Vectorial competence ofAmblyomma tonelliaeto transmitRickettsia rickettsii

2016 ◽  
Vol 30 (4) ◽  
pp. 410-415 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. L. TARRAGONA ◽  
J. F. SOARES ◽  
F. B. COSTA ◽  
M. B. LABRUNA ◽  
S. NAVA
Keyword(s):  
Vectorial Competence

scholarly journals Arthropod-borne viruses transmitted by Phlebotomine sandflies in Europe: a review

2010 ◽  
Vol 15 (10) ◽  
Author(s):  
J Depaquit ◽  
M Grandadam ◽  
F Fouque ◽  
PE Andry ◽  
C Peyrefitte
Keyword(s):  
Field Work ◽  
Epidemiological Surveillance ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Toscana Virus ◽  
Viral Isolation ◽  
Phlebotomine Sandflies ◽  
Mediterranean Europe ◽  
Medical Importance ◽  
Near Future ◽  
Vectorial Competence

Phlebotomine sandflies are known to transmit leishmaniases, bacteria and viruses that affect humans and animals in many countries worldwide. These sandfly-borne viruses are mainly the Phlebovirus, the Vesiculovirus and the Orbivirus. Some of these viruses are associated with outbreaks or human cases in the Mediterranean Europe. In this paper, the viruses transmitted by Phlebotomine sandflies in Europe (Toscana virus, Sicilian virus, sandfly fever Naples virus) are reviewed and their medical importance, geographical distribution, epidemiology and potential spreading discussed. Data on vertebrate reservoirs is sparse for sandfly fever viruses. The factor currently known to limit the spread of diseases is mainly the distribution areas of potential vectors. The distribution areas of the disease may not be restricted to the areas where they have been recorded but could be as wide as those of their vectors, that is to say Larroussius and P. papatasi mainly but not exclusively. Consequently, field work in form of viral isolation from sandflies and possible reservoirs as well as laboratory work to establish vectorial competence of colonised sandflies need to be encouraged in a near future, and epidemiological surveillance should be undertaken throughout the European Union.

Vectorial Competence Potential of Culex Quinquefasciatus (Say, 1923) from the Amazon Region to Transmit West Nile Virus Isolated in Brazil

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lúcia Aline Moura Reis ◽  
Eliana Vieira Pinto da Silva ◽  
Maria Nazaré Oliveira Freitas ◽  
Rossela Damasceno Caldeira ◽  
Pedro Arthur da Silva Araújo ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
West Nile Virus ◽  
Culex Quinquefasciatus ◽  
Transmission Rate ◽  
Amazon Region ◽  
West Nile Fever ◽  
West Nile ◽  
Potential Vector ◽  
Brazilian Strain ◽  
Vectorial Competence ◽  
Viral Titers

Abstract The West Nile virus is characterized as a neurotropic pathogen that causes the West Nile fever. It is transmitted by mosquitoes, mainly of the Culex genus. In 2018, the Evandro Chagas Institute carried out the first isolation of WNV strain from a horse brain sample and in 2021 the same institute also isolated the WNV in a pool of mosquitoes of the Culex spp. from the Carajás region (Pará). Thus, this study aimed to determine the vectorial competence of Culex quinquefasciatus from the Amazon region of Brazil for transmission the WNV Brazilian strain. Oral infection of Cx. quinquefasciatus females belonging to F1 generation was performed with infected blood with WNV. Subsequently, analysis of infection, dissemination and transmission rates was performed, as well as verification of viral titers in the samples. The study demonstrated that Cx. quinquefasciatus can act as a potential vector of WNV in Brazil, since it was found that the Brazilian strain was able to overcome the host's anatomical barriers and spread to various regions, among them in saliva, in which, despite the low viral titers identified, it had a transmission rate of 100% on the 21st day after infection.

scholarly journals Genetic Variations in Bionomics of Culex quinquefasciatus (Diptera: Culicidae) Mosquito Population in Minna, North Central Nigeria

2016 ◽  
Vol 8 ◽  
pp. IJIS.S32516 ◽  
Author(s):  
Azubuike C. Ukubuiwe ◽  
Israel K. Olayemi ◽  
Aisha I. Jibrin
Keyword(s):  
Culex Quinquefasciatus ◽  
Control Strategies ◽  
Preliminary Investigation ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Immature Stage ◽  
Effective Control ◽  
Mosquito Vector ◽  
North Central ◽  
Mosquito Vector Control ◽  
Vectorial Competence

