Antimicrobial resistance of Salmonella and generic Escherichia coli isolated from surface water samples used for recreation and a source of drinking water in southwestern Ontario, Canada

2020 ◽  
Vol 67 (5) ◽  
pp. 566-575 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stefanie Kadykalo ◽  
Janis Thomas ◽  
E. Jane Parmley ◽  
Katarina Pintar ◽  
Manon Fleury
Keyword(s):  
Escherichia Coli ◽  
Drinking Water ◽  
Surface Water ◽  
Antimicrobial Resistance ◽  
Water Samples ◽  
Surface Water Samples

Occurrence of 1,4-dioxane and MTBE in drinking water sources in Japan

2006 ◽  
Vol 6 (2) ◽  
pp. 47-53 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. Simazaki ◽  
M. Asami ◽  
T. Nishimura ◽  
S. Kunikane ◽  
T. Aizawa ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Drinking Water ◽  
Surface Water ◽  
Water Samples ◽  
Quality Standards ◽  
Raw Water ◽  
Water Quality Standards ◽  
Butyl Ether ◽  
Water Treatment Plants ◽  
Standard Value ◽  
Surface Water Samples

Nationwide surveys of 1,4-dioxane and methyl-t-butyl ether (MTBE) levels in raw water used for the drinking water supply were conducted at 91 water treatment plants in Japan in 2001 and 2002, prior to the revision of the drinking water quality standards. 1,4-dioxane was widely and continuously detected in raw water samples and its occurrence was more frequent and its concentrations higher in groundwater than in surface water. However, its maximum concentration in raw water was much lower than its new standard value (50 μg/L), which was determined as a level of 10−5 excessive cancer risk to humans. Trace levels of MTBE were also detected in several surface water samples.

scholarly journals Evaluation of laboratory methods for the analysis of microcystins

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rehana Shabnam
Keyword(s):  
Drinking Water ◽  
Surface Water ◽  
Water Samples ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Test System ◽  
Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay ◽  
Tier 2 ◽  
Liquid Chromatography Tandem Mass ◽  
Protein Phosphatase Inhibition ◽  
Surface Water Samples

Finding low cost, rapid tests to monitor microcystins in water is paramount to protect environmental and public health worldwide. Bioassays like Protein Phosphatase Inhibition Assay (PPIA) and Enzyme-linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA) have many advantages over liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). Analytical cost per sample was found to be $136 by ELISA and $365 by LC-MS/MS. An agreement of 76% was found between ELISA and LC-MS/MS results from 2010 to 2012 (n=854) on the basis of Method Detection Limits (MDLs). Among samples with LC-MS/MS results >1.5μg/L, ELISA missed 3 samples in 2010, 1 in 2011 and none in 2012. Correlation between PP2A and ELISA was strong (R2=0.8155, p=0.8054, n=27) in surface water samples but non-existent in drinking water (R2=0.0366, p=0.0665, n=38). PP2A was found useful for monitoring non-coloured surface water but not for drinking water. A 2-tier test system is proposed: tier-1 ELISA and tier-2 PP2A for surface water samples.

scholarly journals Virulence Factors and Antimicrobial Resistance Profile of Escherichia coli Isolated from Nursery Piglets and Drinking Water

2018 ◽  
Vol 46 (1) ◽  
pp. 6
Author(s):  
Carolina Maciel Malgarin ◽  
Karine Ludwig Takeuti ◽  
Anne Caroline de Lara ◽  
David Emilio Santos Neves de Barcellos
Keyword(s):  
Escherichia Coli ◽  
Drinking Water ◽  
Antimicrobial Resistance ◽  
Virulence Factors ◽  
Water Samples ◽  
Rectal Swab ◽  
Swine Industry ◽  
E Coli ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Rectal Swabs

