Process Sensitivity Analysis and Resolution Prediction for the Two Photon Polymerization of Micro/Nano Structures

2009 ◽  
Vol 131 (5) ◽  
Author(s):  
Nitin Uppal ◽  
Panos S. Shiakolas
Keyword(s):  
Process Parameters ◽  
Scanning Speed ◽  
Model Verification ◽  
Polymerization Process ◽  
Photosensitive Polymers ◽  
Two Photon ◽  
Nano Structures ◽  
Proposed Model ◽  
Trimethylolpropane Triacrylate ◽  
Two Photon Polymerization

Two photon polymerization (2PP) is a rapid prototyping technique for the fabrication of micro/nano structures from photosensitive polymers. The polymerization process and its resolution depend on the combination of various chemical and physical process parameters. In this research, statistical techniques are employed to evaluate the sensitivity of the 2PP process on the applied laser power, scanning speed, and concentration of photoinitiator. The experiments were performed using the ethoxylated (6) trimethylolpropane triacrylate (SR499-Sartomer) monomer and acyl phosphine oxide (Lucirin TPO-L-BASF) photoinitiator. A design of experiments approach is utilized to evaluate the effect of these process parameters at various set levels on the polymerized width and height. The proposed model is checked for interaction among the process parameters and multiple comparisons are performed to evaluate the statistically significant differences. Also, a detailed discussion of the model verification based on error analysis is performed and presented. A regression model is also developed for the prediction of polymerization resolution and the developed statistical model is experimentally verified. Finally, the developed model and the understanding acquired through the statistical analysis were used for the prototyping of various micro/nano structures.

Two Photon Polymerization Micro/Nanofabrication of Suspended Nanorods in Organically Modified Ceramics

NANO ◽  
2017 ◽  
Vol 12 (03) ◽  
pp. 1750033 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jieqiong Lin ◽  
Xian Jing ◽  
Mingming Lu ◽  
Yan Gu ◽  
Baojun Yu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Scanning Speed ◽  
Processing Parameters ◽  
Polymerization Process ◽  
Experimental Scheme ◽  
Two Photon ◽  
Threshold Theory ◽  
Organically Modified ◽  
Vertical Size ◽  
Two Photon Polymerization

Organically modified ceramics are used as photoresistors in the present work. The role of every ingredient played in two photon polymerization process is analyzed. A simple, compact and easy to locate experimental scheme is designed to fabricate nanorods in Ormocer. Based on the threshold theory of photon intensity, the lateral size dependences and vertical size dependences of nanorods on laser power and scanning speed are investigated, respectively. Through systematically changing processing parameters, a 136[Formula: see text]nm Ormocer suspended nanorod which is beyond diffraction limit resolution is obtained when [Formula: see text]m/s, [Formula: see text][Formula: see text]mW. By this means, two photon polymerization techniques show great potential to obtain a limiting resolution of Ormocer. What is more, micro gear, micro chair, photonic crystal and micro annular lens are fabricated in two photon polymerization in order to exhibit excellent mechanical and optical property of Ormocer.

scholarly journals Two-photon polymerization nanolithography technology for fabrication of stimulus-responsive micro/nano-structures for biomedical applications

2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 1118-1136
Author(s):  
Zhenjia Huang ◽  
Gary Chi-Pong Tsui ◽  
Yu Deng ◽  
Chak-Yin Tang
Keyword(s):  
Biomedical Applications ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Water Soluble ◽  
Fabrication Technology ◽  
Nano Fabrication ◽  
Two Photon ◽  
Nano Structures ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Stimulus Responsive ◽  
Two Photon Polymerization

AbstractMicro/nano-fabrication technology via two-photon polymerization (TPP) nanolithography is a powerful and useful manufacturing tool that is capable of generating two dimensional (2D) to three dimensional (3D) arbitrary micro/nano-structures of various materials with a high spatial resolution. This technology has received tremendous interest in cell and tissue engineering and medical microdevices because of its remarkable fabrication capability for sophisticated structures from macro- to nano-scale, which are difficult to be achieved by traditional methods with limited microarchitecture controllability. To fabricate precisely designed 3D micro/nano-structures for biomedical applications via TPP nanolithography, the use of photoinitiators (PIs) and photoresists needs to be considered comprehensively and systematically. In this review, widely used commercially available PIs are first discussed, followed by elucidating synthesis strategies of water-soluble initiators for biomedical applications. In addition to the conventional photoresists, the distinctive properties of customized stimulus-responsive photoresists are discussed. Finally, current limitations and challenges in the material and fabrication aspects and an outlook for future prospects of TPP for biomedical applications based on different biocompatible photosensitive composites are discussed comprehensively. In all, this review provides a basic understanding of TPP technology and important roles of PIs and photoresists for fabricating high-precision stimulus-responsive micro/nano-structures for a wide range of biomedical applications.

