The structure of motor programming: Evidence from reaction times and lateralized readiness potentials

2014 ◽  
Vol 52 (1) ◽  
pp. 149-155 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lu Xu ◽  
Werner Sommer ◽  
Hiroaki Masaki
Keyword(s):  
Reaction Times ◽  
Motor Programming ◽  
Readiness Potentials ◽  
Lateralized Readiness Potentials

scholarly journals Avoiding sedentary behaviors requires more cortical resources than avoiding physical activity: An EEG study

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Boris Cheval ◽  
Eda Tipura ◽  
Nicolas Burra ◽  
Jaromil Frossard ◽  
Julien Chanal ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Physical Activity ◽  
Reaction Times ◽  
Event Related Potentials ◽  
Motor Preparation ◽  
Sedentary Behaviors ◽  
Conflict Monitoring ◽  
Physically Active ◽  
Readiness Potentials ◽  
Related Potentials ◽  
Lateralized Readiness Potentials

Why do individuals fail to exercise regularly despite knowledge of the risks associated with physical inactivity? Automatic processes regulating exercise behaviors may partly explain this paradox. Yet, these processes have only been investigated with behavioral paradigms based on reaction times. Here, using electroencephalography, we investigated the cortical activity underlying automatic approach and avoidance tendencies toward stimuli depicting physical activity and sedentary behaviors in 29 young adults who were physically active (n=14) or physically inactive but with the intention of becoming physically active (n=15). Behavioral results showed faster reactions when approaching physical activity compared to sedentary behaviors and when avoiding sedentary behaviors compared to physical activity. These faster reactions were more pronounced in physically active individuals and were associated with changes during sensory integration (earlier onset latency and larger positive deflection of the stimulus-locked lateralized readiness potentials) but not during motor preparation (no effect on the response-locked lateralized readiness potentials). Faster reactions when avoiding sedentary behaviors compared to physical activity were also associated with higher conflict monitoring (larger early and late N1 event-related potentials) and higher inhibition (larger N2 event-related potentials), irrespective of the usual level of physical activity. These results suggest that additional cortical resources were required to counteract an attraction to sedentary behaviors. Data and Materials [https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.1169140].

Global precedence and response activation: Evidence from LRPs

2002 ◽  
Vol 55 (1) ◽  
pp. 289-310 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jeff Miller ◽  
David Navon
Keyword(s):  
Global Precedence ◽  
Local Shape ◽  
Global Shape ◽  
Preliminary Information ◽  
Readiness Potentials ◽  
Global Advantage ◽  
Response Activation ◽  
Lateralized Readiness Potentials

Lateralized readiness potentials (LRPs) were measured in left/right/no-go tasks using compound global/local stimuli. In Experiment 1, participants responded to local target shapes and ignored global ones. RTs were affected by the congruence of the global shape with the local one, and LRPs indicated that irrelevant global shapes activated the responses with which they were associated. In Experiment 2, participants responded to conjunctions of target shapes at both levels, withholding the response if a target appeared at only one level. Global shapes activated responses in no-go trials, but local shapes did not. The results are consistent with partial-output models in which preliminary information about global shape can partially activate responses that are inconsistent with the local shape. They also demonstrate that part of the global advantage arises early, before response activation begins and probably before recognition of the local shape.

Relationships among Visual Awareness, Reaction Time, and Lateralized Readiness Potential in a Simple Reaction Time Task under the Backward Masking Paradigm

2009 ◽  
Vol 109 (1) ◽  
pp. 187-207 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kunitake Suzuki ◽  
Kuniyasu Imanaka
Keyword(s):  
Reaction Time ◽  
Visual Awareness ◽  
Reaction Time Task ◽  
Short Stimulus Onset Asynchrony ◽  
Backward Masking ◽  
Simple Reaction Time Task ◽  
Prime Stimulus ◽  
Simple Reaction ◽  
Readiness Potentials ◽  
Lateralized Readiness Potentials

The goal of the present study was to examine whether a backward masking paradigm, in which a prime and a mask stimuli were consecutively presented with a short stimulus onset asynchrony affected the time needed for either the perceptual or motor stages of processing and the simple reaction times. The times needed for the perceptual and motor stages were evaluated by measuring the stimulus-locked and response-locked lateralized readiness potentials. The results showed that the onset of the stimulus-locked lateralized readiness potentials under the backward masking paradigm took place earlier than it did under the condition of a mask stimulus presented alone, whereas the onset of the response-locked lateralized readiness potentials did not significantly differ under different stimulus conditions. These results suggested that the participants responded to the masked prime stimulus despite being unaware of the prime stimulus. This may have been mediated by facilitation of the perceptual rather than motor stages.

