Cost Estimates of Cellulosic Ethanol Production: A Review

2013 ◽  
Vol 135 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
P. F. Zhang ◽  
Q. Zhang ◽  
Z. J. Pei ◽  
D. H. Wang
Keyword(s):  
Literature Review ◽  
Ethanol Production ◽  
Current Literature ◽  
Cellulosic Ethanol ◽  
Cellulosic Biomass ◽  
Economic Viability ◽  
Cost Estimates ◽  
Transportation Fuels ◽  
Cost Competitiveness ◽  
The Cost

Increasing demands and concerns for reliable supply of liquid transportation fuels make it important to find alternatives to petroleum-based fuels. One such alternative is ethanol made from cellulosic biomass. Considerable investigations have been conducted to evaluate the viability of cellulosic ethanol production in several aspects (including cost competitiveness). Cost estimates of cellulosic ethanol production have been reported by many researchers in order to evaluate the economic viability of cellulosic ethanol production. However, the reported cost estimates in the literature have a large variation. The current literature contains limited reviews on the cost estimates of cellulosic ethanol production and mostly focused on some individual processes. This paper presents a literature review on the cost estimates of entire cellulosic ethanol production. It reviews the estimated costs for both the entire cycle (from planting to conversion) and individual processes for cellulosic ethanol production. It also covers factors that lead to variations among reported cost estimates.

Cost Estimates of Cellulosic Ethanol Manufacturing: A Literature Review

2011 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. F. Zhang ◽  
Z. J. Pei
Keyword(s):  
Cellulosic Ethanol ◽  
Cost Model ◽  
Cellulosic Biomass ◽  
Data Sources ◽  
Manufacturing Costs ◽  
Cost Estimates ◽  
Transportation Fuels ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Economic Analyses ◽  
Cost Components

Cellulosic ethanol is one type of renewable energy, and can be used to replace petroleum based transportation fuels. The technologies of converting cellulosic biomass into ethanol are relatively mature. However, the manufacturing costs of cellulosic ethanol are too high to be competitive. Economic analyses of cellulosic ethanol manufacturing have appeared regularly to estimate manufacturing costs of cellulosic ethanol. But the estimated manufacturing costs of cellulosic ethanol have a wide range due to differences in used assumptions. It is very difficult to judge which one is most reliable among the markedly different cost estimates in the literature. This paper reviews the literature on cost estimates in manufacturing of cellulosic ethanol. Cost estimates of each manufacturing process are summarized. Cost components and their data sources are discussed. This review provides a foundation to develop a comprehensive cost model for cellulosic ethanol manufacturing.

scholarly journals Commercial Ethanol Production From Cellulosic Biomass in South Florida

2008 ◽  
Author(s):  
Craig Evans
Keyword(s):  
Ethanol Production ◽  
Cellulosic Ethanol ◽  
The State ◽  
South Florida ◽  
Department Of Energy ◽  
Cellulosic Biomass ◽  
Citrus Peel ◽  
Loan Guarantee ◽  
The U.S ◽  
Carbon Based

Alico Energy, LLC, a subsidiary of Alico, Inc., has been awarded a grant from the State of Florida under the Florida Energy Act and a grant and loan guarantee from the U.S. Department of Energy to construct one of the nation’s first cellulosic ethanol facilities in South Florida. The Alico Energy biorefinery will be capable of co-producing ethanol and electricity from any carbon-based feedstock or waste, including citrus peel, and trimmings from citrus trees. The initial plant will produce only ethanol. The capacity to produce electricity will be added at a later date. Paper published with permission.

Effects of Treatments on Cellulosic Biomass Structure in Ethanol Manufacturing: A Literature Review

2011 ◽  
Author(s):  
Qi Zhang ◽  
Pengfei Zhang ◽  
Z. J. Pei ◽  
Linda Pei
Keyword(s):  
Particle Size ◽  
Enzymatic Hydrolysis ◽  
Literature Review ◽  
Crystallinity Index ◽  
Degree Of Polymerization ◽  
Cellulosic Biomass ◽  
Experimental Investigations ◽  
Structure Parameters ◽  
Transportation Fuels ◽  
Biomass Structure

