Coagulation-Flocculation in Water Treatment using Calotropis Procera Leaves: A case study of River in Kaduna, Nigeria

2014 ◽  
Vol 67 (4) ◽  
Author(s):  
Jibrin Mohammed Danlami ◽  
Agus Arsad ◽  
Muhammad Abbas Ahmad Zaini ◽  
Abdullahi Mohammed Evuti ◽  
Ankeli Ogbole
Keyword(s):  
Particle Size ◽  
Water Treatment ◽  
Treatment Time ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
World Health ◽  
Calotropis Procera ◽  
Sampling Location ◽  
Water And Wastewater Treatment ◽  
Constant Weight ◽  
Treated Water

This research was carried out to evaluate the effectiveness Calotropis procera leaves as an alternative to the use of chemicals as coagulants in water treatment. Calotropis procera leaves were plugged, washed with distilled water, cut into small pieces and then dried in an oven to a constant weight. After which the leaves were grinded into various particle sizes of 1 mm, 2 mm and 0.71 mm. Raw water from River Kaduna at Kabala and Kakuri areas within Kaduna metropolis were treated with different samples classified based on the dried Calotropis procera leaves particle size and weight, sampling location and the treatment time. The physico-chemical characteristics of the treated samples were all within the allowable standard by World Health Organization (WHO). The results show that the treated water sample D with 0.71 mm particle size and 40 g weight of the dried Calotropis procera leaves gave the highest percentage reduction in turbidity. Treatment of the samples with Calotropis procera leaves gave a significant reduction in coliform count from 21 per 100 ml to 1 per 100 ml in treated water samples E and F. This study shows that Calotropis procera can be used as a low-cost, environmentally friendly substitute coagulant for water and wastewater treatment.

scholarly journals Recent Achievements in Polymer Bio-Based Flocculants for Water Treatment

Materials ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 13 (18) ◽  
pp. 3951 ◽  
Author(s):  
Piotr Maćczak ◽  
Halina Kaczmarek ◽  
Marta Ziegler-Borowska
Keyword(s):  
Water Treatment ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Synthetic Polymers ◽  
Test Methods ◽  
Natural Polymers ◽  
Treatment Technology ◽  
Water And Wastewater Treatment ◽  
Separation Processes ◽  
Factors Affecting ◽  
Solid Liquid

Polymer flocculants are used to promote solid–liquid separation processes in potable water and wastewater treatment. Recently, bio-based flocculants have received a lot of attention due to their superior advantages over conventional synthetic polymers or inorganic agents. Among natural polymers, polysaccharides show many benefits such as biodegradability, non-toxicity, ability to undergo different chemical modifications, and wide accessibility from renewable sources. The following article provides an overview of bio-based flocculants and their potential application in water treatment, which may be an indication to look for safer alternatives compared to synthetic polymers. Based on the recent literature, a new approach in searching for biopolymer flocculants sources, flocculation mechanisms, test methods, and factors affecting this process are presented. Particular attention is paid to flocculants based on starch, cellulose, chitosan, and their derivatives because they are low-cost and ecological materials, accepted in industrial practice. New trends in water treatment technology, including biosynthetic polymers, nanobioflocculants, and stimulant-responsive flocculants are also considered.

scholarly journals Potential Impacts on Treated Water Quality of Recycling Dewatered Sludge Supernatant during Harmful Cyanobacterial Blooms

Toxins ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (2) ◽  
pp. 99
Author(s):  
Kanarat Pinkanjananavee ◽  
Swee J. Teh ◽  
Tomofumi Kurobe ◽  
Chelsea H. Lam ◽  
Franklin Tran ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Water Quality ◽  
Water Treatment ◽  
Environmental Protection Agency ◽  
Cyanobacterial Bloom ◽  
The United States ◽  
Cyanobacterial Blooms ◽  
World Health ◽  
Treated Water ◽  
Cell Counts ◽  
Dewatered Sludge

