Development of a Portuguese smell test: A novel hospital compounding formulation to improve diagnosis of olfactory dysfunction

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Carolina Chaves ◽  
Joana Marto ◽  
Mário Santos ◽  
Filipa Duarte‐Ramos ◽  
Armando Alcobia ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Olfactory Dysfunction ◽  
Smell Test

scholarly journals A COMPLEMENTARY APPROACH ON OLFACTORY DYSFUNCTION IN PARKINSONS DISEASE- RETROSPECTIVE OBSERVATIONAL STUDY

2020 ◽  
pp. 25-32
Author(s):  
Nair Sandeep Damodharan ◽  
Vijayagopal Sunil Kumar ◽  
Przuntek Horst ◽  
Webering Nadine ◽  
Hegelmaier Tobias
Keyword(s):  
Neuronal Degeneration ◽  
Alpha Synuclein ◽  
Olfactory Dysfunction ◽  
Motor Symptom ◽  
Test Results ◽  
Parkinsons Disease ◽  
Complementary Approach ◽  
Smell Test ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Before And After

Olfactory dysfunction is a frequent non-motor symptom of Parkinson’s disease (PD) that involves deficits in odour detection, discrimination, and identification. Hyposmia may be related to neuronal degeneration with deposition of alpha-synuclein in primary olfactory areas as a very early component of the pathology of PD. Olfactory dysfunction also known as Gandhajnana or Gandhanaasha in Ayurveda is a result of improper functioning of different Vatasdue to either degeneration of Dhathus (Tissues) or obstruction in the normal movement of Vata. We analysed the smell test results within the population of Parkinsons patients admitted in Department of Neurology and Complementary medicine in Evangelical Hospital Hattingen from 2012 till 2017. Patients received the prescribed Allopathy and Ayurveda treatment for their ailments along with Ayurveda diet, Ayurveda massage and purification therapies. The primary and the only outcome measure was to assess the results of smelling sensation of the Parkinson’s patients already conducted by a Smell test with Sniffing Sticks supplied by Burghart Messtechnik. A paired t-test was conducted to compare scores obtained in smell test before and after treatment in each group separately. There was a significant difference in the scores of smell test in two groups. Results suggest that patients, treated first with Vasthi and then Ksheerabala oil Nasya showed significant improvement in the scores of smell test (t=-2.509, p= 0.017). The results of patients, treated with only Vasthi also showed significant improvement in the scores of smell test (t=-2.007, p= 0.053).

scholarly journals Body-Mass-Index Associated Differences in Ortho- and Retronasal Olfactory Function and the Individual Significance of Olfaction in Health and Disease

2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (2) ◽  
pp. 366 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gerold Besser ◽  
Brigitte Erlacher ◽  
Kadriye Aydinkoc-Tuzcu ◽  
David T. Liu ◽  
Eleonore Pablik ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Body Mass Index ◽  
Body Mass ◽  
Olfactory Dysfunction ◽  
Olfactory Function ◽  
The Body ◽  
Flavor Perception ◽  
Smell Test ◽  
Health And Disease ◽  
Obese Subjects ◽  
The Individual

Odor (including flavor) perception plays a major role in dietary behavior. Orthonasal olfactory function (OOF) has been shown to decrease in obese subjects. Changes in retronasal olfactory function (ROF) after weight loss and in the individual significance of olfaction (ISO) in obesity are yet to be investigated. Firstly, 15 obese subjects were recruited in a pilot study and supported to conventionally lose weight. OOF (Sniffin’ Sticks) was measured at the beginning and after 5.6 ± 1.3 months. Eleven subjects re-visited but barely lost weight and no major changes in OOF were observed. Secondly, the body-mass-index (BMI), OOF, and ROF (Candy Smell Test, CST) were recorded in subjectively olfactory-healthy subjects (SOHSs) and additionally the ISO questionnaire was collected in patients with olfactory dysfunction (OD). BMI correlated significantly negatively with odor discrimination (p = 0.00004) in 74 SOHSs and negatively with CST (p < 0.0001) in 66 SOHSs. In 48 SOHSs, there was a gender difference in ISO scores (p = 0.034), but no significant correlation with BMI was found (p > 0.05). ISO scores were significantly higher in 52 OD patients in comparison to SOHSs (p = 0.0382). Not only OOF but also ROF may decline with higher BMI. ISO does not seem to alter with BMI, but olfaction becomes more important once it is consciously impaired.

