Ductile Fracture of Rapidly Expanding Rings

1983 ◽  
Vol 50 (3) ◽  
pp. 593-600 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. N. Johnson

Heterogeneous plastic deformation (necking) of thin ductile rings given an initial outward impulse is described in terms of the ordinary differential equations of thermoplasticity and the partial differential equations of mass and momentum conservation in one spatial dimension (circumference) and time. Flaws in cross-sectional area and porosity are introduced and the resulting plastic deformation is calculated numerically for a prescribed initial radial velocity. Plastic deformation is initially homogeneous but soon concentrates in the weakest region, which then thins rapidly and fractures. Effects of flaw wavelength, work-hardening rate, thermal softening, and rate-dependent plastic flow on the flaw growth rate are studied.

Radiocarbon ◽  
2010 ◽  
Vol 52 (2) ◽  
pp. 727-734 ◽  
Author(s):  
Adrian Patrut ◽  
Diana H Mayne ◽  
Karl F von Reden ◽  
Daniel A Lowy ◽  
Sarah Venter ◽  
...  

In 2008, a large African baobab (Adansonia digitata L.) from Makulu Makete, South Africa, split vertically into 2 sections, revealing a large enclosed cavity. Several wood samples collected from the cavity were processed and radiocarbon dated by accelerator mass spectrometry (AMS) for determining the age and growth rate dynamics of the tree. The 14C date of the oldest sample was found to be of 1016 ± 22 BP, which corresponds to a calibrated age of 1000 ± 15 yr. Thus, the Makulu Makete tree, which eventually collapsed to the ground and died, becomes the second oldest African baobab dated accurately to at least 1000 yr. The conventional growth rate of the trunk, estimated by the radial increase, declined gradually over its life cycle. However, the growth rate expressed more adequately by the cross-sectional area increase and by the volume increase accelerated up to the age of 650 yr and remained almost constant over the past 450 yr.


1969 ◽  
Vol 11 (4) ◽  
pp. 351-363 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. R. Calladine ◽  
I. W. Goodall

Pressure tests were performed on four thin cylindrical aluminium vessels with circular cutouts and cover plates, and on two vessels with radial branches. In all cases a fairly well defined ‘limit pressure’ was observed—corresponding to plastic deformation in the vicinity of the cutout or branch—together with a moderate increase in pressure as deformation proceeded, which may be interpreted as a moderately strong ‘geometry-change effect’. The limit pressures observed for vessels with cutouts agree well with a lower-bound analysis which is described in outline. In general the observed limit pressures fit in well with those observed by other workers for vessels of different proportions. Correlation of geometry-change effects is not so simple, but a fairly clear picture of trends emerges from the study. The question of appropriate geometrical parameters for correlation of results is discussed, and a suggestion is made for taking into account any ‘extra’ cross-sectional area at the junction weld.


HortScience ◽  
1992 ◽  
Vol 27 (8) ◽  
pp. 913-915 ◽  
Author(s):  
Thomas E. Marler ◽  
Yasmina Zozor

Growth and leaf gas-exchange responses of carambola (Averrhoa carambola L.) seedlings to wind or seismic stress were studied under glasshouse conditions. Forty days of twice daily seismic stress applied for 10 seconds consistently reduced carambola height, leaf area, dry weight, relative growth rate, and leaf-area ratio, but increased trunk cross-sectional area compared with plants receiving no seismic stress. Fifty-one days of wind load reduced plant height, leaf area, dry weight, trunk cross-sectional area, net assimilation rate, relative growth rate, leaf-area ratio, and stomatal conductance compared with plants receiving no wind stress. Morphological appearance was similar for plants receiving wind or seismic stress. Net CO2 assimilation of carambola leaflets was reduced by 30 minutes of wind load for up to 6 hours following the stress. Results suggest that wind may reduce carambola growth at least partially by influencing leaf gas exchange or by the mechanical stress associated with wind.


1999 ◽  
Vol 276 (4) ◽  
pp. R923-R928
Author(s):  
Shuichi Takagi ◽  
Yasuki Kihara ◽  
Futoshi Toyoda ◽  
Tetsuo Morita ◽  
Shigetake Sasayama ◽  
...  