Cyanobacterial blooms and the associated release of cyanotoxins pose problems for many conventional water treatment plants due to their limited removal by typical unit operations. In this study, a conventional water treatment process consisting of coagulation, flocculation, sedimentation, filtration, and sludge dewatering was assessed in lab-scale experiments to measure the removal of microcystin-LR and Microcystis aeruginosa cells using liquid chromatography with mass spectrometer (LC-MS) and a hemacytometer, respectively. The overall goal was to determine the effect of recycling cyanotoxin-laden dewatered sludge supernatant on treated water quality. The lab-scale experimental system was able to maintain the effluent water quality below relevant the United States Environmental Protection Agency (US EPA) and World Health Organisation (WHO) standards for every parameter analyzed at influent concentrations of M. aeruginosa above 106 cells/mL. However, substantial increases of 0.171 NTU (Nephelometric Turbidity Unit), 7 × 104 cells/L, and 0.26 µg/L in turbidity, cyanobacteria cell counts, and microcystin-LR concentration were observed at the time of dewatered supernatant injection. Microcystin-LR concentrations of 1.55 µg/L and 0.25 µg/L were still observed in the dewatering process over 24 and 48 h, respectively, after the initial addition of M.aeruginosa cells, suggesting the possibility that a single cyanobacterial bloom may affect the filtered water quality long after the bloom has dissipated when sludge supernatant recycling is practiced.

Removal of microbes to World Health Organization requirements using a locally developed, low cost, micro-porous, ceramic water filter

2014 ◽  
Vol 4 (4) ◽  
pp. 620-624 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. J. Simonis ◽  
A. K. Basson ◽  
T. Selepe
Keyword(s):  
Water Treatment ◽  
World Health Organization ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Porous Ceramic ◽  
Cryptosporidium Oocyst ◽  
Ceramic Filter ◽  
World Health ◽  
The World ◽  
Infective Dose ◽  
Health Organization

The quality of drinking water can no longer be taken for granted and has been the subject of tremendous attention from pressure groups and the media due to poor service delivery in South Africa. Furthermore, many of the older water treatment plants are incapable of effectively reducing microbes to safe levels. Unfortunately there are various definitions of ‘safe’. The South African government considers 10 or less viable Cryptosporidium oocysts an infective dose, while the USA and UK governments believe that one viable Cryptosporidium oocyst is an infective dose. To add to the confusion the World Health Organization recommends above 99.99% microbial reduction as safe. In Africa it really depends on how compromised your immune system is and age and nutritional level at the time of consumption of contaminated water. How can anyone protect themselves from consuming water contaminated with pathogenic microorganisms? The ceramic filter offers the poor a simple, effective and economical way of producing potable water. We report on the successful testing of a low-cost, locally produced ceramic filter (OUTBAC) with removal efficiencies in excess of 99.99% that therefore meets the World Health Organization household water treatment system criterion for safe water for a family of five at an affordable cost per year.

Characterization of microparticles in raw, treated, and distributed waters by means of elemental and particle size analyses

2004 ◽  
Vol 50 (12) ◽  
pp. 71-78 ◽  
Author(s):  
T. Inoue ◽  
Y. Matsui ◽  
Y. Terada ◽  
K. Baba ◽  
T. Matsushita
Keyword(s):  
Particle Size ◽  
Water Treatment ◽  
Suspended Solids ◽  
Suspended Particles ◽  
Raw Water ◽  
Sand Filtration ◽  
Treated Water ◽  
Al Content ◽  
Solids Concentration ◽  
Distribution Process