Olfactory dysfunction in familial parkinsonism

Neurology ◽  
1997 ◽  
Vol 49 (5) ◽  
pp. 1262-1267 ◽  
Author(s):  
K. Markopoulou ◽  
K. W. Larsen ◽  
E. K. Wszolek ◽  
M. A. Denson ◽  
A. E. Lang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
At Risk ◽  
Neurodegenerative Disease ◽  
Disease Onset ◽  
Disease Process ◽  
Olfactory Dysfunction ◽  
Olfactory Function ◽  
Phenotypic Characteristic ◽  
Smell Test ◽  
Olfactory Impairment ◽  
The Difference

Impaired olfactory function is commonly observed in idiopathic Parkinson's disease (IPD). However, it is unknown whether it is also found in familial parkinsonism. To address this issue we administered a smell test to 12 affected, three monosymptomatic, and 12 at-risk individuals from six large parkinsonian kindreds. Three kindreds exhibited an IPD phenotype and three exhibited a parkinsonism-plus syndrome (PPS) phenotype. All but one of the affected individuals had impaired olfactory function. In contrast, only five of the 12 at-risk individuals had impaired olfactory function. The degree of olfactory impairment in the at-risk individuals was less severe than in the affected individuals. The difference in the degree of olfactory impairment in individuals exhibiting the IPD and the PPS phenotypes was not statistically significant. These findings suggest that olfactory dysfunction is a phenotypic characteristic of familial parkinsonism and that it is independent of the kindred phenotype. The appearance of olfactory dysfunction soon after disease onset raises the possibility that it is part of the neurodegenerative disease process.

scholarly journals Long-lasting olfactory dysfunction in COVID-19 patients

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bernhard Prem ◽  
David T. Liu ◽  
Gerold Besser ◽  
Gunjan Sharma ◽  
Laura E. Dultinger ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Quality Of Life ◽  
Olfactory Dysfunction ◽  
Common Symptom ◽  
Psychophysical Testing ◽  
Smell Test ◽  
Related Quality ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Long Term Observation

Abstract Objectives Olfactory dysfunction (OD) is a common symptom of Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19). Although many patients have been reported to regain olfactory function within the first month, long-term observation reports vary. Therefore, we aimed to assess the course of chemosensory function in patients diagnosed with COVID-19 within 3–15 months after the infection. Methods One hundred and two patients (71 females and 31 males; mean age 38.8 years) diagnosed with laboratory-confirmed COVID-19 and subjective OD participated in this single-center study 111–457 days after onset of OD. Patients first performed chemosensory tests at home, followed by psychophysical testing (Sniffin’ Sticks (TDI), 27-item Candy Smell Test (CST), Taste Strips Test (TST)) in the clinic. Questionnaires regarding importance of olfaction (IOQ) and olfactory-specific quality of life (QOD) were applied at both timepoints. Results After a mean 216 days (SD 73; range 111–457) between OD onset and follow-up testing, the mean Sniffin’ Sticks (TDI) score was 27.1 points (SD 5.8; range 4.25–38.5): 4.0% were anosmic, 72.5% hyposmic, and 23.5% normosmic. At follow-up testing, 73.5% of patients reported improvement, 5.9% deterioration, and 20.6% no change in OD. Moreover, full recovery of self-perceived smell, flavor, and taste was not observed. According to questionnaires, the individual importance of smell did not change, but participants showed improvement in OD-related quality of life (p < 0.001) and had increased parosmia scores (p = 0.014) at follow-up. Conclusion Our results show that long-lasting OD after SARS-CoV-2 infection is a common symptom. The majority of patients had OD in the range of hyposmia, which was confirmed by comprehensive smell tests.

