Temperature Dependent Behavior of the Canine Medial Collateral Ligament

1987 ◽  
Vol 109 (1) ◽  
pp. 68-71 ◽  
Author(s):  
Savio L.-Y. Woo ◽  
Thay Q. Lee ◽  
Mark A. Gomez ◽  
Shigeru Sato ◽  
Frederic P. Field
Keyword(s):  
Medial Collateral Ligament ◽  
Viscoelastic Properties ◽  
Cyclic Load ◽  
Tensile Load ◽  
Temperature Dependent ◽  
Collateral Ligament ◽  
Dependent Behavior ◽  
Proportional Relationship ◽  
C 32 ◽  
Increasing Temperature

The temperature dependent tensile behavior of ligament was investigated from 2°C to 37°C. Nondestructive cyclic tests were performed on ten canine femur-medial collateral ligament-tibia (FMT) complexes at sequential temperatures of 22°C, 22°C, 27°C, 32°C, 37°C, and again at 22°C. The samples were rested at zero load between tests for sufficient time periods to allow for full recovery from the ligament’s time and history dependent viscoelastic properties. Ten additional FMT complexes were sequentially tested in a similar fashion, but at temperatures of 22°C, 22°C, 2°C, 6°C, 14°C, and 22°C. All canine FMT complexes showed temperature dependent viscoelastic properties: the measured area of hysteresis decreased with increasing temperature; the cyclic load relaxation behavior plateaued to a higher value at lower temperatures; and the tensile load at a predetermined ligament substance strain level had an inversely proportional relationship with respect to temperature.

Evaluation of the Viscoelastic Properties of the Intact Medial Collateral Ligament in a Goat Model

1999 ◽  
Author(s):  
Theodore D. Clineff ◽  
Richard E. Debski ◽  
Sven U. Scheffler ◽  
John D. Withrow ◽  
Savio L.-Y. Woo
Keyword(s):  
Medial Collateral Ligament ◽  
Viscoelastic Properties ◽  
Analytical Approach ◽  
Cruciate Ligament ◽  
Collateral Ligament ◽  
Future Studies ◽  
Linear Viscoelastic ◽  
Viscoelastic Theory ◽  
Anterior Cruciate ◽  
Linear Viscoelastic Theory

Abstract The time and history dependent viscoelastic properties have been determined for the normal medial collateral ligament (MCL) of canine (Woo, 1981), porcine anterior cruciate ligament (Kwan, 1993), and human patellar tendon in a cadaver model (Johnson, 1994). The objective of this study was to use a combined experimental and analytical approach to quantify the viscoelastic properties of the intact MCL in a goat model. A thorough understanding of the viscoelastic properties at low strain levels is necessary to future studies of the healing MCL. The quasi-linear viscoelastic theory (QLV) (Fung, 1972) was used to characterize the properties of the MCL during stress relaxation.

The Time and History-Dependent Viscoelastic Properties of the Canine Medial Collateral Ligament

1981 ◽  
Vol 103 (4) ◽  
pp. 293-298 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. L.-Y. Woo ◽  
M. A. Gomez ◽  
W. H. Akeson
Keyword(s):  
Medial Collateral Ligament ◽  
Viscoelastic Properties ◽  
Cyclic Stress ◽  
Elastic Response ◽  
Collateral Ligament ◽  
Stress Strain ◽  
Linear Viscoelastic ◽  
Viscoelastic Theory ◽  
Linear Viscoelastic Theory

The viscoelastic properties of the canine medial collateral ligament (MCL) were investigated. Stress-strain relationships at different strain rates, long-term stress relaxation and cyclic stress-strain curves of the MCL were obtained experimentally using a bone-MCL-bone preparation. The experimental data were used in conjunction with the quasi-linear viscoelastic theory as proposed by Fung [15] to characterize the reduced relaxation function, G(t) and elastic response σe (ε) of this tissue. It was found that the quasi-linear viscoelastic theory can adequately describe the time and history-dependent rheological properties of the canine medial collateral ligament.