The elemental composition and particle size distribution of suspended particles in raw water, treated water, and distributed water were determined to understand the behavior of particles during the water treatment-distribution process. The weight of suspended particles collected on a 0.6-µm filter was 1.1 times (raw water), 1.4 times (treated water), and 1.5 times (distributed water) that collected on a 2.7-μ;m filter, suggesting that smaller particles may remain after conventional water treatment. Organic suspended particles were removed less efficiently than inorganic suspended particles. After sand filtration, the Al content in the fixed suspended solids (FSS) markedly increased, indicating that either a small percentage of aluminium floc passed through during sand filtration or dissolved aluminum precipitated after sand filtration. The Mn and Fe concentrations increased after chlorination. The percentages of carbon and nitrogen in the volatile suspended solids (VSS) were roughly the same in the raw, treated, and distributed waters. The carbon/nitrogen/phosphate/VSS ratios indicated that the VSS of the suspended particles consisted of organic matter originating from microorganisms. The major constituents of the FSS in the treated and distributed waters were compounds of Fe, Al, Ca, Mg, and Mn, but these compounds accounted for only 16% or less of the FSS in raw water, indicating the existence of Si compounds. In distribution pipes, the total suspended solids concentration, especially the FSS concentration, was higher than that of water just after treatment. The Fe concentration in distributed water increased, probably due to oxidation and rusting of iron pipes.

scholarly journals Evaluation of the Efficiency and Quality of the Water of the Al-Hartha Water Treatment Plant in Basra City

2020 ◽  
Vol 15 (1) ◽  
pp. 75-86
Author(s):  
Ahmed Sadiq Al Chalabi ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Water Quality ◽  
Water Treatment ◽  
Ph Value ◽  
Treatment Plant ◽  
Water Treatment Plant ◽  
World Health Organisation ◽  
World Health ◽  
Treated Water ◽  
Sedimentation Basins ◽  
Physical And Chemical

This study was conducted on the Al-Hartha Water Treatment Plant (HWTP), the largest water treatment plant in the city of Basra, during the period from December 2017 to March 2018. This study gives a description of the units and components of the HWTP, and aimed to evaluate the efficiency of the plant by calculating the efficiency of its sedimentation, filtration and sterilisation basins. Additionally, it aimed to examine its water quality by examining the physical and chemical characteristics of the raw water and treated water at this plant and then comparing the findings with the World Health Organisation (WHO) and Iraqi standard limitations. The results of this study showed that the efficiency of the sedimentation basins is 57%, while the efficiency of the filtration basins is 13.3%, and the sterilisation efficiency ranges from 27 to 50%. The laboratory results for the treated water quality have shown that the turbidity is equal to 12.8 NTU, electrical conductivity (EC) is equal to 7750 µs/cm, the total salt concentration of the total dissolved solids (TDS) is equal to 5200 mg/l, and the concentration of the total suspended solids (TSS) is equal to 65 mg/l of the water outside from the HWTP. All these water quality results are higher than the WHO and Iraqi standard limitations, except the pH value of 6.95, which is within the permissible limits.

scholarly journals LOW-COST DOMESTIC WASTE WATER TREATMENT AND ANALYSIS

2021 ◽  
Vol 6 (4) ◽  
Author(s):  
Rasika G. Pande ◽  
Sayali R. Pardeshi ◽  
Alte P.D. ◽  
Mayur R Choudhari ◽  
Shweta V. Bawaskar ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Waste Water ◽  
Water Treatment ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Waste Water Treatment ◽  
Treatment System ◽  
Domestic Waste ◽  
Water Treatment System ◽  
Treated Water ◽  
Chemical Impurities ◽  
Physical And Chemical

The motive of this paper to prepare some systematic low-priced and sustainable domestic waste water treatment system for household. To acquire this objective we collected samples from the household kitchen sink, basin, laundry etc. From the conclusion we learned that the tested parameters like BOD, COD, TDS, etc. displayed high removal of physical and chemical impurities. The treated water can be used for purposes such as irrigation, car washing, Flushing, etc.

scholarly journals Effectiveness of solar disinfection for household water treatment: an experimental and modeling study

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Md. Rezaul Karim ◽  
Md. Habibur Rahman Bejoy Khan ◽  
Md. Abu-Sa-Ad Akash ◽  
Shahriar Shams
Keyword(s):  
Drinking Water ◽  
Water Treatment ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Weibull Model ◽  
Bacterial Inactivation ◽  
Household Water Treatment ◽  
Treated Water ◽  
Solar Disinfection ◽  
Pet Bottles ◽  
Household Water

