The Effects of Temperature on the Viscoelastic Properties of the Rabbit Medial Collateral Ligament

1990 ◽  
Vol 112 (2) ◽  
pp. 147-152 ◽  
Author(s):  
T. C. Lam ◽  
C. G. Thomas ◽  
N. G. Shrive ◽  
C. B. Frank ◽  
C. P. Sabiston
Keyword(s):  
Mechanical Properties ◽  
New Zealand ◽  
Medial Collateral Ligament ◽  
Viscoelastic Properties ◽  
Base Line ◽  
Thermal Contraction ◽  
Collateral Ligaments ◽  
Collateral Ligament ◽  
New Zealand White Rabbits ◽  
Effects Of Temperature

There are disparate views on the effects of temperature on the mechanical properties of ligaments and tendons. We attempted to resolve the inconsistencies by testing the medial collateral ligaments of twelve, three-month old New Zealand white rabbits in both elastic-dominated and viscous-dominated tests between 25°C and 55°C. We found that in elastic-dominated monotonic loading, the loading portions of the loadextension curves were mathematically similar. Differences could be accounted for through a base-line shift of the origin caused by additional relaxation and thermal contraction/expansion of the apparatus and specimen. In tests where the viscous component of behavior was manifest, we found results similar to those of other investigators. Thus we conclude that in assessing the effects of temperature on the mechanical properties of tissues it is important to account for both temperature and initial positions of the apparatus and specimen, and to consider the effects of both relaxation and thermal contraction/expansion.

Are re-injured ligaments equivalent mechanically to injured ligaments: The role of re-injury severity?

2018 ◽  
Vol 232 (7) ◽  
pp. 665-672 ◽  
Author(s):  
Johnathan L Sevick ◽  
Bryan J Heard ◽  
Ian KY Lo ◽  
John A Randle ◽  
Cyril B Frank ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Mechanical Properties ◽  
Medial Collateral Ligament ◽  
Injury Severity ◽  
Healing Process ◽  
Significant Risk ◽  
Cyclic Creep ◽  
Limited Attention ◽  
Collateral Ligaments ◽  
Collateral Ligament ◽  
Cross Sectional

The consequences of ligament re-injury have received limited attention. Although the mechanical properties of injured ligaments improve over time, these properties are never fully recaptured, rendering these injured ligaments susceptible to re-injury. Previous injury is a significant risk factor for recurrent injury, and this re-injury can result in longer absence from activity than the initial injury. A rabbit medial collateral ligament model was used to compare mechanically re-injured right medial collateral ligaments to injured left medial collateral ligaments. Two groups of different re-injury severity were investigated: ‘minor’ re-injury comparing transection re-injured right medial collateral ligaments to transection injured left medial collateral ligaments; ‘major’ re-injury comparing gap re-injured right medial collateral ligaments to transection injured left medial collateral ligaments. Initial injuries for both groups were right medial collateral ligament transections 1 week before re-injury. After 5–6 weeks of healing, mechanical testing was performed to determine (dimensionally) cross-sectional area; (structurally) medial collateral ligament laxity, failure load, and stiffness; and (materially) cyclic creep strain and failure stress. Because we wanted to evaluate whether the mechanical properties of re-injured ligaments were equivalent or, at least, no worse than injured ligaments, we used equivalence/noninferiority testing. This approach evaluates a research hypothesis of equivalence, rather than difference, and determines whether comparisons are ‘statistically equivalent’, ‘noninferior’, or ‘potentially inferior’. Transection re-injured and gap re-injured ligaments were ‘statistically equivalent’ structurally to transection injured ligaments. Transection re-injured ligaments were ‘noninferior’ both materially and dimensionally to transection injured ligaments. Gap re-injured ligaments were ‘potentially inferior’ both materially and dimensionally to transection injured ligaments. Two differences between the re-injuries, which affect healing, may explain the mechanical outcomes: the presence or lack of healing products and the proximity of ligament ends at the time of re-injury. Our findings suggest that (in the short term) there is a severity of re-injury below which there is no additional disadvantage to the healing process, mechanical behaviour, and resulting potential for re-injury.