Ethanol made from cellulosic biomass is an alternative to petroleum-based liquid transportation fuels. Enzymatic hydrolysis uses enzymes to convert cellulosic biomass into sugars that are fermented into ethanol. In order to increase sugar yield, various treatments (such as biomass size reduction and pretreatment) are applied to cellulosic biomass before enzymatic hydrolysis. These treatments will alter structure parameters of cellulosic biomass, such as crystallinity index, degree of polymerization, particle size, pore volume, and specific surface area. There are currently no review papers on these structure parameters of cellulosic biomass in ethanol manufacturing. This paper reviews experimental investigations in the literature about effects of various treatments on the structure parameters of cellulosic biomass.

scholarly journals Uso de co-produtos dietéticos no desempenho de coelhos: uma revisão

2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (13) ◽  
pp. e492101321473
Author(s):  
Idael Matheus Góes Lopes ◽  
Marcelo Dourado de Lima ◽  
Hemille Antunes Ferreira Miranda ◽  
Lorena Fernandes Costa ◽  
Valdo Soares Martins Junior
Keyword(s):  
Weight Gain ◽  
Literature Review ◽  
Economic Viability ◽  
Animal Performance ◽  
Intestinal Health ◽  
Feed Conversion ◽  
Negative Effects ◽  
Nutritional Factors ◽  
Sector Research ◽  
The Cost

The Brazilian rabbit farming is in growing expansion, however, the cost with feeding are high. To ensure economic viability in the rabbit sector, research has been developed related to the use of alternative foods and co-products, aiming to reduce diet related costs. Therefore, the objective of this literature review was to approach the use of co-products and alternative foods in the diet of rabbits, focusing on their effect on animal performance. The period of publication of articles estimated for the searches was between 2010 and 2022. The availability of co-products and alternative foods is wide, however, when choosing these, factors such as source, quality and chemical-bromatological composition and region must be taken into accout. These factors are related to possible deleterious effects that can lead to reduced animal performance. Once chosen, it is expected that the dietary inclusion of such foods will promote better intestinal health of the animals, and consequently greater weight gain, lower feed conversion and influence the cost of production of the diet. It is conclude that there is a diversity of ingredients available to be included in diets for rabbits. However, it is necessary to carry out continuous studies to efficiently determine the inclusion levels per phase, as well as the identification of anti-nutritional factors and negative effects present in certain foods.

An Experimental Comparison of Two Pelleting Methods for Cellulosic Ethanol Manufacturing

2011 ◽  
Author(s):  
Qi Zhang ◽  
Pengfei Zhang ◽  
Z. J. Pei ◽  
Jonathan Wilson ◽  
Leland McKinney ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cellulosic Ethanol ◽  
Cellulosic Biomass ◽  
Experimental Comparison ◽  
Low Density ◽  
Manufacturing Costs ◽  
Transportation Fuels ◽  
Pellet Density ◽  
Energy Consumptions ◽  
Preliminary Research ◽  
And Storage

Ethanol produced from cellulosic biomass is an alternative to petroleum-based transportation fuels. However, manufacturing costs of cellulosic ethanol are too high to be competitive. Low density of cellulosic feedstocks increases their handling and transportation costs, contributing to high overall costs of cellulosic ethanol manufacturing. Pelleting can increase density of cellulosic feedstocks, reduce transportation and storage costs, and make cellulosic ethanol production more competitive. UV-A (ultrasonic vibration-assisted) pelleting is a new pelleting method (available only in lab scale now). Preliminary research showed that UV-A pelleting could significantly increase pellet density and pellet durability but it has never been compared with other pelleting methods (e.g., using an extruder, a briquetting press or a ring-die pelleting). The objectives of this research are to compare UV-A pelleting with ring-die pelleting in terms of pellet density, pellet durability, energy consumptions of pelleting. The results will be useful to find a better pelleting method for cellulosic ethanol manufacturing.