The need to have an improved knowledge on the bioecology of Culex quinquefasciatus, a prerequisite in the development of cost-effective control strategies, has informed the present preliminary investigation to put in better perspective variations that exist in the egg rafts of the species. Freshly laid egg rafts were collected and incubated at ambient temperature in well-labeled plastic trays. The results showed overall inconsistency in all indices monitored for the egg rafts. Generally, survivorship was high for the species. All immature stage and adult parameters measured varied significantly among the egg rafts and between/within sexes of the species. Therefore, this study suggests the presence of inherent variation in the bionomics of egg rafts of C. quinquefasciatus, probably influenced by the environment and hence underscores the need for additional studies to further elucidate the roles of genetics and environment in vectorial competence of the species, in order to develop robust sustainable mosquito vector control protocols.

scholarly journals A method for assessing the vectorial competence of field collectedCulicoidesspp. for bluetongue virus

Parasite ◽  
2010 ◽  
Vol 17 (2) ◽  
pp. 172-172
Author(s):  
C. Ninio ◽  
D. Augot ◽  
H. Ferté ◽  
E. Breard ◽  
T. Lilin ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Bluetongue Virus ◽  
Vectorial Competence

Comparative Vectorial Competence of Biomphalaria sudanica and Biomphalaria choanomphala, Snail Hosts of Schistosoma mansoni, from Transmission Hotspots in Lake Victoria, Western Kenya

2021 ◽  
Vol 107 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Martin W. Mutuku ◽  
Martina R. Laidemitt ◽  
Johannie M. Spaan ◽  
Ibrahim N. Mwangi ◽  
Horace Ochanda ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Schistosoma Mansoni ◽  
Lake Victoria ◽  
Western Kenya ◽  
Vectorial Competence

scholarly journals The Obligate Mutualist Wigglesworthia glossinidia Influences Reproduction, Digestion, and Immunity Processes of Its Host, the Tsetse Fly

2008 ◽  
Vol 74 (19) ◽  
pp. 5965-5974 ◽  
Author(s):  
Roshan Pais ◽  
Claudia Lohs ◽  
Yineng Wu ◽  
Jingwen Wang ◽  
Serap Aksoy
Keyword(s):  
Blood Meal ◽  
Pcr Amplification ◽  
Tsetse Fly ◽  
Tsetse Flies ◽  
Mutualistic Symbiosis ◽  
Sodalis Glossinidius ◽  
Specific Pcr ◽  
Amplification Assay ◽  
Blood Meal Digestion ◽  
Vectorial Competence

ABSTRACT Tsetse flies (Diptera: Glossinidae) are vectors for trypanosome parasites, the agents of the deadly sleeping sickness disease in Africa. Tsetse also harbor two maternally transmitted enteric mutualist endosymbionts: the primary intracellular obligate Wigglesworthia glossinidia and the secondary commensal Sodalis glossinidius. Both endosymbionts are transmitted to the intrauterine progeny through the milk gland secretions of the viviparous female. We administered various antibiotics either continuously by per os supplementation of the host blood meal diet or discretely by hemocoelic injections into fertile females in an effort to selectively eliminate the symbionts to study their individual functions. A symbiont-specific PCR amplification assay and fluorescence in situ hybridization analysis were used to evaluate symbiont infection outcomes. Tetracycline and rifampin treatments eliminated all tsetse symbionts but reduced the fecundity of the treated females. Ampicillin treatments did not affect the intracellular Wigglesworthia localized in the bacteriome organ and retained female fecundity. The resulting progeny of ampicillin-treated females, however, lacked Wigglesworthia but still harbored the commensal Sodalis. Our results confirm the presence of two physiologically distinct Wigglesworthia populations: the bacteriome-localized Wigglesworthia involved with nutritional symbiosis and free-living Wigglesworthia in the milk gland organ responsible for maternal transmission to the progeny. We evaluated the reproductive fitness, longevity, digestion, and vectorial competence of flies that were devoid of Wigglesworthia. The absence of Wigglesworthia completely abolished the fertility of females but not that of males. Both the male and female Wigglesworthia-free adult progeny displayed longevity costs and were significantly compromised in their blood meal digestion ability. Finally, while the vectorial competence of the young newly hatched adults without Wigglesworthia was comparable to that of their wild-type counterparts, older flies displayed higher susceptibility to trypanosome infections, indicating a role for the mutualistic symbiosis in host immunobiology. The ability to rear adult tsetse that lack the obligate Wigglesworthia endosymbionts will now enable functional investigations into this ancient symbiosis.

scholarly journals Sodalis Glossinidius and Wolbachia Infections in Wild Population of Glossina Morsitans Submorsitans Caught in the Area of Lake Iro in the South of Chad

