Effects of crude protein and sodium intake on water turnover in cats fed extruded diets

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Caroline A. Garcia ◽  
Bruna A. Loureiro ◽  
Francine M. Peres ◽  
Camila Goloni ◽  
Ludmilla G. Di Santo ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Crude Protein ◽  
Sodium Intake ◽  
Water Turnover

The Water and Electrolyte Metabolism of Free-Ranging and Captive White-Browed Scrubwrens, Sericornis-Frontalis (Acanthizidae), From Arid, Semi-Arid and Mesic Environments

1988 ◽  
Vol 36 (1) ◽  
pp. 29 ◽  
Author(s):  
SJ Ambrose ◽  
SD Bradshaw
Keyword(s):  
Sodium Intake ◽  
Coastal Dunes ◽  
Dietary Sodium ◽  
Sodium Balance ◽  
Turnover Rates ◽  
Water Turnover ◽  
Shark Bay ◽  
Ecological Implications ◽  
Free Ranging ◽  
Semi Arid

Seasonal variations in water and sodium turnover of resident populations of free-ranging Sericornis frontalis were measured at three sites in Western Australia ranging from arid, through semi-arid to mesic environments. Scrubwrens at all three sites maintained water and sodium balance despite the wide variation in environment. During winter at semi-arid Eyre, however, scrubwrens had a greatly increased dietary sodium intake resulting from the deposition of airborne oceanic salt over the coastal dunes. Scrubwrens at arid Hamelin had significantly lower water turnover rates (e.g. 1.3 ml 10 g-'d-') than those at Eyre and mesic Rockingham during hot, dry periods. The highest rates of water turnover were recorded at Rockingham during wet winters. We discuss the ecological implications of these results. In laboratory studies, scrubwrens from arid regions consumed NaCl solutions of up to 0.8 mol l-', compared with a maximum of only 0.6 ml l-' by scrubwrens from semi-arid and mesic regions. Shark Bay scrubwrens also had a much greater renal-concentrating ability which may be partially accounted for by the larger proportion of medullary tissue in the kidneys of these birds.

Material and Energy Balance of some Captive and Free-ranging Reptiles in Western France

1987 ◽  
Vol 8 (2) ◽  
pp. 129-142 ◽  
Author(s):  
K.A. Nagy ◽  
H. Saint Girons ◽  
S.D. Bradshaw ◽  
G. Naulleau
Keyword(s):  
Sodium Intake ◽  
Free Water ◽  
Late Summer ◽  
Co2 Production ◽  
Tropical Species ◽  
Electrolyte Balance ◽  
Water Turnover ◽  
Lacerta Viridis ◽  
Free Ranging ◽  
Vipera Aspis

AbstractRates of turnover of water, energy and sodium were measured in free-ranging and enclosed Lacerta viridis and Vipera aspis at a site in Western France in late summer. Rates of CO2 production did not differ significantly between free-ranging Lacerta and those maintained in large outdoor enclosures and averaged 0.371 ± 0.056 mL(g.hr)-1 which was significantly greater (P < 0.05) than the rate of 0.152 ± 0.02 mL(g.hr)-1 recorded for Vipera aspis living in similar outdoor enclosures. Rates of water, but not sodium, turnover were significantly greater in free-ranging than in enclosed Lacerta (12.03 ± 1.21 mL(100g.day)-1 versus 7.46 ± 1.03 mL(100g.day)-1 respectively), suggesting that the free-ranging individuals, which were captured along a canal, had access to a source of free water not linked with their diet. Field Metabolic Rates (FMR) of Lacerta were positively and significantly correlated with the rate of water turnover and analysis of influx and efflux data indicate that this lizard requires on the average approximately 8mL(100g.day)-1 of water to maintain its hydric balance. A similar analysis suggests that this species requires roughly 1meq(kg.day)-1 of sodium for the maintenance of electrolyte balance. Rates of sodium and water turnover were significantly correlated in captive Lacerta, the diet of which was supplemented daily with mealworms and crickets, but the correlation in the case of animals living by the canal was not significant, indicating again that sources of water and sodium intake were independent in these individuals. Rates of water and sodium turnover were low in the vipers maintained in external enclosures and both elements were in negative balance, as would be expected with non-feeding animals. The data reveal a small but significant intake of sodium however, which was not identified. A regression of water intake versus rate of weight loss suggest that Vipera aspis requires an intake of approximately 2.5mL(100g.day)-1 to maintain hydric balance under these conditions. The data reported here for FMR's and rates of water turnover are compared with those for other lizards in the literature and suggest that Lacerta viridis falls mid-way between desert and tropical species studied to date. Further work with temperate-living species should prove of value in delineating the physiological capacities of terrestrial reptiles.

