scholarly journals The bias of a two-dimensional view: comparing two-dimensional and three-dimensional mesophyll surface area estimates using noninvasive imaging

2017 ◽  
Vol 215 (4) ◽  
pp. 1609-1622 ◽  
Author(s):  
Guillaume Théroux-Rancourt ◽  
J. Mason Earles ◽  
Matthew E. Gilbert ◽  
Maciej A. Zwieniecki ◽  
C. Kevin Boyce ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Surface Area ◽  
Noninvasive Imaging ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Two Dimensional ◽  
Mesophyll Surface Area

scholarly journals Three-dimensional Capsular Volume Measurements in Multidirectional Shoulder Instability

2018 ◽  
Vol 21 (3) ◽  
pp. 134-137
Author(s):  
Yong Cheol Jun ◽  
Young Lae Moon ◽  
Moustafa I Elsayed ◽  
Jae Hwan Lim ◽  
Dong Hyuk Cha
Keyword(s):  
Rotator Cuff ◽  
Surface Area ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Volume Measurement ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Two Dimensional ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Volume Measurements ◽  
Glenoid Surface ◽  
3D Software

BACKGROUND: In a previous study undertaken to quantify capsular volume in rotator cuff interval or axillary pouch, significant differences were found between controls and patients with instability. However, the results obtained were derived from two-dimensional cross sectional areas. In our study, we sought correlation between three-dimensional (3D) capsular volumes, as measured by magnetic resonance arthrography (MRA), and multidirectional instability (MDI) of the shoulder.METHODS: The MRAs of 21 patients with MDI of the shoulder and 16 control cases with no instability were retrospectively reviewed. Capsular areas determined by MRA were translated into 3D volumes using 3D software Mimics ver. 16 (Materilise, Leuven, Belgium), and glenoid surface area was measured in axial and coronal MRA views. Then, the ratio between capsular volume and glenoid surface area was calculated, and evaluated with control group.RESULTS: The ratio between 3D capsular volume and glenoid surface area was significantly increased in the MDI group (3.59 ± 0.83 cm³/cm²) compared to the control group (2.53 ± 0.62 cm³/cm²) (p < 0.01).CONCLUSIONS: From these results, we could support that capsular volume enlargement play an important role in MDI of the shoulder using volume measurement.

scholarly journals Maximum CO 2 diffusion inside leaves is limited by the scaling of cell size and genome size

2021 ◽  
Vol 288 (1945) ◽  
pp. 20203145
Author(s):  
Guillaume Théroux-Rancourt ◽  
Adam B. Roddy ◽  
J. Mason Earles ◽  
Matthew E. Gilbert ◽  
Maciej A. Zwieniecki ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Genome Size ◽  
Surface Area ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Mesophyll Cells ◽  
Spongy Mesophyll ◽  
Phase Diffusion ◽  
Leaf Mesophyll ◽  
Leaf Tissues ◽  
Mesophyll Surface Area ◽  
Leaf Volume

Maintaining high rates of photosynthesis in leaves requires efficient movement of CO 2 from the atmosphere to the mesophyll cells inside the leaf where CO 2 is converted into sugar. CO 2 diffusion inside the leaf depends directly on the structure of the mesophyll cells and their surrounding airspace, which have been difficult to characterize because of their inherently three-dimensional organization. Yet faster CO 2 diffusion inside the leaf was probably critical in elevating rates of photosynthesis that occurred among angiosperm lineages. Here we characterize the three-dimensional surface area of the leaf mesophyll across vascular plants. We show that genome size determines the sizes and packing densities of cells in all leaf tissues and that smaller cells enable more mesophyll surface area to be packed into the leaf volume, facilitating higher CO 2 diffusion. Measurements and modelling revealed that the spongy mesophyll layer better facilitates gaseous phase diffusion while the palisade mesophyll layer better facilitates liquid-phase diffusion. Our results demonstrate that genome downsizing among the angiosperms was critical to restructuring the entire pathway of CO 2 diffusion into and through the leaf, maintaining high rates of CO 2 supply to the leaf mesophyll despite declining atmospheric CO 2 levels during the Cretaceous.

Fluoride sensing performance of fluorescent NH2-MIL-53(Al): 2D Nanosheets vs. 3D Bulk

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zixuan Li ◽  
Deyi Zhan ◽  
Abdul Saeed ◽  
Nanjing Zhao ◽  
Junfeng Wang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Specific Surface ◽  
Surface Area ◽  
Active Sites ◽  
Metal Organic Frameworks ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Two Dimensional ◽  
Metal Organic ◽  
2D Nanosheets ◽  
Fluoride Sensing ◽  
Sensing Performance

Due to the ultra-thin morphology, larger specific surface area and more exposed active sites, two-dimensional (2D) metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) nanosheets can break the limitations of three-dimensional (3D) MOFs in sensitivity,...