An Experimental and Analytical Evaluation of the Nonlinear Viscoelastic Properties of the Healing Medial Collateral Ligament in a Goat Model

2003 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. D. Abramowitch ◽  
T. D. Clineff ◽  
R. E. Debski ◽  
S. L.-Y. Woo
Keyword(s):  
Stress Relaxation ◽  
Medial Collateral Ligament ◽  
Viscoelastic Properties ◽  
Soft Tissues ◽  
Viscoelastic Behavior ◽  
Collateral Ligament ◽  
Relaxation Experiment ◽  
Nonlinear Viscoelastic ◽  
Linear Viscoelastic Behavior ◽  
Linear Viscoelastic

The medial collateral ligament (MCL) is one of the most frequently injured ligaments in the knee. Although it can heal spontaneously after rupture, laboratory studies have shown that the mechanical properties of the healing MCL remain inferior to normal for up to two years after injury (1). Additionally, the healing MCL has been shown to display increased amounts of stress relaxation and creep (2). In order to more completely describe the viscoelastic properties of healing ligaments, we propose to use the Quasi-Linear Viscoelastic (QLV) theory formulated by Fung (1972). This theory has been used to successfully describe the viscoelastic properties of many soft-tissues (3). Recently, our research center has developed an improved approach to determine the constants describing the QLV theory based on data collected from a stress relaxation experiment that utilizes a slow strain rate during loading. This approach allows for experimental errors that commonly result from fast strain rates to be avoided (ex. overshoot) (4). Therefore, the objective of this study were to use this new approach to determine the constants describing the quasi-linear viscoelastic behavior of the healing goat MCL at 12 weeks after injury.

Photoresponse of Tellurium Rich TexSe(1−x) Nonlinear Optical Semiconductors

1999 ◽  
Vol 607 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. J. Brown ◽  
Cindi L. Dennis ◽  
M. C. Ohmer ◽  
Arnold Burger
Keyword(s):  
Variable Temperature ◽  
Incident Radiation ◽  
Band Gaps ◽  
Temperature Dependent ◽  
Dependent Behavior ◽  
Temperature Polarization ◽  
Characteristic Two ◽  
Increasing Temperature ◽  
First Time ◽  
Analytical Expressions

AbstractThe optical properties of TexSe(1−x) were studied for x = 0.8, 0.9, and 1.0. The results for variable temperature, polarization sensitive, spectral photoconductivity measurements on oriented single crystals, as well as the energy band gaps and their temperature dependencies are presented. In all cases, the band gap was found to increase with increasing temperature. Analytical expressions describing the temperature dependent behavior are reported. Furthermore, for the first time the characteristic two peak spectrum of tellurium was separated into its two components for incident radiation polarized parallel and perpendicular to the c-axis as a function of temperature. However, two distinct peaks were not discernible in the alloys, with or without polarization, although the signal intensity was slightly polarization dependent.

scholarly journals Viscoelastic properties of the human medial collateral ligament under longitudinal, transverse and shear loading

2005 ◽  
Vol 23 (1) ◽  
pp. 67-76 ◽  
Author(s):  
Carlos Bonifasi-Lista ◽  
Spencer P. Lakez ◽  
Michael S. Small ◽  
Jeffrey A. Weiss
Keyword(s):  
Medial Collateral Ligament ◽  
Viscoelastic Properties ◽  
Shear Loading ◽  
Collateral Ligament

The Effects of Temperature on the Viscoelastic Properties of the Rabbit Medial Collateral Ligament

1990 ◽  
Vol 112 (2) ◽  
pp. 147-152 ◽  
Author(s):  
T. C. Lam ◽  
C. G. Thomas ◽  
N. G. Shrive ◽  
C. B. Frank ◽  
C. P. Sabiston
Keyword(s):  
Mechanical Properties ◽  
New Zealand ◽  
Medial Collateral Ligament ◽  
Viscoelastic Properties ◽  
Base Line ◽  
Thermal Contraction ◽  
Collateral Ligaments ◽  
Collateral Ligament ◽  
New Zealand White Rabbits ◽  
Effects Of Temperature