Ultrasonic-Vibration Assisted Pelleting for Cellulosic Ethanol Manufacturing: Effects of Particle Size and Moisture Content on Power Consumption

2012 ◽  
Author(s):  
Qi Zhang ◽  
Pengfei Zhang ◽  
Graham Pritchett ◽  
Z. J. Pei ◽  
Meng Zhang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Particle Size ◽  
Moisture Content ◽  
Power Consumption ◽  
Ultrasonic Vibration ◽  
Cellulosic Ethanol ◽  
Cellulosic Biomass ◽  
Manufacturing Costs ◽  
Transportation Fuels ◽  
Higher Power ◽  
Input Variables

Ethanol produced from cellulosic materials is an alternative to petroleum-based transportation fuels. However, its manufacturing costs are too high to be competitive at present. Raw cellulosic biomass materials have low density, causing their transportation and handling expensive, contributing to high manufacturing costs of cellulosic ethanol. Pelleting can increase the density of cellulosic biomass and reduce their transportation and handling costs. Ultrasonic vibration-assisted (UV-A) pelleting is a new pelleting method. Earlier studies show that moisture content and particle size have significant effects on pellet quality and sugar yield. However, their effects on power consumption in UV-A pelleting have not been studied. Since power consumption directly affects ethanol manufacturing costs, it is desirable to understand how input variables affect power consumption. The objective of this paper is to study effects of moisture content and particle size on power consumption in UV-A pelleting of wheat straw. Results show that higher moisture content and larger particle size result in higher power consumption.

Infrastructure development in the Sahel will be slow

2021 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Electricity Generation ◽  
Urban Transport ◽  
Economic Viability ◽  
Infrastructure Development ◽  
Long Distance ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Health Clinics ◽  
Physical Infrastructure ◽  
Cost Competitiveness ◽  
The Cost

Significance With populations growing by 3-4% annually, physical infrastructure requires significant expansion. Mobile telephony has been a major success, but there is much to be done to improve urban transport, long-distance roads and electricity generation. Rising insecurity compounds these challenges. Impacts With populations rising fast, there is a continual need to build more schools, health clinics and other key service premises. Efficient ports and modern transport links can bolster the cost-competitiveness and economic viability of industrial activity inland. Rising insecurity will prevent maintenance of infrastructure in affected areas.

Current literature review on methods for measuring the stability of osseointegrable implants.

2020 ◽  
Vol 2 (4) ◽  
pp. 64-78
Author(s):  
Noha El-Wassefy ◽  
Lars Sennerby ◽  
Dhoom SIngh Mehta ◽  
Thiago De Santana Santos
Keyword(s):  
Literature Review ◽  
Current Literature ◽  
Implant Survival ◽  
Implant Stability ◽  
Implant Placement ◽  
Factors Influencing ◽  
Case Documentation ◽  
Bone To Implant Contact ◽  
The Stability

“Osseointegration” as formulated by Alberktson is crucial for implant survival and success. Osseointegration is a measure of implant stability. Measuring implant stability helps to arrive at decisions as to loading of an implant, allows choice of protocol on a patient to patient basis and provides better case documentation. A successful implant reflects good bone to implant contact and is determined by implant stability both primary and secondary. Implant stability is achieved at two different stages – primary (immediately after implant placement) and secondary (3-4 months after implant placement). Implant stability has been confirmed to affect the process of osseointegration and therefore is essential to understand the methods to measure implant stability and factors influencing. Various methods are developed to assess implant stability which suggests the prognosis of an implant.

scholarly journals Costs and Benefits of Autonomous Shipping—A Literature Review

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (10) ◽  
pp. 4553
Author(s):  
Ewelina Ziajka-Poznańska ◽  
Jakub Montewka
Keyword(s):  
Literature Review ◽  
Business Models ◽  
Financial Models ◽  
State Of The Art ◽  
Costs And Benefits ◽  
Capital Costs ◽  
Research Activities ◽  
Benefit Estimation ◽  
Autonomous Ship ◽  
The Cost

The development of autonomous ship technology is currently in focus worldwide and the literature on this topic is growing. However, an in-depth cost and benefit estimation of such endeavours is in its infancy. With this systematic literature review, we present the state-of-the-art system regarding costs and benefits of the operation of prospective autonomous merchant ships with an objective for identifying contemporary research activities concerning an estimation of operating, voyage, and capital costs in prospective, autonomous shipping and vessel platooning. Additionally, the paper outlines research gaps and the need for more detailed business models for operating autonomous ships. Results reveal that valid financial models of autonomous shipping are lacking and there is significant uncertainty affecting the cost estimates, rendering only a reliable evaluation of specific case studies. The findings of this paper may be found relevant not only by academia, but also organisations considering to undertake a challenge of implementing Maritime Autonomous Surface Ships in their operations.

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