Leafing through Irregular Shapes

2015 ◽  
Vol 21 (1) ◽  
pp. 53-60
Author(s):  
Alessandra King
Keyword(s):  
Middle School ◽  
Middle School Students ◽  
Surface Area ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Real Life ◽  
Two Dimensional ◽  
School Students ◽  
Classroom Experience ◽  
Irregular Shapes ◽  
Area And Volume

By the time middle school students start a prealgebra course, they should have explored a variety of familiar two-dimensional and three-dimensional shapes and should have been exposed to the concepts of perimeter, area, and volume. They know that they can assign numerical values to some attributes of a shape, such as length and surface area. However, my classroom experience confirms the statement that although “students may have developed an initial understanding of area…, many will need additional experiences in measuring directly to deepen their understanding of the area of two-dimensional shapes” (NCTM 2000, p. 242). In addition, the students' previous practice with area is usually with polygons, circles, or a combination of both. However, many real-life objects cannot be described or approximated with simple geometric shapes or with combinations of shapes. Therefore, this activity, which asks students to estimate the area of irregular shapes using finer and finer grids, is not only novel but also a way to apply mathematics to real life.

scholarly journals Electrochemical-Based Biosensors on Different Zinc Oxide Nanostructures: A Review

Materials ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 12 (18) ◽  
pp. 2985 ◽  
Author(s):  
Muhammad Luqman Mohd Napi ◽  
Suhana Mohamed Sultan ◽  
Razali Ismail ◽  
Khoo Wei How ◽  
Mohd Khairul Ahmad
Keyword(s):  
Surface Area ◽  
Active Sites ◽  
Hollow Spheres ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Electrochemical Biosensors ◽  
Two Dimensional ◽  
Zno Nanostructures ◽  
Zinc Oxide Nanostructures ◽  
One Dimensional ◽  
Materials Used

Electrochemical biosensors have shown great potential in the medical diagnosis field. The performance of electrochemical biosensors depends on the sensing materials used. ZnO nanostructures play important roles as the active sites where biological events occur, subsequently defining the sensitivity and stability of the device. ZnO nanostructures have been synthesized into four different dimensional formations, which are zero dimensional (nanoparticles and quantum dots), one dimensional (nanorods, nanotubes, nanofibers, and nanowires), two dimensional (nanosheets, nanoflakes, nanodiscs, and nanowalls) and three dimensional (hollow spheres and nanoflowers). The zero-dimensional nanostructures could be utilized for creating more active sites with a larger surface area. Meanwhile, one-dimensional nanostructures provide a direct and stable pathway for rapid electron transport. Two-dimensional nanostructures possess a unique polar surface for enhancing the immobilization process. Finally, three-dimensional nanostructures create extra surface area because of their geometric volume. The sensing performance of each of these morphologies toward the bio-analyte level makes ZnO nanostructures a suitable candidate to be applied as active sites in electrochemical biosensors for medical diagnostic purposes. This review highlights recent advances in various dimensions of ZnO nanostructures towards electrochemical biosensor applications.

Palatal Surface Area of Maxillary Plaster Casts—A Comparison between Two-Dimensional and Three-Dimensional Measurements

2007 ◽  
Vol 44 (4) ◽  
pp. 381-390 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tron A. Darvann ◽  
Nuno V. Hermann ◽  
Bjarne K. Ersbøll ◽  
Sven Kreiborg ◽  
Samuel Berkowitz
Keyword(s):  
Surface Area ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Area Ratio ◽  
Two Dimensional ◽  
Surface Area Ratio ◽  
Dimensional Measurement ◽  
Interobserver Error ◽  
Dimensional Measurements ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Plaster Casts

Objective: To investigate the relationship between corresponding two-dimensional and three-dimensional measurements on maxillary plaster casts taken from photographs and three-dimensional surface scans, respectively. Materials and Methods: Corresponding two-dimensional and three-dimensional measurements of selected linear distances, curve lengths, and (surface) areas were carried out on maxillary plaster casts from individuals with unilateral or bilateral cleft lip and palate. The relationship between two-dimensional and three-dimensional measurements was investigated using linear regression. Results and Conclusions: Error sources in the measurement of three-dimensional palatal segment surface area from a two-dimensional photograph were identified as photographic distortion (2.7%), interobserver error (3.3%), variability in the orientation of the plaster cast (3.2%), and natural shape variation (4.6%). The total error of determining the cleft area/palate surface area ratio was 15%. In population studies, the effect of using two-dimensional measurements is a decrease of discriminating power. In well-calibrated setups, a two-dimensional measurement of the cleft area/palate surface area ratio may be converted to a three-dimensional measurement by use of a multiplication factor of 0.75.

High Resolution Microscopy of Multi-Layered Biological Crystals

1982 ◽  
Vol 40 ◽  
pp. 80-83
Author(s):  
H.A. Cohen ◽  
T.W. Jeng ◽  
W. Chiu
Keyword(s):  
High Resolution ◽  
Low Dose ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Data Interpretation ◽  
Two Dimensional ◽  
Biological Objects ◽  
Density Maps ◽  
Density Map ◽  
Complex Crystal ◽  
High Resolution Microscopy

This tutorial will discuss the methodology of low dose electron diffraction and imaging of crystalline biological objects, the problems of data interpretation for two-dimensional projected density maps of glucose embedded protein crystals, the factors to be considered in combining tilt data from three-dimensional crystals, and finally, the prospects of achieving a high resolution three-dimensional density map of a biological crystal. This methodology will be illustrated using two proteins under investigation in our laboratory, the T4 DNA helix destabilizing protein gp32*I and the crotoxin complex crystal.

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