PROTEIN INTAKE AND WATER TURNOVER: A COMPARISON OF TWO EQUIVALENTLY SIZED AFRICAN ANTELOPE THE BLESBOK Damaliscus dorcas AND IMPALA Aepyceros melampus

1984 ◽  
Vol 64 (5) ◽  
pp. 212-214 ◽  
Author(s):  
N. FAIRALL ◽  
D. R. KLEIN
Keyword(s):  
Key Words ◽  
Protein Intake ◽  
Crude Protein ◽  
Water Turnover ◽  
Aepyceros Melampus

Water turnover in blesbok and impala was studied in the field. Water turnover of the impala was double that of blesbok, this difference was related to crude protein values in the diet. These facts are related to the evolutionary adaptations of the species. Key words: Water turnover, protein intake, impala, blesbok

Water and Sodium Intake, and Estimated Food Consumption, in Free-Living Eastern Quolls, Dasyurus Viverrinus.

1983 ◽  
Vol 31 (6) ◽  
pp. 871 ◽  
Author(s):  
B Green ◽  
IH Eberhard
Keyword(s):  
Food Consumption ◽  
Late Stage ◽  
Sodium Intake ◽  
Tritiated Water ◽  
Water Turnover ◽  
Free Living ◽  
Sodium Influx ◽  
Lactating Females ◽  
Highly Correlated

Seasonal rates of water and sodium influx were estimated in free-living eastern quolls, Dasyurus viverrinus, in southern Tasmania, by means of tritiated water and 22Na turnover. Water and Na influxes were highly correlated and served as indices for estimating rates of food consumption. Influx rates were highest during winter and in late-stage lactating females in spring, indicating increased use of energy for thermogenesis and lactation. Comparative aspects of water turnover and metabolism in free-living marsupials are discussed.

Relationship Between Nutrient Intake and Vitamin D Status in Osteoporotic Women

2007 ◽  
Vol 77 (6) ◽  
pp. 376-381 ◽  
Author(s):  
de Souza Genaro ◽  
de Paiva Pereira ◽  
de Medeiros Pinheiro ◽  
Szejnfeld ◽  
Araújo Martini
Keyword(s):  
Vitamin D ◽  
Mineral Metabolism ◽  
Sodium Intake ◽  
Serum Vitamin ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Dietary Intakes ◽  
Mineral Density ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Serum Vitamin D ◽  
Dietary Records

Vitamin D is essential for maintaining calcium homeostasis and optimizing bone health. Its inadequacy is related to many factors including dietary intake. The aim of the present study was to evaluate serum 25(OH)D and its relationship with nutrient intakes in postmenopausal Brazilian women with osteoporosis. This cross-sectional study comprised 45 free-living and assisted elderly at São Paulo Hospital. Three-day dietary records were used to assess dietary intakes. Bone mineral density was measured with a dual-energy X-ray absorptiometer (DXA). Blood and urine sample were collected for analysis of biochemical markers of bone and mineral metabolism. Insufficiency of vitamin D was observed in 24.4% of the women and optimal levels (≥ 50 nmol/L) were observed in 75.6%. Parathyroid hormone was above the reference range in 51% of the participants. The mean calcium (724 mg/day) and vitamin D (4.2 μ g/day) intakes were lower than the value proposed by The Food and Nutrition Board and sodium intake was more than two-fold above the recommendation. Higher levels of serum 25(OH)D were inversely associated with sodium intake. Dietary strategies to improve serum vitamin D must focus on increasing vitamin D intake and should take a reduction of sodium intake into consideration.