Acoustic Field-Assisted Two-Photon Polymerization Process

2021 ◽  
Vol 143 (10) ◽  
Author(s):  
Ketki M. Lichade ◽  
Yayue Pan
Keyword(s):  
Polymer Composite ◽  
Acoustic Field ◽  
Laser Power ◽  
Liquid Droplet ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Polymerization Process ◽  
Photothermal Effect ◽  
Full Potential ◽  
Two Photon ◽  
Two Photon Polymerization

Abstract This study successfully integrates acoustic patterning with the Two-Photon Polymerization (TPP) process for printing nanoparticle–polymer composite microstructures with spatially varied nanoparticle compositions. Currently, the TPP process is gaining increasing attention within the engineering community for the direct manufacturing of complex three-dimensional (3D) microstructures. Yet the full potential of TPP manufactured microstructures is limited by the materials used. This study aims to create and demonstrate a novel acoustic field-assisted TPP (A-TPP) process, which can instantaneously pattern and assemble nanoparticles in a liquid droplet, and fabricate anisotropic nanoparticle–polymer composites with spatially controlled particle–polymer material compositions. It was found that the biggest challenge in integrating acoustic particle patterning with the TPP process is that nanoparticles move upon laser irradiation due to the photothermal effect, and hence, the acoustic assembly is distorted during the photopolymerization process. To cure acoustic assembly of nanoparticles in the resin through TPP with the desired nanoparticle patterns, the laser power needs to be carefully tuned so that it is adequate for curing while low enough to prevent the photothermal effect. To address this challenge, this study investigated the threshold laser power for polymerization of TPP resin (Pthr) and photothermal instability of the nanoparticle (Pthp). Patterned nanoparticle–polymer composite microstructures were fabricated using the novel A-TPP process. Experimental results validated the feasibility of the developed acoustic field-assisted TPP process on printing anisotropic composites with spatially controlled material compositions.

Axial Control of Two-Photon Polymerization With Femtosecond Bessel Beam

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xiaoming Yu ◽  
Meng Zhang ◽  
Shuting Lei
Keyword(s):  
3D Printing ◽  
Bessel Beam ◽  
Average Diameter ◽  
Axial Direction ◽  
Polymerization Process ◽  
Layer By Layer ◽  
Light Modulator ◽  
Simultaneous Generation ◽  
Two Photon ◽  
Two Photon Polymerization

Stereolithography of three-dimensional, arbitrarily-shaped objects is achieved by successively curing photopolymer on multiple 2D planes and then stacking these 2D slices into 3D objects. Often as a bottleneck for speeding up the fabrication process, this layer-by-layer approach originates from the lack of axial control of photopolymerization. In this paper, we present a novel stereolithography technology with which two-photon polymerization can be dynamically controlled in the axial direction using Bessel beam generated from a spatial light modulator (SLM) and an axicon. First, we use unmodulated Bessel beam to fabricate micro-wires with an average diameter of 100 μm and a length exceeding 10 mm, resulting in an aspect ratio > 100:1. A study on the polymerization process shows that a fabrication speed of 2 mm/s can be achieved. Defect and deformation are observed, and the micro-wires consist of multiple narrow fibers which indicate the existence of the self-writing effect. A test case is presented to demonstrate fast 3D printing of a hollow tube within one second. Next, we modulate the Bessel beam with an SLM and demonstrate the simultaneous generation of multiple focal spots along the laser propagation direction. These spots can be dynamically controlled by loading an image sequence on the SLM. The theoretical foundation of this technology is outlined, and computer simulation is conducted to verify the experimental results. The presented technology extends current stereolithography into the third dimension, and has the potential to significantly increase 3D printing speed.