Guinea pigs were exposed to 5°C for 3 wk, and the contractions of myocardial papillary muscle were compared with preparations dissected from control animals kept at ∼25°C. Developed tension of the papillary muscle per cross-sectional area was significantly ( t-test, P < 0.05) decreased after cold exposure (19,200 ± 8,160 vs. 3,020 ± 2,890 dyne/cm2; 1 Hz). Time to peak tension was significantly faster in cold-exposed guinea pigs (126.4 ± 11.1 ms; 1 Hz) than in controls (162.7 ± 8.7 ms). The magnitude of the developed tension after application of ryanodine (2 mM) to muscles from cold-exposed animals was decreased to 37.5 ± 8.3% of control at 1 Hz, whereas in muscles from control animals, tension was decreased to 82.4 ± 7.7%. The ryanodine-sensitive component of contraction was not significantly changed in control guinea pigs at frequencies >0.5 Hz, whereas in muscles from cold-acclimated guinea pigs, there was a “positive staircase.” These results suggested that reversal of the Na+/Ca2+exchanger is predominantly involved in the positive staircase in control guinea pigs, whereas rate-dependent increases in the Ca2+ store in the sarcoplasmic reticulum may be involved in the staircase after cold acclimation.


1961 ◽  
Vol 41 (1) ◽  
pp. 78-88 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. B. Slen ◽  
E. C. Banky

Data from 290 grade Corriedale sheep, ranging from 1 to 428 days of age, were used to study the relationships between age and the following characteristics: body weight, staple length, fibre thickness, and clean fleece weight. The difference between means and regressions for sex and type of birth also were evaluated.Body weights increased during the growth period from 50 to 428 days of age but, after 300 days, approached constancy asymptotically. The body weights of single lambs were greater (p <.01) than those of twins; also, wethers were heavier than females at all ages. The average daily rate of gain was higher, though not significantly, for singles and wethers than for twins and females, respectively. However, in the single lambs, the difference in rate of gain between wethers and ewes was significant (p <.05).Staple lengths snowed a declining growth rate with progressing age whereas fibre cross-sectional area showed a linear increase.The increase in clean fleece weight with age was expressed by a quadratic function. The difference in fleece weights between sexes were negligible and the rates of increase were essentially the same. However, there were significant differences (p <.01) in means and regressions between singles and twins.


1997 ◽  
Vol 122 (1) ◽  
pp. 14-19 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. Thomas Fernandez ◽  
Ronald L. Perry ◽  
James A. Flore

`Imperial Gala' apple (Malus domestica Borkh.) trees, trained to two shoots, on M.9 EMLA, MM.111, and Mark rootstocks were subjected to two drought-stress and recovery periods in a rainshelter. Leaf growth rate, leaf area, leaf emergence, shoot length, and trunk cross-sectional area were measured during each stress and recovery period. Leaf growth rate was reduced during both stress periods but most consistently during the second drought stress. Length of the less-vigorous shoot was reduced most consistently due to drought stress but did not recover upon irrigation. Leaf emergence and trunk cross-sectional area increment were inconsistent in response to stress. Tree growth was reduced by drought stress to the greatest extent for trees on Mark, with MM.111 intermediate and M.9 EMLA least affected. At termination, the plants were separated into roots, current-season shoot growth, previous-season shoot growth, and rootstock, and dry weights were measured. Dry weights confirmed the growth measurements taken during the experiment with a 16%, 27%, and 34% reduction in total plant dry weight for drought-stressed trees on M.9 EMLA, MM.111, and Mark, respectively, compared to corresponding controls. It was concluded that Mark was the most sensitive of the three rootstocks followed by MM.111; M.9 EMLA was the most drought resistant.