Effects of Increased Dietary Protein and Energy on Composition and Functional Capacities of Blood Mononuclear Cells from Vaccinated, Neonatal Calves

2005 ◽  
Vol 75 (5) ◽  
pp. 357-368 ◽  
Author(s):  
Foote ◽  
Nonnecke† ◽  
Waters ◽  
Palmer ◽  
Beitz ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Weight Gain ◽  
B Cell ◽  
Dietary Protein ◽  
Crude Protein ◽  
Interleukin 2 ◽  
Milk Replacer ◽  
Standard Diet ◽  
Gamma Delta ◽  
Ifn Gamma ◽  
Functional Capacities

Effects of increased protein and energy provided by an intensified milk replacer on the antigen-specific, cell-mediated immune response of the neonatal calf were examined. Calves were fed a standard (0.45 kg/day of a 20% crude protein, 20% fat milk replacer; n = 11) or intensified (1.14 kg/day of a 28% crude protein, 20% fat milk replacer; n = 11) diet from 0 to 6 weeks of age. All calves were vaccinated with Mycobacterium bovis bacillus Calmette-Guerin (BCG) at 1 week of age. The daily weight gain of intensified-diet calves (0.62 kg/day) was greater than the weight gain of standard-diet calves (0.29 kg/day). Liver, kidney, heart, thymus, and subcervical lymph nodes from intensified-diet calves were heavier than the same organs from standard-diet calves. Flow cytometric analysis of peripheral blood mononuclear cell (PBMC) populations indicated that CD4+ cells, gamma delta TCR+ cells, and monocyte percentages, although unaffected by diet during the first 5 weeks of the study, were higher in intensified-diet calves at week 6. The decline in gamma deltad TCR+ cell percentages and increase in B cell percentages with increasing age seen in all calves are characteristic of the maturing immune system of the calf. CD8+ T cell or B cell percentages were not affected by diet. In intensified-diet calves, percentages of CD4+ expressing interleukin-2 receptor increased and percentages of gamma delta TCR+ cells expressing interleukin-2 receptor decreased with time. The same populations in standard-diet calves did not change with time. Percentages of CD4+ and CD8+ T cells, and B cells expressing MHC class II antigen, were unaffected by diet or age. Although mitogen-induced interferon (IFN)-gamma and nitric oxide (NO) secretion increased with age for all calves, PBMC from intensified-diet calves produced less IFN-gamma and more NO than did cells from standard-diet calves at week 6 of the study. Antigen-induced secretion of IFN-gamma and NO also increased with age but was unaffected by diet. Antigen-elicited delayed-type hypersensitivity was unaffected by diet, suggesting increased dietary protein and energy did not alter adaptive immunity in vivo. Overall, these results suggest that feeding calves a commercially available, intensified milk replacer affects minimally the composition and functional capacities of PBMC populations. Additional research is necessary to determine whether these subtle effects influence the calf’s susceptibility to infectious disease.

SOME TRENDS IN GRASSLAND FARMING IN EUROPE

1977 ◽  
pp. 5-19
Author(s):  
R.W. Brougham
Keyword(s):  
Land Use ◽  
Crude Protein ◽  
Energy Usage ◽  
Hill Country ◽  
Wide Range

IN an assessment such as this, one could cover a wide range of topics fairly shallowly or a lesser number in a bit more depth. I have opted for the latter. The topics discussed will embrace some trends in dairying, beef farming, sheep farming, hill country farming, and land use generally, species and variety usage in grassland farming, use of crude protein produced from pasture, and some implications of energy usage.

Preliminary results of the optimization of biogas production at the biogas station of the national research institute of animal production in Grodziec Sląski – Kostkowice

2015 ◽  
Vol 2 (3) ◽  
pp. 26-31
Author(s):  
K. Węglarzy ◽  
Yu. Shliva ◽  
B. Matros ◽  
G. Sych
Keyword(s):  
Agricultural Production ◽  
Crude Protein ◽  
Biogas Production ◽  
Electric Energy ◽  
Corn Silage ◽  
Industrial Wastes ◽  
Organic Mass ◽  
National Research Institute ◽  
Digestion Process ◽  
By Products

Aim. To optimize the methane digestion process while using different recipes of substrate components of ag- ricultural origin. Methods. The chemical composition of separate components of the substrate of agricultural by-products, industrial wastes, fats of the agrorefi nery and corn silage was studied. Dry (organic) mass, crude protein (fat) fi ber, loose ash, nitrogen-free exhaust were estimated in the components and the productivity of biogas was determined along with the methane content. These data were used as a basis for daily recipes of the substrate and the analysis of biogas production at the biogas station in Kostkowice. Results. The application of by-products of agricultural production solves the problem of their storage on boards and in open containers, which reduces investment costs, related to the installation of units for their storage. Conclusions. The return on investment for obtaining electric energy out of agricultural biogas depends considerably on the kind of the substrate used and on technological and market conditions.

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