Background: One of the most frequent health problems in the swine industry is the post-weaning diarrhea in nursery pigs, which leads to significant losses due to weight loss, dehydration, cost of medication and mortality. Escherichia coli  (E. coli) is one of the main bacterial agents of the post-weaning diarrhea. To investigate the possibility of enterotoxigenic  E. coli (ETEC) transmission through drinking water to nursery piglets, the objective of this study was to isolate, characterize by virulence factors, and compare the antimicrobial resistance profiles of E. coli from drinking water samples in nurseries and from rectal swabs of their piglets presenting post-weaning colibacillosis.Materials, Methods & Results: Fifteen rectal swabs from diarrheic piglets in their first three weeks after weaning and one water sample were collected from each of ten nurseries located in Rio Grande do Sul State, south of Brazil. After enrichment with a commercial broth medium, water samples were cultured in blood agar, as well as the rectal swab samples, and the characteristic colonies were identified by standard biochemical analysis. Following isolation and identification of E. coli, the colonies from water samples and their corresponding piglets’ samples were characterized by multiplex PCR in order to determine specific ETEC fimbria and toxin genes. Finally, all E. coli isolates were submitted to antimicrobial susceptibility testing. Virulence factors and antimicrobial sensitivity could then be compared between water and piglets’ samples. The difference in the antimicrobial resistance frequency for each of the sample groups were compared using the multi comparison test. E. coli was isolated in four out of the ten water samples, although none of the water samples presented ETEC virulence factors. From 60 rectal swab samples (15 from each of the four positive farms with E. coli isolated from water samples), 21 E. coli were isolated and seven demonstrated characteristic ETEC virulence factors. The fimbriae exhibited in higher frequency were F18 (62.5%) and F4 (25%) and the toxins were STb (100%) and STaP (75%). E. coli isolated from water samples presented higher resistance to the antimicrobials apramycin, florfenicol, lincomycin, lincomycin+spectinomycin, oxytetracycline, and sulfamethoxazole+trimethoprim; it did not present resistance to colistin and fosfomycin. The seven ETEC from rectal swab samples presented a higher resistance to lincomycin, and lower resistance frequency to fosfomycin. The other 14 E. coli non-ETEC from rectal swab samples presented a higher resistance to florfenicol and no resistance to colistin.Discussion: Enterotoxigenic E. coli is an important agent causing post-weaning colibacillosis, although, differently from other studies, this experiment did not find the agent in most of the sampled animals. In contrast to other authors, ETEC was not found in water, as the development of its virulence factors may depend on conditions presented exclusively in the animal. By the results we can conclude that, although E. coli was isolated from the drinking water, it was not a significant mechanism for nursery piglets’ infection with ETEC in this experiment. The samples analyzed presented a wide range of resistance to different antimicrobials, including multi-resistance. In some cases, E. coli found in water presented different antimicrobial profile from the bacterium found in the rectal swab samples. Enterotoxigenic E. coli was susceptible to fosfomycin and its use may represent a prudent antimicrobial choice to the swine industry.

Inexpensive, Disposable Presence-Absence Test for Coliforms and Escherichia coli in Water

1989 ◽  
Vol 52 (3) ◽  
pp. 162-164 ◽  
Author(s):  
RUBY M. LEE ◽  
PAUL A. HARTMAN
Keyword(s):  
Escherichia Coli ◽  
Surface Water ◽  
Water Samples ◽  
Most Probable Number ◽  
Well Water ◽  
Chi Square ◽  
Probable Number ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Hydrolysis Of ◽  
Surface Water Samples

Six-ounce (151-g) Whirl-Pak® bags containing 3.05 g of dehydrated Presence-Absence (P-A) Broth and 5 mg of 4-methylumbelliferyl-β-D-glucuronide (MUG) were pasteurized with 10 kGy of gamma irradiation. To conduct a “bag” P-A test, 100 ml of water sample were added to a bag. The bag was closed, the medium was dissolved by massaging the bag for about 15 sec, and the bag was then placed in a rack for incubation. The bag method was compared with P-A tests conducted in 160-ml glass bottles and 200-ml polysulfone bottles, as well as with a 5-tube Laury] Tryptose Broth (LTB) most-probable-number (MPN) method. Twenty-nine surface-water samples (11 streams, 7 rivers, and 11 lakes), 9 well-water samples, and 2 sewage effluents were examined. Chi-square analyses of the results revealed that no significant difference (P≤0.1) existed among the different P-A tests. The hydrolysis of MUG provided excellent Escherichia coli detection and was easiest to determine in the bags.

Comparison of enterotoxigenicEscherichia coliisolated from surface water and diarrhoeal stool samples in Bangladesh

2007 ◽  
Vol 53 (1) ◽  
pp. 19-26 ◽  
Author(s):  
Y A Begum ◽  
K A Talukder ◽  
G B Nair ◽  
S I Khan ◽  
A-M Svennerholm ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Escherichia Coli ◽  
Surface Water ◽  
Water Samples ◽  
Gel Electrophoresis ◽  
Water Sources ◽  
Pulsed Field Gel Electrophoresis ◽  
Enterotoxigenic Escherichia Coli ◽  
Watery Diarrhea ◽  
Pulsed Field ◽  
Surface Water Samples

Enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli (ETEC) is a common cause of bacterial infection leading to acute watery diarrhea in infants and young children. Although the prevalence of ETEC is high in Bangladesh and infections can be spread through food and contaminated water, limited information is available about ETEC in the surface water. We carried out studies to isolate ETEC from surface water samples from ponds, rivers, and a lake from a site close to field areas known to have a high incidence of diarrhea in Dhaka, Bangladesh, and Matlab, Bangladesh. ETEC strains isolated from the water sources were compared with ETEC strains isolated from patients with diarrhea at two hospitals in these areas. ETEC were isolated from 30% (45 of 150) of the samples from the surface water sources and 19% (518 of 2700) of the clinical specimens. One hundred ETEC strains isolated from patients with similar phenotypes as the environmental strains were compared for phenotypic and genotypic properties. The most common O serogroups on ETEC were O6, O25, O78, O115, and O126 in both types of strains. Pulsed-field gel electrophoresis analyses of the ETEC strains showed that multiple clones of ETEC were present within each colonization factor type and that some clones detected in the environment were also isolated from the stools of patients. The strains showed multiple and similar antibiotic resistance patterns. This study shows that ETEC is prevalent in surface water sources in Bangladesh suggesting a possible reason for the endemicity of this pathogen in Bangladesh.Key words: enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli (ETEC), surface water samples, colonization factors, pulsed-field gel electrophoresis, toxin types.

scholarly journals Occurrence, human health and ecotoxicological risk assessment of pesticides in surface waters of the River Nile's Rosetta Branch, Egypt

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Fawzy Ismail Eissa ◽  
Mahmoud Al-Sisi ◽  
Khaled Ghanem
Keyword(s):  
Risk Assessment ◽  
Drinking Water ◽  
Surface Water ◽  
Surface Waters ◽  
Water Samples ◽  
Hazard Quotient ◽  
Aquatic Organisms ◽  
Temporal Variations ◽  
Target Hazard Quotient ◽  
Surface Water Samples

Abstract In Egypt, the shortage of freshwater resources and their pollution constitutes a growing concern. Therefore, the objectives of this study were to (i) monitor the occurrence and spatiotemporal variations of 100 pesticides in surface water samples collected monthly (from July 2018 to June 2019) from El-Rahawy, Sabal, and Tala sampling sites along the Rosetta branch of the River Nile in Egypt, (ii) identify potential non-carcinogenic health risks for the local people through the lifetime consumption of contaminated drinking water, and (iii) perform an ecological risk assessment of aquatic organisms upon exposure to pesticides detected in surface waters based on the risk quotients (RQs) method. Of the 100 pesticides analyzed, 22 belonging to 11 chemical families were detected, and 75.5% of surface water samples were contaminated with one or more pesticide residues. The most frequently detected pesticide was malathion (57%), followed by chlorpyrifos (54%), atrazine (23%), and carbendazim (20%). Spatial distribution showed that the El-Rahawy site had the highest pesticide load (38.47 µg/L), and Sabal had the lowest (16.29 µg/L). Temporal variations revealed that the highest total pesticide concentrations were detected in summer (27.98 µg/L) compared to spring (23.16 µg/L), winter (19.18 µg/L), and autumn (11.85 µg/L). For non-carcinogenic risks of pesticides detected in surface water, the target hazard quotient (THQ) values were less than one. This implies that there is no potential human risk from exposure to drinking water at the sites under study. However, 13 pesticides presented high-risk quotients (RQ > 1), posing potential ecological risks to aquatic organisms.

scholarly journals Evaluation of laboratory methods for the analysis of microcystins

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rehana Shabnam
Keyword(s):  
Drinking Water ◽  
Surface Water ◽  
Water Samples ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Test System ◽  
Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay ◽  
Tier 2 ◽  
Liquid Chromatography Tandem Mass ◽  
Protein Phosphatase Inhibition ◽  
Surface Water Samples

Finding low cost, rapid tests to monitor microcystins in water is paramount to protect environmental and public health worldwide. Bioassays like Protein Phosphatase Inhibition Assay (PPIA) and Enzyme-linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA) have many advantages over liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). Analytical cost per sample was found to be $136 by ELISA and $365 by LC-MS/MS. An agreement of 76% was found between ELISA and LC-MS/MS results from 2010 to 2012 (n=854) on the basis of Method Detection Limits (MDLs). Among samples with LC-MS/MS results >1.5μg/L, ELISA missed 3 samples in 2010, 1 in 2011 and none in 2012. Correlation between PP2A and ELISA was strong (R2=0.8155, p=0.8054, n=27) in surface water samples but non-existent in drinking water (R2=0.0366, p=0.0665, n=38). PP2A was found useful for monitoring non-coloured surface water but not for drinking water. A 2-tier test system is proposed: tier-1 ELISA and tier-2 PP2A for surface water samples.

scholarly journals Bacterial diversity and predicted enzymatic function in a multipurpose surface water system – from wastewater effluent discharges to drinking water production