Temperature Dependent Behavior of the Canine Medial Collateral Ligament

1987 ◽  
Vol 109 (1) ◽  
pp. 68-71 ◽  
Author(s):  
Savio L.-Y. Woo ◽  
Thay Q. Lee ◽  
Mark A. Gomez ◽  
Shigeru Sato ◽  
Frederic P. Field
Keyword(s):  
Medial Collateral Ligament ◽  
Viscoelastic Properties ◽  
Cyclic Load ◽  
Tensile Load ◽  
Temperature Dependent ◽  
Collateral Ligament ◽  
Dependent Behavior ◽  
Proportional Relationship ◽  
C 32 ◽  
Increasing Temperature

The temperature dependent tensile behavior of ligament was investigated from 2°C to 37°C. Nondestructive cyclic tests were performed on ten canine femur-medial collateral ligament-tibia (FMT) complexes at sequential temperatures of 22°C, 22°C, 27°C, 32°C, 37°C, and again at 22°C. The samples were rested at zero load between tests for sufficient time periods to allow for full recovery from the ligament’s time and history dependent viscoelastic properties. Ten additional FMT complexes were sequentially tested in a similar fashion, but at temperatures of 22°C, 22°C, 2°C, 6°C, 14°C, and 22°C. All canine FMT complexes showed temperature dependent viscoelastic properties: the measured area of hysteresis decreased with increasing temperature; the cyclic load relaxation behavior plateaued to a higher value at lower temperatures; and the tensile load at a predetermined ligament substance strain level had an inversely proportional relationship with respect to temperature.

The Early Effect of Ibuprofen on the Mechanical Properties of Healing Medial Collateral Ligament

1999 ◽  
Vol 27 (6) ◽  
pp. 738-741 ◽  
Author(s):  
Claude T. Moorman ◽  
Udita Kukreti ◽  
David C. Fenton ◽  
Stephen M. Belkoff
Keyword(s):  
Mechanical Properties ◽  
Medial Collateral Ligament ◽  
Collateral Ligament ◽  
Early Effect

Evaluation of the Viscoelastic Properties of the Intact Medial Collateral Ligament in a Goat Model

1999 ◽  
Author(s):  
Theodore D. Clineff ◽  
Richard E. Debski ◽  
Sven U. Scheffler ◽  
John D. Withrow ◽  
Savio L.-Y. Woo
Keyword(s):  
Medial Collateral Ligament ◽  
Viscoelastic Properties ◽  
Analytical Approach ◽  
Cruciate Ligament ◽  
Collateral Ligament ◽  
Future Studies ◽  
Linear Viscoelastic ◽  
Viscoelastic Theory ◽  
Anterior Cruciate ◽  
Linear Viscoelastic Theory

Abstract The time and history dependent viscoelastic properties have been determined for the normal medial collateral ligament (MCL) of canine (Woo, 1981), porcine anterior cruciate ligament (Kwan, 1993), and human patellar tendon in a cadaver model (Johnson, 1994). The objective of this study was to use a combined experimental and analytical approach to quantify the viscoelastic properties of the intact MCL in a goat model. A thorough understanding of the viscoelastic properties at low strain levels is necessary to future studies of the healing MCL. The quasi-linear viscoelastic theory (QLV) (Fung, 1972) was used to characterize the properties of the MCL during stress relaxation.

The Time and History-Dependent Viscoelastic Properties of the Canine Medial Collateral Ligament

1981 ◽  
Vol 103 (4) ◽  
pp. 293-298 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. L.-Y. Woo ◽  
M. A. Gomez ◽  
W. H. Akeson
Keyword(s):  
Medial Collateral Ligament ◽  
Viscoelastic Properties ◽  
Cyclic Stress ◽  
Elastic Response ◽  
Collateral Ligament ◽  
Stress Strain ◽  
Linear Viscoelastic ◽  
Viscoelastic Theory ◽  
Linear Viscoelastic Theory

The viscoelastic properties of the canine medial collateral ligament (MCL) were investigated. Stress-strain relationships at different strain rates, long-term stress relaxation and cyclic stress-strain curves of the MCL were obtained experimentally using a bone-MCL-bone preparation. The experimental data were used in conjunction with the quasi-linear viscoelastic theory as proposed by Fung [15] to characterize the reduced relaxation function, G(t) and elastic response σe (ε) of this tissue. It was found that the quasi-linear viscoelastic theory can adequately describe the time and history-dependent rheological properties of the canine medial collateral ligament.