There are disparate views on the effects of temperature on the mechanical properties of ligaments and tendons. We attempted to resolve the inconsistencies by testing the medial collateral ligaments of twelve, three-month old New Zealand white rabbits in both elastic-dominated and viscous-dominated tests between 25°C and 55°C. We found that in elastic-dominated monotonic loading, the loading portions of the loadextension curves were mathematically similar. Differences could be accounted for through a base-line shift of the origin caused by additional relaxation and thermal contraction/expansion of the apparatus and specimen. In tests where the viscous component of behavior was manifest, we found results similar to those of other investigators. Thus we conclude that in assessing the effects of temperature on the mechanical properties of tissues it is important to account for both temperature and initial positions of the apparatus and specimen, and to consider the effects of both relaxation and thermal contraction/expansion.

scholarly journals IS PERCUTANEOUS MEDIAL COLLATERAL LIGAMENT (MCL) RELAXATION DURING ANTERIOR CRUCIATE LIGAMENT RECONSTRUCTION A SAFE OPTION FOR GAINING ACCESS TO THE MEDIAL KNEE COMPARTMENT IN CHILDREN?

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (7_suppl3) ◽  
pp. 2325967121S0004
Author(s):  
John A. Schlechter ◽  
Tanner Harrah ◽  
Bryn Gornick ◽  
Benjamin Sherman
Keyword(s):  
Anterior Cruciate Ligament ◽  
Children And Adolescents ◽  
Medial Collateral Ligament ◽  
Cruciate Ligament ◽  
Adult Population ◽  
Deep Infection ◽  
Patient Reported Outcome ◽  
Collateral Ligament ◽  
Patient Reported ◽  
Anterior Cruciate

Introduction: With participation in youth sports anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) injuries are a common occurrence. Nearly 70% of ACL tears in children and adolescents have an associated meniscus tear. Percutaneous medial collateral ligament (MCL) relaxation has been described as utilitarian in accessing the medial meniscus for diagnostic assessment and treatment in the adult population to increase medial compartment working space in arthroscopic surgery. The technique has not been evaluated in the pediatric population. The purpose of this study was to compare the outcomes of children and adolescents that underwent anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction (ACLR) with and without percutaneous relaxation of the medial collateral ligament (MCL) for meniscal tear management. Methods: A retrospective review was performed of patients aged 8 to 19 years old that had undergone knee arthroscopy for an (ACLR) with meniscus pathology. Those that underwent MCL relaxation were grouped together and compared to a matched cohort that did not have MCL relaxation performed. Preoperative, operative and postoperative data was analyzed. The primary measurement was obtained using a validated patient reported outcome score (Pedi-IKDC), secondary outcome measures were defined as superficial or deep infection, saphenous nerve dysesthesias, ACL graft failure and return to the operating room. Statistical analysis of the two cohorts was performed. Results: Fifty-four patients were included in the study (27 in each group) with average age 15 years (range 10-19). Average follow-up for the MCL relaxation group was 22.4 months versus 58 months for the non-MCL relaxation group. The average Pedi-IKDC score was 93.3 for the MCL relaxation group and 91.4 for the non-MCL relaxation group (p=0.34). There was no difference in patient demographics, return to the operating room (p=0.49), saphenous nerve dysesthesia (p=0.49), superficial or deep infection (p=0.32). Conclusion: ACL reconstruction in children and adolescents with MCL relaxation for the management of medial meniscal tears appears to be a safe option. Equivocal patient reported outcome scores as compared to the control group were found with no increase in post-operative complications. In children with ACL tears, appropriate diagnosis and management of medial meniscal pathology is important to maintain secondary restraint to anterior tibial translation and prevent premature graft failure. Pediatric knees can have tight medial compartments, making access difficult, potentially leading to poor visualization and iatrogenic chondral damage. Percutaneous medial collateral ligament (MCL) relaxation has been described in the adult population to increase medial compartment working space without long term sequela. We report similar findings in an all pediatric cohort.

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