Comparison of subjective olfaction ratings in patients with and without olfactory disorders

2012 ◽  
Vol 126 (7) ◽  
pp. 692-697 ◽  
Author(s):  
B R Haxel ◽  
S Bertz-Duffy ◽  
K Fruth ◽  
S Letzel ◽  
W J Mann ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Visual Analogue Scale ◽  
Analogue Scale ◽  
Olfactory Dysfunction ◽  
Assessment Tools ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Healthy Controls ◽  
Self Assessment ◽  
Smell Test ◽  
Olfactory Deficit ◽  
Olfactory Abilities

AbstractObjective:Olfactory dysfunction is common. The reliability of self-assessment tools for smell testing is still controversial. This study aimed to provide new data about the accuracy of olfactory self-assessment compared with a standardised smell test.Design:Prospective, controlled, cohort study of patients with olfactory disorders and healthy controls.Subjects:Ninety-six patients with a smell deficit and 71 controls were asked to rate their sense of smell on a visual analogue scale. Their olfactory abilities were also evaluated with the Sniffin' Sticks tests.Results:The whole cohort showed a significant correlation between visual analogue scale smell scores and Sniffin' Sticks total scores. This correlation was also significant in the patient group, but not in the control group. These results were independent of olfactory deficit aetiology and subject age.Conclusion:Self-assessment of olfaction is only a reliable indicator in smell-impaired patients, not in healthy controls. For an accurate assessment of olfaction, reliable, standardised tests are needed.

scholarly journals Alteration in Status of Olfaction amongst COVID 19 Patients: A Descriptive Study in a Dedicated COVID Hospital of Eastern India

2021 ◽  
Vol 28 (3) ◽  
pp. 241-247
Author(s):  
Monoj Mukherjee ◽  
Anupam Ray ◽  
Arpita Mohanty ◽  
Sekhar Paul
Keyword(s):  
Indian Population ◽  
Complete Recovery ◽  
Descriptive Study ◽  
Olfactory Dysfunction ◽  
Eastern India ◽  
Rt Pcr ◽  
Number Of Patients ◽  
Smell Test ◽  
Screening And Diagnosis

Introduction COVID 19 patients present with symptoms of respiratory tract infection as it is caused by SARS Cov-2 which is a β corona virus. A significant number of patients may complain of changes in olfaction either at the onset or later. The incidence, severity and recovery from anosmia/hyposmia varies in different patients. This study was done to investigate the effect of COVID 19 on olfactory dysfunction in the Indian population. Materials & Methods 100 patients admitted with RT-PCR positive reports for SARS Cov-2, in a dedicated COVID hospital in eastern India, were included in this study. Their olfactory function was estimated by pocket smell test (4 items) during ENT examination at bed side. Recovery from anosmia/hyposmia were noted during follow up visits. Results In our study 36% of patients had some alteration in smell.  Out of the 36%, 12% had anosmia and 24% had hyposmia. Chances of complete recovery is more in patients suffering from anosmia than hyposmia. Conclusion Changes in smell sensation is a significant marker for screening and diagnosis of cases of COVID 19. Most of the patients recover completely.

scholarly journals 3PC-066 PT-smell test: a novel hospital compounding and its clinical validation to diagnose olfactory dysfunction

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
C Tovar Chaves ◽  
J Marto ◽  
M Santos ◽  
F Duarte-Ramos ◽  
R Bronze ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Olfactory Dysfunction ◽  
Clinical Validation ◽  
Smell Test

scholarly journals Self-perception of olfactory dysfunction is associated with history of Traumatic Brain Injury: post-hoc analysis from the OLFACAT survey

