scholarly journals Ganglion cell discharge and proximal negativity in the pigeon retina.

1977 ◽  
Vol 270 (2) ◽  
pp. 239-251 ◽  
Author(s):  
A L Holden
Keyword(s):  
Ganglion Cell ◽  
Cell Discharge ◽  
Pigeon Retina

Enkephalin-immunoreactive ganglion cells in the pigeon retina

1992 ◽  
Vol 9 (3-4) ◽  
pp. 389-398 ◽  
Author(s):  
Luiz R. G. Britto ◽  
Dȃnia E. Hamassaki-Britto
Keyword(s):  
Ganglion Cell ◽  
Retinal Ganglion Cells ◽  
Optic Tectum ◽  
Ganglion Cell Layer ◽  
Ganglion Cells ◽  
Cell Layer ◽  
Neural Retina ◽  
Retinal Ganglion ◽  
Complete Elimination ◽  
Pigeon Retina

AbstractA small number of enkephalin-like immunoreactive cells were observed in the ganglion cell layer of the pigeon retina. Many of these neurons were identified as ganglion cells, since they were retrogradely labeled after injections of fluorescent latex microspheres in the contralateral optic tectum. These ganglion cells were mainly distributed in the inferior retina, and their soma sizes ranged from 12–26 μm in the largest axis. The enkephalin-containing ganglion cells appear to represent only a very small percentage of the ganglion cells projecting to the optic tectum (less than 0.1%). Two to 7 weeks after removal of the neural retina, there was an almost complete elimination of an enkephalin-like immunoreactive plexus in layer 3 of the contralateral, rostrodorsal optic tectum. These data provide evidence for the existence of a population of enkephalinergic retinal ganglion cells with projections to the optic tectum.

The effects of 2-amino-4-phosphonobutyric acid (APB) on the ERG and ganglion cell discharge of rabbit retina

1983 ◽  
Vol 23 (12) ◽  
pp. 1607-1613 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stephen C. Massey ◽  
Dianna A. Redburn ◽  
M.L.J. Crawford
Keyword(s):  
Ganglion Cell ◽  
Rabbit Retina ◽  
Cell Discharge

scholarly journals Retinal mechanisms of visual adaptation in the skate.

1975 ◽  
Vol 65 (4) ◽  
pp. 483-502 ◽  
Author(s):  
D G Green ◽  
J E Dowling ◽  
I M Siegel ◽  
H Ripps
Keyword(s):  
Ganglion Cell ◽  
Cell Activity ◽  
Receptor Potential ◽  
Visual Adaptation ◽  
Cell Discharge ◽  
Cell Responses ◽  
Electrical Potentials ◽  
Rate Of Recovery ◽  
Network Mechanism ◽  
Different Levels

Electrical potentials were recorded from different levels within the skate retina. Comparing the adaptive properties of the various responses revealed that the isolated receptor potential and the S-potential always exhibited similar changes in sensitivity, and that the b-wave and ganglion-cell thresholds acted in concert. However, the two sets of responses behaved differently under certain conditions. For example, a dimly iluminated background that had no measurable effect on the senitivities of either of the distal responses, raised significantly the thresholds of both the b-wave and the ganglion cell responses. In addition, the rate of recovery during the early, "neural" phase of dark adaptation was significantly faster for the receptor and S-potentials than for the b-wave or ganglion cell discharge. These results indicate that there is an adaptive ("network") mechanism in the retina which can influence significantly b-wave and gaglion cell activity and which behaves independently of the receptors and horizontal cells. We conclude that visual adaptation in the skate retina is regulated by a combination of receptoral and network mechanisms.

scholarly journals S-Potentials in the Skate Retina

1971 ◽  
Vol 58 (2) ◽  
pp. 163-189 ◽  
Author(s):  
John E. Dowling ◽  
Harris Ripps
Keyword(s):  
Membrane Potential ◽  
Ganglion Cell ◽  
Dark Adaptation ◽  
Membrane Potentials ◽  
Horizontal Cells ◽  
Photic Stimulation ◽  
Visual Adaptation ◽  
Cell Discharge ◽  
Background Fields ◽  
Potential Level

The S-potentials recorded intracellularly from the all-rod retina of the skate probably arise from the large horizontal cells situated directly below the layer of receptors. These cells hyperpolarize in response to light, irrespective of stimulus wavelength, and the responses in photopic as well as scotopic conditions were found to be subserved by a single photopigment with λmax = 500 nm. The process of adaptation was studied by recording simultaneously the threshold responses and membrane potentials of S-units during both light and dark adaptation. The findings indicate that the sensitivity of S-units, whether measured upon steady background fields or in the course of dark adaptation, exhibits changes similar to those demonstrated previously for the ERG b-wave and ganglion cell discharge. However, the membrane potential level of the S-unit and its sensitivity to photic stimulation varied independently for all the adapting conditions tested. It appears, therefore, that visual adaptation in the skate retina occurs before the S-unit is reached, i.e., at the receptors themselves.

scholarly journals Visual Adaptation in the Retina of the Skate

1970 ◽  
Vol 56 (4) ◽  
pp. 491-520 ◽  
Author(s):  
John E. Dowling ◽  
Harris Ripps
Keyword(s):  
Ganglion Cell ◽  
Light Adaptation ◽  
Cell Activity ◽  
Absolute Threshold ◽  
Close Correlation ◽  
Slow Recovery ◽  
Raja Erinacea ◽  
Cell Discharge ◽  
Fundus Reflectometry

The electroretinogram (ERG) and single-unit ganglion cell activity were recorded from the eyecup of the skate (Raja erinacea and R. oscellata), and the adaptation properties of both types of response compared with in situ rhodopsin measurements obtained by fundus reflectometry. Under all conditions tested, the b-wave of the ERG and the ganglion cell discharge showed identical adaptation properties. For example, after flash adaptation that bleached 80% of the rhodopsin, neither ganglion cell nor b-wave activity could be elicited for 10–15 min. Following this unresponsive period, thresholds fell rapidly; by 20 min after the flash, sensitivity was within 3 log units of the dark-adapted level. Further recovery of threshold was slow, requiring an additional 70–90 min to reach absolute threshold. Measurements of rhodopsin levels showed a close correlation with the slow recovery of threshold that occurred between 20 and 120 min of dark adaptation; there is a linear relation between rhodopsin concentration and log threshold. Other experiments dealt with the initial unresponsive period induced by light adaptation. The duration of this unresponsive period depended on the brightness of the adapting field; with bright backgrounds, suppression of retinal activity lasted 20–25 min, but sensitivity subsequently returned and thresholds fell to a steady-state value. At all background levels tested, increment thresholds were linearly related to background luminance.

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