Author(s):  
T.I. Kuznetsova

The aim of the paper is to study the effect of long-term feeding with finely ground food on the dynamics of cytometric hepatocyte parameters in white rats in postnatal ontogenesis. Materials and Methods. On the 21st day of postnatal ontogenesis, 100 male white rats were divided into a control group and two experimental groups (experiment 1 and experiment 2). The animals of the control group were fed with natural food, while the animals of the experimental groups similar food (in terms of quality and quantity), but after careful mechanical grinding. To assess the reversibility of the homogenized food feeding, animals of experimental group 2 were fed natural food, as the control animals (days 120–240). The authors studied the liver, using cell morphometry of standard histological staining. They measured cross-sectional area of the nuclei and hepatocyte cytoplasm, calculated nuclear-cytoplasmic ratio, and counted the number of hepatocytes on the standard cross-sectional area, including binuclear hepatocytes. Results. It was revealed that long-term consumption of homogenized food affects the postnatal morphogenesis of the liver parenchyma. From the 21st to the 120th day, the growth rate of hepatocytes and the number of binuclear cells in the experimental animals exceeded those of the control animals, and from the 120th up to the 240th day, the growth rate of hepatocytes in the experimental animals was significantly inferior to that of the control animals. As a result, the number of cells per standard cutting area increased. In case of transition to normal food with natural mechanical properties (120th–240th days of postnatal ontogenesis) there was a tendency to the restoration of cytometric hepatocyte parameters. However, the authors did not observe complete recovery. Keywords: liver, hepatocyte, homogenized food. Цель работы – изучить влияние длительного питания мелко измельченной пищей на динамику цитометрических параметров гепатоцитов белых крыс в постнатальном онтогенезе. Материалы и методы. На 21-е сут постнатального онтогенеза 100 самцов белых крыс были разделены на контрольную и две опытные группы (опыт I и опыт II). Животных контрольной группы содержали на естественном для грызунов корме, а животные опытных групп получали аналогичную по качественному и количественному составу пищу, но после тщательного механического измельчения. Для оценки обратимости воздействия питания диспергированной пищей животных II опытной группы со 120-х по 240-е сут переводили на питание кормом контрольных животных. Исследовали участки печени, морфометрию клеток которой проводили на стандартно окрашенных гистологических срезах. Измеряли площадь сечения ядер и цитоплазмы гепатоцитов, вычисляли ядерно-цитоплазматическое отношение, на стандартной площади среза подсчитывали количество гепатоцитов, в т.ч. двуядерных. Результаты. Выявлено, что длительное потребление диспергированной пищи оказывает воздействие на постнатальный морфогенез паренхимы печени. С 21-х по 120-е сут интенсивность роста гепатоцитов и количество двуядерных клеток опытных животных превышает таковые значения контрольных, а с 120-х по 240-е сут интенсивность роста гепатоцитов опытных животных существенно уступает показателям контрольных животных, вследствие чего количество клеток на стандартную площадь среза увеличивается. При переходе к питанию пищей с естественными механическими свойствами со 120-х по 240-е сут постнатального онтогенеза наблюдается тенденция к восстановлению цитометрических параметров гепатоцитов, однако полного восстановления не происходит. Ключевые слова: печень, гепатоцит, диспергированная пища.


1994 ◽  
Vol 07 (03) ◽  
pp. 110-113 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. L. Holmberg ◽  
M. B. Hurtig ◽  
H. R. Sukhiani

SummaryDuring a triple pelvic osteotomy, rotation of the free acetabular segment causes the pubic remnant on the acetabulum to rotate into the pelvic canal. The resulting narrowing may cause complications by impingement on the organs within the pelvic canal. Triple pelvic osteotomies were performed on ten cadaver pelves with pubic remnants equal to 0, 25, and 50% of the hemi-pubic length and angles of acetabular rotation of 20, 30, and 40 degrees. All combinations of pubic remnant lengths and angles of acetabular rotation caused a significant reduction in pelvic canal-width and cross-sectional area, when compared to the inact pelvis. Zero, 25, and 50% pubic remnants result in 15, 35, and 50% reductions in pelvic canal width respectively. Overrotation of the acetabulum should be avoided and the pubic remnant on the acetabular segment should be minimized to reduce postoperative complications due to pelvic canal narrowing.When performing triple pelvic osteotomies, the length of the pubic remnant on the acetabular segment and the angle of acetabular rotation both significantly narrow the pelvic canal. To reduce post-operative complications, due to narrowing of the pelvic canal, overrotation of the acetabulum should be avoided and the length of the pubic remnant should be minimized.


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