2021 ◽  
Vol 16 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Ananda Tiwari ◽  
Anna-Maria Hokajärvi ◽  
Jorge Santo Domingo ◽  
Michael Elk ◽  
Balamuralikrishna Jayaprakash ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Drinking Water ◽  
Surface Water ◽  
Bacterial Community ◽  
Human Health ◽  
Bacterial Diversity ◽  
Water Samples ◽  
Bacterial Communities ◽  
Treatment Process ◽  
Pollution Sources ◽  
Production Well

Abstract Background Rivers and lakes are used for multiple purposes such as for drinking water (DW) production, recreation, and as recipients of wastewater from various sources. The deterioration of surface water quality with wastewater is well-known, but less is known about the bacterial community dynamics in the affected surface waters. Understanding the bacterial community characteristics —from the source of contamination, through the watershed to the DW production process—may help safeguard human health and the environment. Results The spatial and seasonal dynamics of bacterial communities, their predicted functions, and potential health-related bacterial (PHRB) reads within the Kokemäenjoki River watershed in southwest Finland were analyzed with the 16S rRNA-gene amplicon sequencing method. Water samples were collected from various sampling points of the watershed, from its major pollution sources (sewage influent and effluent, industrial effluent, mine runoff) and different stages of the DW treatment process (pre-treatment, groundwater observation well, DW production well) by using the river water as raw water with an artificial groundwater recharge (AGR). The beta-diversity analysis revealed that bacterial communities were highly varied among sample groups (R = 0.92, p <  0.001, ANOSIM). The species richness and evenness indices were highest in surface water (Chao1; 920 ± 10) among sample groups and gradually decreased during the DW treatment process (DW production well; Chao1: 320 ± 20). Although the phylum Proteobacteria was omnipresent, its relative abundance was higher in sewage and industrial effluents (66–80%) than in surface water (55%). Phyla Firmicutes and Fusobacteria were only detected in sewage samples. Actinobacteria was more abundant in the surface water (≥13%) than in other groups (≤3%). Acidobacteria was more abundant in the DW treatment process (≥13%) than in others (≤2%). In total, the share of PHRB reads was higher in sewage and surface water than in the DW treatment samples. The seasonal effect in bacterial communities was observed only on surface water samples, with the lowest diversity during summer. Conclusions The low bacterial diversity and absence of PHRB read in the DW samples indicate AGR can produce biologically stable and microbiologically safe drinking water. Furthermore, the significantly different bacterial communities at the pollution sources compared to surface water and DW samples highlight the importance of effective wastewater treatment for protecting the environment and human health.

scholarly journals Development of Surface Molecularly Imprinted Polymers as Dispersive Solid Phase Extraction Coupled with HPLC Method for the Removal and Detection of Griseofulvin in Surface Water

2019 ◽  
Vol 17 (1) ◽  
pp. 134 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kamran Bashir ◽  
Zhimin Luo ◽  
Guoning Chen ◽  
Hua Shu ◽  
Xia Cui ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Surface Water ◽  
Solid Phase Extraction ◽  
Molecularly Imprinted Polymers ◽  
Water Samples ◽  
Solid Phase ◽  
Phase Extraction ◽  
Dispersive Solid Phase Extraction ◽  
Molecularly Imprinted ◽  
Imprinted Polymers ◽  
Surface Water Samples

Griseofulvin (GSF) is clinically employed to treat fungal infections in humans and animals. GSF was detected in surface waters as a pharmaceutical pollutant. GSF detection as an anthropogenic pollutant is considered as a possible source of drug resistance and risk factor in ecosystem. To address this concern, a new extraction and enrichment method was developed. GSF-surface molecularly imprinted polymers (GSF-SMIPs) were prepared and applied as solid phase extraction (SPE) sorbent. A dispersive solid phase extraction (DSPE) method was designed and combined with HPLC for the analysis of GSF in surface water samples. The performance of GSF-SMIPs was assessed for its potential to remove GSF from water samples. The factors affecting the removal efficiency such as sample pH and ionic strength were investigated and optimized. The DSPE conditions such as the amount of GSF-SMIPs, the extraction time, the type and volume of desorption solvents were also optimized. The established method is linear over the range of 0.1–100 µg/mL. The limits of detection and quantification were 0.01 and 0.03 µg/mL respectively. Good recoveries (91.6–98.8%) were achieved after DSPE. The intra-day and inter-day relative standard deviations were 0.8 and 4.3% respectively. The SMIPs demonstrated good removal efficiency (91.6%) as compared to powder activated carbon (67.7%). Moreover, the SMIPs can be reused 10 times for water samples. This is an additional advantage over single-use activated carbon and other commercial sorbents. This study provides a specific and sensitive method for the selective extraction and detection of GSF in surface water samples.

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