Carbon-dots Embedded Glass Based Inverse Micropillar Structures by Two-photon Polymerization Process

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Pratyusha Das ◽  
Meher Wan ◽  
Subhrajit Mukherjee ◽  
Samit K Ray ◽  
Shivakiran Bhaktha B N
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Dots ◽  
Polymerization Process ◽  
Two Photon ◽  
Two Photon Polymerization

Fabrication and Characterization of Photonic Crystals by Two-Photon Polymerization Using a Femtosecond Laser

2013 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yinan Tian ◽  
Yung C. Shin ◽  
Galen B. King
Keyword(s):  
Sol Gel ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Quantitative Relationship ◽  
Scanning Speed ◽  
Sem Images ◽  
Two Photon ◽  
High Uniformity ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Two Photon Polymerization

Two-photon polymerization is a powerful technique in fabricating three dimensional sub-diffraction-limited structures. Recently, new sol-gel material, SZ2080, was introduced into two-photon polymerization and was proved to be better than the conventional materials for its negligible shrinkage. In this paper, two-photon polymerization was applied to generate woodpile structures, one kind of photonic crystal, using SZ2080. First, the relationship between scanning speed, laser power and resolution was determined through fabricating free-hanging lines. Based on this relationship, woodpile structures with different period distances were fabricated with high uniformity as shown by SEM images. Then optical properties of woodpile structures were investigated using Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR) and a quantitative relationship between band gap and period distance was established.

Study of the two-photon excitation of photoinitiator in various solvents, and the two-photon polymerization process

2015 ◽  
Vol 54 (23) ◽  
pp. 7020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bibi Safia Haq ◽  
Hidayat Ullah Khan ◽  
Khan Alam ◽  
Shehnaz Attaullah ◽  
Islam Zari ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Polymerization Process ◽  
Two Photon ◽  
Photon Excitation ◽  
Two Photon Excitation ◽  
Two Photon Polymerization

Fabrication and Characterization of Photonic Crystals in Photopolymer SZ2080 by Two-Photon Polymerization Using a Femtosecond Laser

2014 ◽  
Vol 2 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Yinan Tian ◽  
Hyukjoon Kwon ◽  
Yung C. Shin ◽  
Galen B. King
Keyword(s):  
Photonic Crystals ◽  
Optical Sensors ◽  
Empirical Relationship ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Scanning Speed ◽  
Sem Images ◽  
Two Photon ◽  
High Uniformity ◽  
Two Photon Polymerization

Two-photon polymerization (2PP) is a powerful technique in fabricating three-dimensional subdiffraction-limited structures. In this paper, 2PP was applied to generate woodpile structures, one kind of photonic crystal, using SZ2080, which is widely used in 2PP due to its negligible shrinkage. First, the relationship between scanning speed, laser power, and resolution was determined through fabricating free-hanging lines by theoretical and experimental study. Based on this relationship, woodpile structures with different period distances were fabricated with high uniformity as shown by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) images. Then optical properties of woodpile structures were investigated using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and a quantitative empirical relationship between period distance and band gaps was established. The empirical relationship can be applied to design woodpile photonic crystals for the optical sensors and filters.

Fabrication of Micro Three Dimensional Structures by Two Photon Polymerization with SiO/Resin

2016 ◽  
Vol 100 ◽  
pp. 93-99
Author(s):  
Maria Guadalupe del Rocio Herrera Salazar ◽  
Hiroyuki Akiyama ◽  
Tadachika Nakayama ◽  
Hisayuki Suematsu ◽  
Koichi Niihara
Keyword(s):  
Hybrid Material ◽  
Optical Transmission ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Polymerization Process ◽  
Dimensional Structure ◽  
Two Photon ◽  
Digital Microscope ◽  
Micrometer Scale ◽  
Micro Structures ◽  
Two Photon Polymerization

In this paper we presented the synthesis of TEOS with photoresist in order to use it like a hybrid material for 3D printer on the micrometer scale by means of the two-photon polymerization process, in which two photon are absorbed simultaneously by the material using an ultrafast laser causing its polymerization. We analyzed the mix of TEOS and photoresist with UV-VIS and FTIR spectrometers, checking that complies with two important conditions: has an optical transmission at 780 nm and absorbs at 390 nm. Finally we fabricated micro-structures with a new hybrid material; TEOS does not absorb the laser in this system and does not interfere with the formation of a three-dimensional structure. After formation the 3D microstructure, samples were heated to form the SiO. These samples of microstructures were observed under digital microscope and SEM.

3D computer-aided nanoprinting for solid-state nanopores

2018 ◽  
Vol 3 (3) ◽  
pp. 312-316 ◽  
Author(s):  
Haibo Ding ◽  
Qiming Zhang ◽  
Zhongze Gu ◽  
Min Gu
Keyword(s):  
Solid State ◽  
Polymerization Process ◽  
Direct Laser Writing ◽  
Laser Writing ◽  
Two Photon ◽  
Direct Laser ◽  
Computer Aided ◽  
Two Photon Polymerization

Solid-state nanopores with controllable sizes and shapes were generated by direct laser writing using a computer-aided two-photon polymerization process.

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