Water-Ethanol-Gasoline Blends—Physical Properties, Power, and Pollution Characteristics

1984 ◽  
Vol 106 (4) ◽  
pp. 841-848 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. Rajan
Keyword(s):  
Physical Properties ◽  
Thermal Efficiency ◽  
Spark Ignition ◽  
Spark Ignition Engines ◽  
Oxides Of Nitrogen ◽  
Engine Operation ◽  
Nitrogen Emissions ◽  
Pollution Characteristics ◽  
The Road ◽  
On The Road

Factors relevant to the utilization of nonanhydrous ethanol as a blending component with gasoline for use in current on-the-road spark ignition engines are investigated. Miscibility limits are determined and key physical properties important for proper engine operation are measured. Dynamometer tests on an unmodified production engine with hydrated ethanol-gasoline blends containing varying percentages of water show potential for increased thermal efficiency and reduced oxides of nitrogen emissions.

Effect of EGR on Combustion and Emissions Characteristics of a CI Engine Fuelled with Waste Chicken Fat Biodiesel

2014 ◽  
Vol 592-594 ◽  
pp. 1481-1486 ◽  
Author(s):  
Naresh Kumar Gurusala ◽  
Richu Zachariah ◽  
Mozhi Selvan V. Arul
Keyword(s):  
Direct Injection ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Petroleum Products ◽  
Biodiesel Production ◽  
Oxides Of Nitrogen ◽  
Fuel Blend ◽  
Nitrogen Emissions ◽  
Chicken Fat ◽  
Future Demands ◽  
On The Road

Ever increasing demand and consequent rise in prices of petroleum products, stringent emission standards, the exponential depletion rate of fossil fuel reserves and escalation in the number of vehicles on the road have forced us to look for alternatives to meet the present and future demands of the energy requirements. Biodiesel production from waste oils and fats are cost effective methods which prevent the environmental pollution by proper disposal techniques. In this study, biodiesel was prepared from the waste effect chicken fat using the two stage esterification process. The present investigation deals with the cold exhaust gas recirculation (EGR) with the flow rates of 10, 20, 30% on a four stroke, single cylinder, direct injection (DI) diesel engine fueled with waste chicken fat biodiesel blends to reduce the NOxemissions of the engine. Experimental results showed higher oxides of nitrogen emissions when fueled with waste chicken fat biodiesel without EGR and found reduced NOxemissions about 25% when operating with B20 fuel blend with 30% EGR. The EGR level was optimized as 20% based on the significant reduction in NOx emissions, minimum possible smoke, CO, HC emissions and comparable brake thermal efficiency.

THE OXIDATION, IGNITION, AND DETONATION OF FUEL VAPORS AND GASES: XIV. THE CAUSE OF THE EFFECT OF HYDROGEN SULPHIDE TO REDUCE THE COMPRESSION RATIOS AT WHICH FUEL GASES CAN BE USED IN SPARK IGNITION ENGINES

1950 ◽  
Vol 28f (6) ◽  
pp. 166-176
Author(s):  
R. O. King ◽  
E. J. Durand ◽  
Bernard D. Wood ◽  
A. B. Allan
Keyword(s):  
Hydrogen Sulphide ◽  
Thermal Efficiency ◽  
Surface Reaction ◽  
Experimental Results ◽  
Spark Ignition Engines ◽  
Engine Operation ◽  
Poisoning Effect ◽  
Maximum Value ◽  
Full Power ◽  
Rich Mixtures