Ultrastructure of Ligament Extracellular Matrix After Chondroitinase ABC Digestion

1988 ◽  
Vol 46 ◽  
pp. 250-251
Author(s):  
D. F. Bray ◽  
C. Frank
Keyword(s):  
Extracellular Matrix ◽  
New Zealand ◽  
Osmium Tetroxide ◽  
Caproic Acid ◽  
Ground Substance ◽  
Collateral Ligaments ◽  
Ethanol Dehydration ◽  
Chondroitinase Abc ◽  
Major Drawback ◽  
New Zealand White Rabbits

The cationic stain ruthenium hexammine trichloride (RHT) has been utilized as a connective tissue stain primarily due to its ability to stabilize and stain anionically-charged glycosaminoglycans (GAGs). A major drawback of this procedure however is that the increased preservation and visibility of the GAGs obscures other RHT-stained constituents of the “ground substance”. In order to more readily visualize these non-GAG ground substance components ligament tissue was pre-treated with chondroitinase ABC, an enzyme that removes most, if not all of the GAGs present.Segments of the midsubstance of medial collateral ligaments (MCL) of mature New Zealand white rabbits were excised and incubated 1 hat 37°C in chondroitinase ABC (1 U/ml in 0.25M Tris, 0.18M NaCl, 5mM benzamidine HC1, 0. 1. 6-amino-n-caproic acid, pH 8.0) followed by fixation in Na-cacodylate (0.1M, pH 7.4) buffered glutaraldehyde (2.5%) containing RHT (lmg/ml) for 2.5 h. Post-fixation for 1 h in cacodylate-buffered osmium tetroxide (1%) plus RHT (lmg/ml) preceded ethanol dehydration and embedding in Spurr's resin.

The Medial Collateral Ligaments of the Human Ankle Joint: Anatomical Variations

1998 ◽  
Vol 19 (5) ◽  
pp. 289-292 ◽  
Author(s):  
Clare Elizabeth Milner ◽  
Roger William Soames
Keyword(s):  
Ankle Joint ◽  
Medial Collateral Ligament ◽  
Anatomical Variations ◽  
Collateral Ligaments ◽  
Collateral Ligament ◽  
Human Ankle

This study aimed to investigate anatomical variations within the medial collateral ligament complex of the human ankle joint. Osteoligamentous preparations of 40 ankles from 20 cadavers were studied. Six different component bands of the medial collateral ligament complex were observed: four superficial bands (tibiospring, tibionavicular, superficial posterior tibiotalar, and tibiocalcaneal ligaments), of which only the tibiospring and tibionavicular ligaments were constant, and two deep bands (deep posterior tibiotalar and deep anterior tibiotalar ligaments), of which only the deep posterior tibiotalar ligament was constant. No pattern was observed in the distribution of additional bands. A consistent and universally accepted system for naming the various bands of the medial collateral ligament is necessary to enable easy and accurate comparisons between studies. We suggest that this system should be based on the attachments of the ligaments.

scholarly journals The Influence of Medial Collateral Ligament and Lateral Collateral Ligament Pie Crusting in Primary Total Knee Arthroplasty on Patient Reported Outcomes

2021 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Ethan Cornwell ◽  
Evan R. Deckard ◽  
Kevin A. Sonn ◽  
R. Michael Meneghini
Keyword(s):  
Total Knee Arthroplasty ◽  
Knee Arthroplasty ◽  
Medial Collateral Ligament ◽  
Lateral Collateral Ligament ◽  
Activity Level ◽  
Collateral Ligaments ◽  
Collateral Ligament ◽  
Study Results ◽  
Patient Reported ◽  
Total Knee

