameter derived in the simple theory. The parameter used is found to be almost independent of pressure ratio and the results are presented by means of this pressure loss parameter as a function of valve lift. The representation provides a quantitative method of comparing the performance of a given configuration of valve and port. On this basis the twin poppet valves are shown to give a slightly higher pressure loss than a single valve.

Comparative Analysis Between Different Configurations in a Biomass Gasifier and a Genset for Electrical Energy Production

2020 ◽  
Vol 142 (7) ◽  
Author(s):  
Jandemarques Alexandre Soares da Silva ◽  
Francisco Everton Tavares de Luna ◽  
Vicente de Vasconcelos Claudino Filho ◽  
Merques do Nascimento Freitas
Keyword(s):  
Diesel Engine ◽  
Electric Power ◽  
Fixed Bed ◽  
Reactor Core ◽  
Electrical Energy ◽  
Supply Pipe ◽  
Ash Deposit ◽  
Flow Through ◽  
Downdraft Fixed Bed ◽  
Electrical Energy Production

Abstract The effect of different gensets coupled to a downdraft, fixed bed gasifier was investigated, pruning residue from five different tree species was used. This gasifier was designed to power a dual (produced gas/diesel) engine, with a maximum power electric generation of 20 kWe. This engine was first replaced by a four-cylinder engine, and later by a six-cylinder diesel engine, which underwent a conversion process for the Otto cycle; it was thus possible to operate the genset only with produced gas. This modification allowed an increase in the produced electric power from 20 kWe to 32 kWe. To operate this engine only with the produced gas, without harming its capacity to generate electric power, it required many modifications, as an increase in motor supply pipe diameter. Also, due to excessive accumulation of ash on the grate that separates the reactor core from the ash deposit, a mechanical system that clears this grate has been installed. This device allows gases produced in the gasification to have a continuous flow through the grate, being manually operated whenever required. In order to evaluate the viability of this new set gasifier/genset, some parameters such as consumption, power output, and system efficiency were studied, and a comparison was made with the data generated by works previously done by the same laboratory team and using the same gasifier.

Impact of Print Parameters on Pressure Drop in Turbulent Flow Through 3-D Printed Pipes

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Thomas G. Shepard ◽  
John Wentz ◽  
Tucker Bender ◽  
Derek Olmschenk ◽  
Alex Gutenberg
Keyword(s):  
Surface Roughness ◽  
Additive Manufacturing ◽  
Flow Characteristics ◽  
Internal Flow ◽  
Acrylonitrile Butadiene Styrene ◽  
Industrial Applications ◽  
Relative Pressure ◽  
Fused Filament Fabrication ◽  
Pressure Drops ◽  
Flow Through

Abstract Flow conduits made via additive manufacturing, commonly referred to as 3-D printing, are of increasing interest for a variety of industrial applications due to the ability to create unique and conformal flow paths that would not be possible with other fabrication techniques. Fused filament fabrication (FFF) is an additive manufacturing technique that is seeing new interest in the creation of internal flow channels with its ability to print high-temperature polymers and soluble supports. Printing parameter choices in the FFF printing process result in surfaces that can have significant profile differences that may significantly impact the flow characteristics within the conduits. In this study, two print parameters were experimentally studied for turbulent water flow through circular pipes created by fused filament fabrication out of acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS). The print layer orientation relative to the flow was investigated for printing layers parallel, perpendicular, and at 45 degrees from the flow axis. Layer thickness were varied from 0.254 mm to 0.330 mm and all channels were created using soluble support structures. Pressure drops were measured for fully developed flow through pipes with an inside diameter of 5 mm and Reynolds numbers up to 62,000. Results are presented in terms of relative pressure drops as well as the wall surface roughness that would lead to such impacts. These flow-determined grain surface roughnesses are then compared against measurements of print surface roughness.

scholarly journals A Type-2 Fuzzy Chance-Constrained Fractional Integrated Modeling Method for Energy System Management of Uncertainties and Risks

Energies ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 12 (13) ◽  
pp. 2472 ◽  
Author(s):  
Changyu Zhou ◽  
Guohe Huang ◽  
Jiapei Chen
Keyword(s):  
Power Generation ◽  
Renewable Energy ◽  
Power System ◽  
Electric Power ◽  
Clean Energy ◽  
Electric Power System ◽  
Air Pollutant ◽  
Pollutant Emissions ◽  
Mixed Integer

In this study, a type-2 fuzzy chance-constrained fractional integrated programming (T2FCFP) approach is developed for the planning of sustainable management in an electric power system (EPS) under complex uncertainties. Through simultaneously coupling mixed-integer linear programming (MILP), chance-constrained stochastic programming (CCSP), and type-2 fuzzy mathematical programming (T2FMP) techniques into a fractional programming (FP) framework, T2FCFP can tackle dual objective problems of uncertain parameters with both type-2 fuzzy characteristics and stochastic effectively and enhance the robustness of the obtained decisions. T2FCFP has been applied to a case study of a typical electric power system planning to demonstrate these advantages, where issues of clean energy utilization, air-pollutant emissions mitigation, mix ratio of renewable energy power generation in the entire energy supply, and the displacement efficiency of electricity generation technologies by renewable energy are incorporated within the modeling formulation. The suggested optimal alternative that can produce the desirable sustainable schemes with a maximized share of clean energy power generation has been generated. The results obtained can be used to conduct desired energy/electricity allocation and help decision-makers make suitable decisions under different input scenarios.