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Djoukzoumka Signaboubo ◽  
Vincent Khan Payne ◽  
Ibrahim Mahamat Alhaj Moussa ◽  
Mahamat Hassane Mahamat ◽  
Sartrien Tagueu Kanté ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Wild Population ◽  
Association Studies ◽  
Tsetse Flies ◽  
The South ◽  
Specific Primers ◽  
Glossina Morsitans Submorsitans ◽  
Sodalis Glossinidius ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Biconical Traps ◽  
Vectorial Competence

Abstract Background: To improve vector control of tsetse transmitted trypanosomiases through a better understanging of the vectorial competence of tsetse flies, investigations have been undertaken on the bacterial fauna of different tsetse species. It is in this light that Wolbachia and Sodalis glossinidius were detected in wild populations of Glossina morsistans submorsistans caught in the area of lake Iro in the south of Chad with the aim of generating data that may help to understand the influence of these symbiotic microorganisms on the vectorial competence of G. m. submorsistans. Methods: Tsetse flies were captured using biconical traps. DNA was extracted from tsetse body using the resin chelex. Sodalis glossinidius and Wolbachia were investigated by PCR using specific primers for pSG 2 and wsp genes. Comparisons between S. glossinidius and Wolbachia infections were performed according to sex and sampling periods and association studies between trypanosome infections and S. glossinidius or Wolbachia were performed. Results: From 345 G. m. submorsitans analyzed, 9.0% and 14.5% were respectively infected with S. glossinidius and Wolbachia. Only 2.31% of all tsetse flies hosted the 2 bacteria. Of all trypanosome-infected flies, 7.1% and 9.8% hosted respectively S. glossinidius and Wolbachia. No association was observed between Wolbachia and trypanosomes while significant association (r = 4.992; P = 0.025) was found between S. glossinidius and trypanosome infections. Although significant association (r = 3.147; P = 0.043) was observed between S. glossinidius and T. simiae, none was found with T. congolense or T. godfreyi. Conclusion: This study revealed S. glossinidius and Wolbachia in wild population of G. m. submorsitans of lake Iro. It showed that few tsetse flies are co-infected by Wolbachia and S. glossinidius. The presence of S. glossinidius seems to favor trypanosome infections while Wolbachia has probably no effect. Decrypting the tripartite association requires to investigate the relationship between haplotypes or genotypes of Wolbachia and/or S. glossiniduis and trypanosome infections.

scholarly journals Deteksi porfirin besi pada pakan darah nyamuk liar antropofilik menggunakan uji benzidine

2016 ◽  
Vol 4 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Stevano Mengko ◽  
Josef S.B. Tuda
Keyword(s):  
Human Blood ◽  
Oxidation Reaction ◽  
Iron Porphyrin ◽  
Peroxidase Enzyme ◽  
Efficient Vector ◽  
Precipitin Test ◽  
Vectorial Competence

Abstract: The existence of human blood in mosquito’s bloodmeal is the characteristic of mosquitoes that bite humans (anthrophophilic). Anthropophilic is one of the indicator to determine the vectorial competence to assess effective and efficient vector. The anthropophilic characteristic was measured by detection of human blood using precipitin test. Benzidine test can be used to detection iron porphyrin through oxidation reaction and catalyzed by hemoglobin as peroxidase enzyme. Heme detection of mosquitoe’s bloodmeal using benzidine in Indonesia has not been reported yet. This study was aimed to obtain the effectiveness of benzidine test to detection human blood in antrophophilic mosquito’s bloodmeal. The mosquitoes were collected using human bait and sweeping collection technique at morning (06:00-09:00), afternoon (15:00-18:00), and in the night (20:00-00:00), and then determine by benzidine test. The results showed that from the collected mosquitoes there were 158 female mosquitoes of Aedes spp and Culex spp. The benzidine test showed 155 female mosquitoes showed discoloration on the indicator and 3 female mosquitoes did not. Conclusion: Benzidine test was effective to detection human blood from the mosquito’s bloodmeal to determine anthrophophilic mosquitoes.Keywords: anthropophilic, bloodmeal, benzidine. Abstrak: Adanya darah manusia dalam pakan darah nyamuk merupakan ciri dari nyamuk yang memiliki kesukaan menggigit hospes manusia (antropofilik). Sifat antropofilik nyamuk adalah salah satu indikator dalam penilaian kompetensi vektorial untuk menilai vektor yang efektif dan efisien. Penilaian sifat antropofilik dilakukan melalui penilaian pakan darah dengan uji presipitasi. Tes benzidine adalah salah satu uji yang dapat dilakukan karena efektif dalam mendeteksi porfirin besi (heme) melalui reaksi oksidasi yang dikatalisis oleh heme sebagai enzim peroksidase. Deteksi porfitin besi pada pakan darah nyamuk menggunakan benzidine belum banyak dilaporkan di Indonesia. Tujuan penelitian ini yaitu untuk mengetahui apakah nyamuk yang mengisap darah hospes manusia (antropofilik) dapat dideteksi dengan uji benzidine. Penelitian dilakukan dengan menangkap nyamuk betina menggunakan umpan manusia dan sweeping pada jam puncak menggigit nyamuk yaitu pagi (06:00-09:00), sore (15:00-18:00), dan malam (20:00-00:00) lalu dilakukan tes benzidine. Hasil: Pada penangkapan nyamuk ditemukan 158 ekor nyamuk betina yang terdiri dari genus Aedes spp dan Culex spp. Pada uji presipitasi ditemukan 155 ekor nyamuk mengalami perubahan warna yang bervariasi pada indikator dan 3 ekor nyamuk tidak berubah warna. Simpulan: uji benzidine dapat dilakukan untuk penilaian sumber pakan darah nyamuk dalam menentukan sifat antropofilik nyamuk. Kata kunci: antropofilik, pakan darah, benzidine.

