scholarly journals R&D cooperation, proximity and distribution of public funding between public and private research sectors

2020 ◽  
Vol 88 (6) ◽  
pp. 773-800
Author(s):  
Marie‐Laure Cabon‐Dhersin ◽  
Romain Gibert
Keyword(s):  
Public Funding ◽  
Public And Private ◽  
Private Research

scholarly journals Inevitable future: space colonization beyond Earth with microbes first

2019 ◽  
Vol 95 (10) ◽  
Author(s):  
Jose V Lopez ◽  
Raquel S Peixoto ◽  
Alexandre S Rosado
Keyword(s):  
Potential Space ◽  
Public And Private ◽  
Planetary Protection ◽  
Overwhelming Evidence ◽  
Future Space ◽  
Private Research ◽  
Life On Earth ◽  
Space Colonization ◽  
Future Plans

ABSTRACT Based on modern microbiology, we propose a major revision in current space exploration philosophy and planetary protection policy, especially regarding microorganisms in space. Mainly, microbial introduction should not be considered accidental but inevitable. We hypothesize the near impossibility of exploring new planets without carrying and/or delivering any microbial travelers. In addition, although we highlight the importance of controlling and tracking such contaminations—to explore the existence of extraterrestrial microorganisms—we also believe that we must discuss the role of microbes as primary colonists and assets, rather than serendipitous accidents, for future plans of extraterrestrial colonization. This paradigm shift stems partly from the overwhelming evidence of microorganisms’ diverse roles in sustaining life on Earth, such as symbioses and ecosystem services (decomposition, atmosphere effects, nitrogen fixation, etc.). Therefore, we propose a framework for new discussion based on the scientific implications of future colonization and terraforming: (i) focus on methods to track and avoid accidental delivery of Earth's harmful microorganisms and genes to extraterrestrial areas; (ii) begin a rigorous program to develop and explore ‘Proactive Inoculation Protocols’. We outline a rationale and solicit feedback to drive a public and private research agenda that optimizes diverse organisms for potential space colonization.

scholarly journals Social infrastructure of territorial communities: interests of stakeholders

2021 ◽  
Vol 69 (2) ◽  
pp. 14-23
Author(s):  
L. Benovska
Keyword(s):  
Social Services ◽  
Social Order ◽  
Conflicts Of Interest ◽  
Public Funding ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
Social Infrastructure ◽  
Public And Private ◽  
Active Involvement ◽  
Socially Responsible Investments ◽  
Alternative Sources

The paper clarifies the main problems of the development of social infrastructure of territorial communities, associated with high levels of wearing and low energy efficiency of institutions, disorder of property relations, low level of budget funding and lack of effective incentives to attract alternative sources of funding, imperfect system of territorial location institutions of social sphere. The reformation of administrative and territorial decentralization promotes strengthening of the local authorities role in the management of social infrastructure, increasing the autonomy of institutions and active involvement of public in solving problems of their management. The success of the territorial community development depends not only on the availability of the developed social infrastructure, but also on the community ability to turn it into the development asset. This requires improving the efficiency of management, reconciling the interests of all stakeholders in identifying ways to develop it, and finding effective forms of interaction. The paper identifies and analyzes the interests and conflicts of interest of the main stakeholders of the territorial communities social infrastructure. The main forms of their interaction such as: public and private partnership, social entrepreneurship, social order, socially responsible investments, community funds, public funding (crowdfunding) are analyzed. In the author’s opinion, the directions of improving the management of territorial communities social infrastructure are as follows: searching effective forms of interaction between the state, public, business, which would ensure the development of social infrastructure of community, contribute to the expanding of access and increase the quality of social services, bring their quantitative and qualitative parameters to the standarts of developed countries; maximum balancing of territorial proportions with real demand in social infrastructure institutions; streamlining the ownership to the social infrastructure facilities and eliminating conflicts of interest of management entities at different levels; increasing the efficiency of budget financing by streamlining the network of institutions and bringing it in line with the demographic situation in the community, the labor market.

RITMER NETWORK FOR THE RESEARCH AND INNOVATION IN OIL AND CHEMICAL ANTIPOLLUTION TECHNOLOGY: A FRENCH TOOL FOR INNOVATIVE PROJECTS

2005 ◽  
Vol 2005 (1) ◽  
pp. 623-629
Author(s):  
Jean Croquette ◽  
Georges Peigné ◽  
Monique Guillou ◽  
François Laurent ◽  
Michel Huther
Keyword(s):  
Waste Treatment ◽  
Academic Research ◽  
Public And Private ◽  
Research And Innovation ◽  
Chemical Spills ◽  
Private Research ◽  
Oily Waste ◽  
Main Activity ◽  
Spill Control ◽  
Accident Detection