Abstract Solar disinfection (SODIS) is a simple and low-cost household water treatment (HWT) option used for disinfection of drinking water. In this study, the bacterial inactivation potential of SODIS was evaluated under the solar irradiance observed in different seasons in Bangladesh according to WHO evaluation protocol of HWT, and the SODIS experiments were conducted for both transmissive and reflective reactors using PET bottles and plastic bags. In summer, log reduction value (LRV) more than 5 was observed for the transmissive PET reactors for 6 to 8 hr exposure to sunlight and the treated water complied with the microbial standard of zero colony forming units/100 mL in drinking water. In monsoon and winter, LRV > 4 can be achieved for 16 hr and 8 hr exposure to sunlight, respectively, using reflective reactors. The plastic bag was found to be more effective than PET. A safe exposure time was estimated from the Weibull model to be maintained for SODIS application to achieve 4.0 LRV and also to prevent the re-growth of microorganisms in the treated water. A significant re-growth of microorganisms was observed in the treated water, thus SODIS with other HWT processes can be recommended for use in communities with an unsafe drinking water supply.

MASALAH DAN ALTERNATIF TEKNOLOGI PENGOLAHAN AIR UNTUK MASYARAKAT MISKIN KOTA

2018 ◽  
Vol 6 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Arie Herlambang
Keyword(s):  
Water Treatment ◽  
Ground Water ◽  
Potable Water ◽  
Diarrheal Disease ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Clean Water ◽  
Treatment Technology ◽  
Alternative Technologies ◽  
The Poor ◽  
Daily Water

Clean water to poor communities who live in crowded municipal area is stillexpensive and a luxury. This condition is evidenced by the number of people whouse ground water for their daily water, because water taps still seems expensivefor them. Diarrheal disease is still relatively high for Indonesia, where nearly 16thousand people suffer from diarrhea due to poor sanitation. To help the poor inthe city, there are several alternative technologies that can be applied to publicaccess to clean water and adequate low-cost, including ground water treatmenttechnology with a filter system equipped with an ultraviolet sterilizer, or ozonegenerators, or using ultrafiltration, if possible can also use the reverse osmosismembrane that for fresh water. Arsinum is the best alternative should be chosenfor fulfilled potable water in slump area.Keywords : Sanitation, water treatment technology, portable water, low-cost, slump area

scholarly journals Magnetic iron oxide/clay nanocomposites for adsorption and catalytic oxidation in water treatment applications

2020 ◽  
Vol 18 (1) ◽  
pp. 1148-1166
Author(s):  
Ganjar Fadillah ◽  
Septian Perwira Yudha ◽  
Suresh Sagadevan ◽  
Is Fatimah ◽  
Oki Muraza
Keyword(s):  
Iron Oxide ◽  
Water Treatment ◽  
Photocatalytic Oxidation ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Synthesis Method ◽  
Chemical Oxidation ◽  
Magnetic Iron Oxide ◽  
Oxidation Processes ◽  
Recent Developments ◽  
Physical And Chemical

AbstractPhysical and chemical methods have been developed for water and wastewater treatments. Adsorption is an attractive method due to its simplicity and low cost, and it has been widely employed in industrial treatment. In advanced schemes, chemical oxidation and photocatalytic oxidation have been recognized as effective methods for wastewater-containing organic compounds. The use of magnetic iron oxide in these methods has received much attention. Magnetic iron oxide nanocomposite adsorbents have been recognized as favorable materials due to their stability, high adsorption capacities, and recoverability, compared to conventional sorbents. Magnetic iron oxide nanocomposites have also been reported to be effective in photocatalytic and chemical oxidation processes. The current review has presented recent developments in techniques using magnetic iron oxide nanocomposites for water treatment applications. The review highlights the synthesis method and compares modifications for adsorbent, photocatalytic oxidation, and chemical oxidation processes. Future prospects for the use of nanocomposites have been presented.

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