Functional Locus of Intensity Effects in Choice Reaction Time Tasks

2009 ◽  
Vol 23 (3) ◽  
pp. 126-134 ◽  
Author(s):  
Piotr Jaśkowski ◽  
Izabela Szumska ◽  
Edyta Sasin
Keyword(s):  
Reaction Time ◽  
Evoked Potentials ◽  
Response Selection ◽  
Visual Stimuli ◽  
Reaction Times ◽  
Auditory Stimuli ◽  
Response Choice ◽  
Selection Processes ◽  
Functional Locus ◽  
Readiness Potentials

Long reaction times (RT) paradoxically occur with extremely loud auditory stimuli ( Van der Molen & Keuss, 1979 , 1981 ) or with ultrabright and large visual stimuli ( Jaśkowski & Włodarczyk, 2006 ) when the task requires a response choice. Van der Molen and Keuss (1981 ) hypothesized that this effect results from an arousal-driven elongation of response-selection processes. We tested this hypothesis using visual stimuli and chronopsychophysiological markers. The results showed that the latency of both early (P1 recorded at Oz) and late (P300) evoked potentials decreased monotonically with intensity. In contrast, the latency of stimulus-locked lateralized readiness potentials (LRP) abruptly increased for the most intense stimuli, thus mirroring the reaction time–intensity relationship. Response-locked LRPs revealed no dependency on intensity. These findings suggest that the processes responsible for the van der Molen-Keuss effect influence processing stages that are completed before the onset of LRP. The van der Molen-Keuss effect likely occurs later than those represented by early sensory potentials. This is in keeping with the hypothesis of van der Molen-Keuss.

Speech Motor Programming in Apraxia of Speech: Evidence From a Delayed Picture-Word Interference Task

2013 ◽  
Vol 22 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Marja-Liisa Mailend ◽  
Edwin Maas
Keyword(s):  
Matched Control ◽  
Reaction Times ◽  
Motor Programming ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Apraxia Of Speech ◽  
Specific Nature ◽  
Interference Task ◽  
Motor Programs ◽  
Speech Motor ◽  
Preliminary Support

Purpose Apraxia of speech (AOS) is considered a speech motor programming impairment, but the specific nature of the impairment remains a matter of debate. This study investigated 2 hypotheses about the underlying impairment in AOS framed within the Directions Into Velocities of Articulators (DIVA; Guenther, Ghosh, & Tourville, 2006) model: The retrieval hypothesis states that access to the motor programs is impaired, and the damaged programs hypothesis states that the motor programs themselves are damaged. Method The experiment used a delayed picture-word interference paradigm in which participants prepare their response and auditory distracters are presented with the go signal. The overlap between target and distracter words was manipulated (i.e., shared sounds or no shared sounds), and participants' reaction times (RTs) were measured. Participants included 5 speakers with AOS (4 with concomitant aphasia), 2 speakers with aphasia without AOS, and 9 age-matched control speakers. Results The control speakers showed no effects of distracter type or presence. The speakers with AOS had longer RTs in the distracter condition compared to the no-distracter condition. The speakers with aphasia without AOS were comparable to the control group in their overall RTs and RT pattern. Conclusion Results provide preliminary support for the retrieval hypothesis, suggesting that access to motor programs may be impaired in speakers with AOS. However, the possibility that the motor programs may also be damaged cannot be ruled out.

scholarly journals Correction: Lateralized Readiness Potentials Reveal Properties of a Neural Mechanism for Implementing a Decision Threshold

PLoS ONE ◽  
2015 ◽  
Vol 10 (6) ◽  
pp. e0132197
Author(s):  
Marieke K. van Vugt ◽  
Patrick Simen ◽  
Leigh Nystrom ◽  
Philip Holmes ◽  
Jonathan D. Cohen
Keyword(s):  
Neural Mechanism ◽  
Decision Threshold ◽  
Readiness Potentials ◽  
Lateralized Readiness Potentials
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