ABSTRACT The Technological Research and Innovation Network RITMER was created by the French Ministry of research in 2001 after the ERIKA oil spill, in order to structure the French research, and to develop links between public and private research and development in the fight against accidental pollution domain. The network is a tool created to stimulate the innovative research and is complementary to activities carried out by Ifremer and Cedre. It brings together representatives of academic research, industry and authorities responsible for spill control preparedness and operations. Ifremer and the Brest University are the moderators of the network, and Cedre is one of its most active members. The main activity of the Ritmer is to define priority areas and to publish calls for proposals, and organize the selection of innovative projects to be supported by the French Ministries. These projects must associate research institutes or universities, with industry or other users of the R&D results, and they should have direct potential application in the fight operations. Since 2001, 25 projects have been selected, representing more than 13 million Euros of budget and 7.7 million Euros of support by the ministries. These projects concern the main problems encountered in case of accident: detection tools, evaluation, models, recovery at sea and on the coast, waste treatment, organization, communication. Two of them deal with chemical spills. The paper describes the main projects and gives more detailed description of seven of them which have already produced significant results after two years of work: remote sensing of sunken oil, thermal treatment of oily waste, oil biodegrading parameters, behavior of chemical products at sea. The future priorities for the French research are also presented in relation to two Ritmer seminars organized in 2003 and 2004, respectively on detection devices and probes, and on innovative tools and methods for the response in coastal areas. Several international actions which have been conducted for the coordination of research in Europe, and in cooperation with Japan and Spain are also described.

Clustertypen

2011 ◽  
Vol 55 (1-2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Carola Jungwirth ◽  
Elisabeth Müller ◽  
Susanne Ruckdäschel
Keyword(s):  
Mixed Method ◽  
Public Funding ◽  
Governance Structure ◽  
The Other ◽  
Heterogeneous Cluster ◽  
Regional Networks ◽  
Public And Private ◽  
Self Selection ◽  
Cluster Type ◽  
Method Analysis

Cluster types. A typology of regional networks and their characteristics. This paper develops a typology of clusters in an attempt to map the heterogeneous cluster landscape. By combining the governance structure and the goals of a cluster as constitutive elements, we develop cluster types and compare them with regard to characteristics like their financing, the process of member selection and the degree of technology. Using a mixed-method analysis for an international sample of 81 clusters, we can distinguish three types of clusters. The cluster type that pursues both public and private goals is most frequently applied and offers advantages like higher positive self-selection and a base public funding in comparison to the other types of clusters that pursue either public or private goals.

scholarly journals تخصيص القرآن بالقرآن دراسة أصولية تطبيقية

2019 ◽  
Vol 27 (5) ◽  
pp. 41-64
Author(s):  
Mashhur Hatem Al-Harthy Mashhur Hatem Al-Harthy
Keyword(s):  
Public And Private ◽  
Useful Knowledge ◽  
The Third ◽  
Holy Quran ◽  
The Holy Quran ◽  
Private Research ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
Good Deeds

This is a fundamentalist research on one of the general and specific issues in the Holy Quran: the issue of "assigning the Qur'an to the Qur'an.the fundamentals of jurisprudence have an effect on the validity of reasoning and the soundness of devising judgments, especially public and private research. The third requirement: the definition of the second, the third requirement: the definition of the Quran, the fourth requirement: the rule of the allocation of the Koran in the Koran, and the fifth demand: examples applied to the allocation of the Koran in the Koran, and cited twenty examples of application of the books of interpretation and others , Then reported findings and recommendations. Asking God Almighty to provide us with useful knowledge and good deeds, and to make the Koran an argument for us not to us, arrived Allah peace on our Prophet Muhammad and his family and companions

scholarly journals Privatização da saúde no Brasil: da ditadura do grande capital aos governos do PT | Privatization of healthcare in Brazil: from big capital dictatorship to the PT administrations

2019 ◽  
Vol 17 (43) ◽  
Author(s):  
Juliana Fiuza Cislaghi
Keyword(s):  
Healthcare System ◽  
Social Cohesion ◽  
Public Funding ◽  
Healthcare Sector ◽  
The Political ◽  
Public Fund ◽  
Public And Private ◽  
Long Run ◽  
Historical Relationship

A construção do SUS se dá durante a ascensão do neoliberalismo como horizonte político hegemônico no Brasil na década de 1990. Resposta à crise do capital na busca pela retomada das taxas de lucro, o período traz profundas implicações para o Estado e as políticas sociais, colocados, cada vez mais, a serviço do capital, ainda que, residualmente, mantenham seu papel de garantir a reprodução da classe trabalhadora e a coesão social. Essa relação histórica entre público e privado no setor de saúde brasileiro, intercedida pelo papel do Estado e do fundo público na sua regulação e financiamento, irá, então, ganhar novos formatos e novas determinações. Palavras-Chave: política de saúde; privatização; fundo público. Abstract – The creation of SUS (the Brazilian Unified Healthcare System) occurs during the rise of neoliberalism as the political hegemony arising in Brazil in the 1990s. Responding to the crisis of capital in search of a return to profit rates, this period brought profound modifications to the Brazilian state and to social policies, which are increasingly put at the service of capital, even if, in the long run, they maintain their role of guaranteeing the reproduction of the working class and social cohesion. This historical relationship between public and private in the Brazilian healthcare sector, interceded by the roles of the state and of public funding in its regulation and financing, respectively, will then gain new formats and new determinations.Keywords: healthy Policy; privatization; public fund.

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