2019 ◽  
Vol 57 (6) ◽  
pp. 460-468
Author(s):  
C. Langdon ◽  
I. Alobid ◽  
L. Quinto ◽  
A. Valero ◽  
C. Picado ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Traumatic Brain Injury ◽  
Brain Injury ◽  
General Population ◽  
Olfactory Dysfunction ◽  
High Educational Level ◽  
Self Perception ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Smell Test ◽  
History Of ◽  
Smell Loss

BACKGROUND: Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is one of the main causes of smell loss. However, epidemiological studies evaluating the incidence in general population are scarce. The aim of this analysis is to investigate the prevalence of TBI-induced olfactory dysfunction (OD) in a general-based population study. METHODOLOGY: A cross-sectional population-based survey was distributed to general population (260,000 households) through the newspaper. The survey included four microencapsulated odorants (smell test) to assess smell loss and two self-administered questionnaires (odour description and epidemiology/health status). Participants were divided into two groups, with or without a history of TBI. RESULTS: From 10,783 returned surveys, 9,348 were analysed. The survey profile was a 43-year old woman with medium-high educational level, living in a city. The overall prevalence of TBI was 5% (N=464, 44.5±14.1 years old, 57% females). Recorded causes of TBI were traffic, domestic, or work accidents. Subjects with TBI reported a poorer subjective smell self-perception compared to non-TBI participants, and a decreases ability to identify mercaptan (odour added to gas used in cities). Although, using the smell test, both groups showed similar smell capacities. CONCLUSIONS: Subjects with TBI history report a higher frequency of self-perceived OD, and a decrease ability to smell the odour added to domestic gas. Having said that, the prevalence of OD, according to the smell test, was similar in both groups.

scholarly journals 539 Post-Covid-19 Smell Clinic - Management of Patients With ‘Long Covid’

2021 ◽  
Vol 108 (Supplement_6) ◽  
Author(s):  
D Gopikrishna ◽  
J Rocke ◽  
M Chu ◽  
N Kumar
Keyword(s):  
Initial Data ◽  
Eating Habits ◽  
Olfactory Dysfunction ◽  
Self Report ◽  
Sense Of Smell ◽  
Clinic Management ◽  
Smell Test ◽  
Infection Parameters ◽  
Set Up

Abstract Introduction Olfactory dysfunction following COVID-19 infection is a prevalent issue in the post-viral phase of illness. Around 50% of patient’s self-report loss of sense of smell with COVID-19. Approximately 10% of these patients report no recovery in sense of smell at 4-6 weeks after onset. Patients with olfactory dysfunction often describe life as living in 2D, with lasting effects on eating habits and relationships. The aim of this project was to establish a novel ‘Post-Covid-19 smell clinic’ for patients, which monitored any changes relating to olfactory dysfunction and to provide advice on management of the condition for these patients with “Long-Covid”. Method The ‘smell clinic’ was set up based on BRS guidelines. Patients were asked to carry out the ‘UPSIT’ smell test and eODQ questionnaire. Patients were then advised to carry out ‘smell retraining’ for 4 months and pointed to appropriate resources. We analysed patients’ presentations to identify patterns that may identify patients who are likely to suffer long term olfactory dysfunction following Covid-19 infection. Parameters including prevalence of parosmia, cacosmia, dysgeusia, demographics were collected. Results Initial data, from 20 patients, showed 40% experienced parosmia and 40% had associated rhinological symptoms such as rhinorrhoea. The range UPSIT score: 22-34, eODQ score: 42-151. Conclusions Our initial analysis of the clinic identified symptoms range from anosmia, parosmia and loss of flavour. Parosmia patients experienced this in relation to smells such as excrement and coffee. Future implications involve analysing the possible benefits of ‘smell retraining’ after repeating UPSIT and the eODQ score

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