Background and Hypothesis: Pie-crusting of the collateral ligaments can help achieve balanced gaps in total knee arthroplasty (TKA) in knees with varus or valgus deformity. However, the effect of this technique on patient-reported outcome measures (PROMs) is unknown.  The purpose of this study was to compare PROMs following primary TKA for patients with and without medial collateral ligament (MCL) or lateral collateral ligament (LCL) pie-crusting. Experimental Design or Project Methods: We retrospectively reviewed 1,305 primary TKAs. Intraoperative MCL or LCL pie-crusting was documented in all operative reports and recorded. Prospectively collected preoperative, 4-month postoperative, and minimum 1-year postoperative PROMs related to overall knee health, pain during functional activities, activity level, and overall satisfaction were compiled and compared between patients with and without MCL or LCL pie-crusting.  Medians were evaluated with Kruskal-Wallis test adjusted for ties. Results: The cohort was 67% female with mean age 66 years and BMI 34.0 kg/m2. MCL or LCL pie-crusting was performed in 13.0% of the cohort.  There were no intraoperative or postoperative ruptures of the MCL or LCL. 6.3% of conforming bearing TKAs required a collateral ligament pie crusting versus 21.5% of standard bearing TKA (p<0.001). No significant differences were found in preoperative, 4-month, minimum 1-year, or change from preoperative baseline to minimum 1-year PROMs with and without pie-crusting of the collateral ligaments (p≥0.095).  However, the LCL pie-crusting group had slightly better PROMs at minimum 1-year. Conclusion and Potential Impact: These study results corroborate existing literature that pie-crusting of collateral ligaments is safe and effective to achieve a balanced TKA.  Additionally, no significant outcome differences were found between groups with and without MCL or LCL pie-crusting. However, LCL pie-crusting for valgus knee correction had slightly better PROMs.  Interestingly, conforming bearings may impart enhanced stability and mitigate the need for pie-crusting ligament releases in TKA.

An Experimental and Analytical Evaluation of the Nonlinear Viscoelastic Properties of the Healing Medial Collateral Ligament in a Goat Model

2003 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. D. Abramowitch ◽  
T. D. Clineff ◽  
R. E. Debski ◽  
S. L.-Y. Woo
Keyword(s):  
Stress Relaxation ◽  
Medial Collateral Ligament ◽  
Viscoelastic Properties ◽  
Soft Tissues ◽  
Viscoelastic Behavior ◽  
Collateral Ligament ◽  
Relaxation Experiment ◽  
Nonlinear Viscoelastic ◽  
Linear Viscoelastic Behavior ◽  
Linear Viscoelastic

The medial collateral ligament (MCL) is one of the most frequently injured ligaments in the knee. Although it can heal spontaneously after rupture, laboratory studies have shown that the mechanical properties of the healing MCL remain inferior to normal for up to two years after injury (1). Additionally, the healing MCL has been shown to display increased amounts of stress relaxation and creep (2). In order to more completely describe the viscoelastic properties of healing ligaments, we propose to use the Quasi-Linear Viscoelastic (QLV) theory formulated by Fung (1972). This theory has been used to successfully describe the viscoelastic properties of many soft-tissues (3). Recently, our research center has developed an improved approach to determine the constants describing the QLV theory based on data collected from a stress relaxation experiment that utilizes a slow strain rate during loading. This approach allows for experimental errors that commonly result from fast strain rates to be avoided (ex. overshoot) (4). Therefore, the objective of this study were to use this new approach to determine the constants describing the quasi-linear viscoelastic behavior of the healing goat MCL at 12 weeks after injury.

Experimental Evaluation of Mechanical Properties of Mid-substance and Insertion Part of Medial Collateral Ligament

2000 ◽  
Vol 2000.2 (0) ◽  
pp. 243-244
Author(s):  
Masaki KABAYAMA ◽  
Takahiro OKITA ◽  
Sota YAMAMOTO ◽  
Eiichi TANAKA ◽  
Janusz KAJZER
Keyword(s):  
Mechanical Properties ◽  
Medial Collateral Ligament ◽  
Experimental Evaluation ◽  
Collateral Ligament
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