scholarly journals A study of residual bio-efficacy of Inesfly 5AIGR and Inesfly 5AIGRNG insecticidal paints on Adult Anopheles gambiae complex mosquitoes on treated wall surfaces in Nigeria Communities: Masaka and Gidan-Zakara

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yako AB ◽  
SC Hassan ◽  
Olayinka ◽  
I Sunday ◽  
Asaga Mac Peter
Keyword(s):  
Immune Response ◽  
Anopheles Gambiae ◽  
Malaria Vector ◽  
Seasonal Abundance ◽  
Anopheles Species ◽  
Insecticide Exposure ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Cone Bioassay ◽  
Residual Efficacy ◽  
Vectorial Competence

Abstract BackgroundSince insecticides are commonly used in agriculture/cultivation and in vector control, they are frequently found in agricultural water bodies, where mosquito larvae are exposed. Although their concentration is often so low as not to kill the larvae, they affect the development of the mosquitoes. In particular, their effects may be transmitted to adults to influence their characteristics of life-history and their vectorial competence for arboviruses infection and malaria. Such effects on vectorial competence of sub-lethal doses of insecticides are likely to be related to their impact on immune response. Insecticide exposure influences the immune response of insects in several ways. Organophosphates and organochlorines affect the number of hemocytes (for phagocytosis) However, it is not known whether larvae exposure will impact the immune response of adults.MethodAssessment of the bio-efficacy and residual activities of insecticides sprayed, wall surface using CDC wall cone bioassay test. Entomological indices with Anopheles species collection was measured to determined vectorial involvement and residual bio-efficacy of of Inesfly 5AIGR/ Inesfly 5AIGRNG insecticidal paints on Adult Anopheles gambiae complex mosquitoes on treated wall surfaces in at both communities (Masaka and Gidan Zakara) from January to April and May through June, 2018. A bio-assay cone test was carried out at various wall surfaces/height treated with above named insecticidal paints at parameters of 0.5meter, 1meter, and 1.5meter respectively.ResultIn both communities the knockdown/mortality threshold fluctuates (94%-99%.) indicating the state of resistance and susceptible, however, in the month of May and June at Gidan-Zakara, the knockdown/mortality of mosquitoes after 24hrs was 90%-100%.The seasonal abundance of mosquito population was generally observed to decrease between the month of January through April, 2018 and increases during the onset of rains in the months of April through June, 2018. There was no significance difference in the seasonal abundance of mosquitoes and the efficacy of Inesfly 5AIGR and Inesfly 5AIGRNG insecticide paints (F= 0.958> 0.435 and F 1.515>0.293. Similarly no significant difference in the residual efficacy and the malaria vector mortality (F=2.286>0.183) and in June (F1.549>0.287). The residual Inesfly paints were effective, given that 98%-100% malaria vector were susceptible. ConclusionThe malaria vectorial competence of Anopheles species were 98% - 100% susceptible to residual ‘1NESFLY’ paints (5AIGR and 5AIGRNG) at various wall parameters of 0.5meters, 1meter and 1.5meters in the studied communities in central Nigetia. It is also imperative to state that the trial paints were in compliance with animals and human tolerance levels/standards during the during the trial periods, and fulfils the WHO criteria of insecticidal bio-efficacy (mortality >80%).

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