Anomaly of excess pressure drops of the flow through very small orifices

1997 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-3 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tomiichi Hasegawa ◽  
Masaki Suganuma ◽  
Hiroshi Watanabe
Keyword(s):  
Excess Pressure ◽  
Pressure Drops ◽  
Flow Through

scholarly journals Comparative physiology of the pulmonary blood-gas barrier: the unique avian solution

2009 ◽  
Vol 297 (6) ◽  
pp. R1625-R1634 ◽  
Author(s):  
John B. West
Keyword(s):  
Gas Exchange ◽  
Complete Separation ◽  
External Support ◽  
Blood Gas ◽  
Large Area ◽  
Gas Barrier ◽  
Type Iv ◽  
Pulmonary Capillaries ◽  
The Face ◽  
Flow Through

Two opposing selective pressures have shaped the evolution of the structure of the blood-gas barrier in air breathing vertebrates. The first pressure, which has been recognized for 100 years, is to facilitate diffusive gas exchange. This requires the barrier to be extremely thin and have a large area. The second pressure, which has only recently been appreciated, is to maintain the mechanical integrity of the barrier in the face of its extreme thinness. The most important tensile stress comes from the pressure within the pulmonary capillaries, which results in a hoop stress. The strength of the barrier can be attributed to the type IV collagen in the extracellular matrix. In addition, the stress is minimized in mammals and birds by complete separation of the pulmonary and systemic circulations. Remarkably, the avian barrier is about 2.5 times thinner than that in mammals and also is much more uniform in thickness. These advantages for gas exchange come about because the avian pulmonary capillaries are unique among air breathers in being mechanically supported externally in addition to the strength that comes from the structure of their walls. This external support comes from epithelial plates that are part of the air capillaries, and the support is available because the terminal air spaces in the avian lung are extremely small due to the flow-through nature of ventilation in contrast to the reciprocating pattern in mammals.

Method to determine the power efficiency of UV disinfection plants and its application to low pressure plants for drinking water

2016 ◽  
Vol 17 (4) ◽  
pp. 947-957 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alois W. Schmalwieser ◽  
Georg Hirschmann ◽  
Alexander Cabaj ◽  
Regina Sommer
Keyword(s):  
Drinking Water ◽  
Electric Power ◽  
Power Efficiency ◽  
Electrical Power ◽  
Low Pressure ◽  
Uv Disinfection ◽  
Plant Type ◽  
Uv Irradiance ◽  
Flow Through ◽  
Selection Of

In this paper we present a method to determine the power efficiency of ultraviolet (UV) disinfection plants and apply this to low pressure plants for drinking water. In UV disinfection plants the water flow is regulated to ensure that microorganisms receive the necessary fluence for inactivation while passing through. The flow depends on the UV transmission (UVT) of the water. The lower the UVT of the water is, the less water may flow through the plant. UV irradiance is produced by lamps that consume, together with other components, electrical power and entail running costs. The power efficiency – electrical power versus disinfected volume – of a plant has therefore an important impact. Applying this method to different UV plants that are on the market shows that electric power of at least 5.3 Wh is necessary to disinfect 1 m3 of water possessing a UVT of 80% (100 mm), 8 Wh at 50% and 22 Wh at 10%. Further we found that ineffective design or a wrong selection of a plant may enhance these values by a factor of up to 7. This method enables not only the calculation of the power efficiency but also the decision for a certain plant type.

Energy Losses at Tees With Large Area Ratios

2005 ◽  
Vol 127 (1) ◽  
pp. 110-116 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kenji Oka ◽  
Hidesato Ito¯
Keyword(s):  
Branch Pipe ◽  
Circular Cross Section ◽  
Correction Factors ◽  
Large Area ◽  
Combined Flow ◽  
Flow Through ◽  
Loss Coefficients ◽  
Energy And Momentum ◽  
Good Agreement

The loss coefficients for smooth, sharp-edged tees of circular cross-section with the area ratio of 11.44 were determined experimentally for five branch angles which ranged from 45 deg to 135 deg giving special consideration to all configurations of flow through the tees. The Reynolds number, in the leg carrying the combined flow, was kept to a constant value, i.e., 105 for the branch pipe and 3×104 for the main pipe, respectively. The equations for loss coefficients developed from the continuity, energy, and momentum principles give good agreement with the experimental results for tees with large area ratios provided that correction factors are introduced. The correction factors were determined by the analysis of the experimental data with the relative uncertainties from 0.9 to 3.3% according to the configurations of flow. The results constitute a useful guide to the determination of the loss coefficients for tees with large area ratios.

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