Experimental results are given for trials of the C.F.R. engine at 900 r.p.m. and 12: 1 C.R. on Toronto town gas alone and with an addition of hydrogen sulphide. The sulphide led to such severe preignition that measurements of power were impossible except for very weak or very rich mixtures. The former included the 50% weak mixture for which thermal efficiency is a maximum. The sulphide was then of beneficial effect, a maximum value of 44% for indicated thermal efficiency being obtained as compared to a maximum of 42.5% without it. The experimental results are interpreted in the light of combustion tube experiments showing that hydrogen in mixtures with air is not ignited by red hot surfaces on which it is oxidized with sufficient rapidity to steam, but that ignition occurs at relatively low temperatures if the surface reaction is inhibited by hydrogen sulphide. The conclusion is that fuel gases containing hydrogen in large proportion can be used for full power engine operation at compression ratios even higher than 12: 1 if the oxidation of the hydrogen in part to steam, on the hot surfaces in the combustion chamber, is not inhibited by the poisoning effect of the hydrogen sulphide commonly present in the gases.

scholarly journals The Operating Features of a Stoichiometric, Ammonia and Gasoline Dual Fueled Spark Ignition Engine

2006 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shawn M. Grannell ◽  
Dennis N. Assanis ◽  
Stanislav V. Bohac ◽  
Donald E. Gillespie
Keyword(s):  
Compression Ratio ◽  
Thermal Efficiency ◽  
Maximum Load ◽  
Spark Ignition ◽  
Spark Ignition Engine ◽  
Gaseous Ammonia ◽  
Spark Ignition Engines ◽  
Stoichiometric Mixture ◽  
Brake Thermal Efficiency ◽  
Practical Operation

An overall stoichiometric mixture of air, gaseous ammonia and gasoline was metered into a single cylinder, variable compression ratio, supercharged CFR engine at varying ratios of gasoline to ammonia. The engine was operated such that the combustion was knock-free with minimal roughness for all loads ranging from idle up to a maximum load in the supercharge regime. For a given load, speed, and compression ratio there was a range of ratios of gasoline to ammonia for which knock-free, smooth firing was obtained. This range was investigated at its roughness limit and also at its knock limit. If too much ammonia was used, then the engine fired with an excessive roughness. If too much gasoline was used, then knock-free combustion could not be obtained while the maximum brake torque spark advance was maintained. Stoichiometric operation on gasoline alone was also investigated, for comparison. It was found that a significant fraction of the gasoline used in spark ignition engines could be replaced with ammonia. Operation on mostly gasoline was required near idle. However, mostly ammonia could be used at high load. Operation on ammonia alone was possible at some of the supercharged load points. Generally, the use of ammonia or ammonia with gasoline allowed knock-free operation at higher compression ratios and higher loads than could be obtained with the use of gasoline alone. The use of ammonia/gasoline allowed practical operation at a compression ratio of 12:1 whereas the limit for gasoline alone was 9:1. When running on ammonia/gasoline the engine could be operated at brake mean effective pressures that were more than 50% higher than those achieved with the use of gasoline alone. The maximum brake thermal efficiency achieved with the use of ammonia/gasoline was 32.0% at 10:1 compression ratio and BMEP = 1025 kPa. The maximum brake thermal efficiency possible for gasoline was 24.6% at 9:1 and BMEP = 570 kPa.

scholarly journals Deposits in spark ignition engines – formation and threats

2015 ◽  
Vol 160 (1) ◽  
pp. 36-48
Author(s):  
Zbigniew STĘPIEŃ
Keyword(s):  
Fuel Injection ◽  
State Of The Art ◽  
Spark Ignition ◽  
Operating Parameters ◽  
Fuel Composition ◽  
Spark Ignition Engines ◽  
Engine Operation ◽  
Dynamic Development ◽  
Engine Design ◽  
Engine Deposits

The paper reports on both the processes of harmful deposits formation in spark ignition engines and their threats related to engine operation. The connection of a dynamic development of piston engines and fuel injection systems with increasing problems of deposits formation on various engine parts has been discussed at length. The effect of fuel composition, engine design and its operating parameters on the formation of a variety of engine deposits has been described. Possible causes of deposits formation have also been indicated. The paper confirms great importance of modern deposit control detergents and state-of-the-art technology of manufacturing of injection systems components in counteracting this detrimental phenomenon.

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