Termite soldiers contribute to social immunity by synthesizing potent oral secretions

2018 ◽  
Vol 27 (5) ◽  
pp. 564-576 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. He ◽  
P. R. Johnston ◽  
B. Kuropka ◽  
S. Lokatis ◽  
C. Weise ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Social Immunity ◽  
Oral Secretions ◽  
Termite Soldiers

scholarly journals THE NATURAL HISTORY OF HUMAN POLIOMYELITIS

1941 ◽  
Vol 74 (6) ◽  
pp. 519-529 ◽  
Author(s):  
Albert B. Sabin ◽  
Robert Ward
Keyword(s):  
Natural History ◽  
Paralytic Poliomyelitis ◽  
Older Individuals ◽  
Oral Secretions ◽  
Poliomyelitis Virus ◽  
Intestinal Contents ◽  
History Of ◽  
Nasal Secretions

Studies on the elimination of virus in human paralytic poliomyelitis during the first 2 weeks of the disease, revealed the following:— 1. The nasal (not nasopharyngeal) secretions collected from 22 patients on cotton plugs over a period of 3 days and the saliva and oral secretions expectorated during a similar period by 20 patients failed to yield virus. 2. In 10 of the patients whose secretions (nasal, oral, or both) were investigated, virus was isolated from single specimens of the lower intestinal contents. 3. No virus was found in large amounts of urine (up to 200 cc.) obtained from 12 patients, 6 of whom had paralysis of the bladder. 4. In the present tests virus was found 4 times more often in the stools of patients under 8 years of age (64 per cent of 11 cases) than in older individuals (17 per cent of 12 cases). This difference was found to obtain when our data were combined with those which could justifiably be selected from the literature, the total figures indicating that virus has been isolated from 50 per cent of 58 children under 8 years of age and from 12 per cent of 60 older individuals. 5. No support was found for the hypothesis that poliomyelitis virus in the stools originates from swallowed nasal secretions and saliva or oral secretions.

scholarly journals An elicitor in caterpillar oral secretions that induces corn seedlings to emit chemical signals attractive to parasitic wasps

1993 ◽  
Vol 19 (3) ◽  
pp. 411-425 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ted C. J. Turlings ◽  
Philip J. McCall ◽  
Hans T. Alborn ◽  
James H. Tumlinson
Keyword(s):  
Chemical Signals ◽  
Parasitic Wasps ◽  
Oral Secretions

Chemical defense by termite soldiers

1979 ◽  
Vol 5 (3) ◽  
pp. 459-480 ◽  
Author(s):  
Glenn D. Prestwich
Keyword(s):  
Chemical Defense ◽  
Termite Soldiers

scholarly journals Keep the nest clean: survival advantages of corpse removal in ants

2014 ◽  
Vol 10 (7) ◽  
pp. 20140306 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lise Diez ◽  
Philippe Lejeune ◽  
Claire Detrain
Keyword(s):  
Social Insects ◽  
Survival Advantage ◽  
Social Immunity ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Nest Maintenance ◽  
Colony Survival ◽  
Better Than

Sociality increases exposure to pathogens. Therefore, social insects have developed a wide range of behavioural defences, known as ‘social immunity’. However, the benefits of these behaviours in terms of colony survival have been scarcely investigated. We tested the survival advantage of prophylaxis, i.e. corpse removal, in ants. Over 50 days, we compared the survival of ants in colonies that were free to remove corpses with those that were restricted in their corpse removal. From Day 8 onwards, the survival of adult workers was significantly higher in colonies that were allowed to remove corpses normally. Overall, larvae survived better than adults, but were slightly affected by the presence of corpses in the nest. When removal was restricted, ants removed as many corpses as they could and moved the remaining corpses away from brood, typically to the nest corners. These results show the importance of nest maintenance and prophylactic behaviour in social insects.

Oral Secretions Affect HIPVs Induced by Generalist (Mythimna loreyi) and Specialist (Parnara guttata) Herbivores in Rice

2017 ◽  
Vol 43 (9) ◽  
pp. 929-943 ◽  
Author(s):  
Islam S. Sobhy ◽  
Atsushi Miyake ◽  
Tomonori Shinya ◽  
Ivan Galis
Keyword(s):  
Oral Secretions

scholarly journals 3D mapping of disease in ant societies reveals a strategy of a specialized parasite

2014 ◽  
Author(s):  
Raquel G Loreto ◽  
Simon L Elliot ◽  
Mayara LR Freitas ◽  
Thairine M Pereira ◽  
David P Hughes
Keyword(s):  
Disease Spread ◽  
Social Immunity ◽  
Ant Colonies ◽  
Effective Strategies ◽  
Insect Societies ◽  
The Social ◽  
Disease Free ◽  
Ophiocordyceps Unilateralis ◽  
Disease Present

Despite the widely held position that the social insects have evolved effective ways to limit infectious disease spread, many pathogens and parasites do attack insect societies. Maintaining a disease-free nest environment is an important evolutionary feature, but since workers have to leave the nest to forage they are routinely exposed to disease. Here we show that despite effective social immunity, in which workers act collectively to reduce disease inside the nest, 100% of studied ant colonies of Camponotus rufipes in a Brazilian Rainforest were infected by the specialized fungal parasite Ophiocordyceps unilateralis s.l. Not only is disease present for all colonies but long-term dynamics over 20 months revealed disease is a permanent feature. Using 3D maps, we showed the parasite optimizes its transmission by controlling workers’ behavior to die on the doorstep of the colony, where susceptible foragers are predictable in time and space. Therefore, despite social immunity, specialized diseases of ants have evolved effective strategies to exploit insect societies.

scholarly journals An evolutionary hourglass of herbivore-induced transcriptomic responses in Nicotiana attenuata

2015 ◽  
Author(s):  
Matthew Durrant ◽  
Justin Boyer ◽  
Ian T. Baldwin ◽  
Shuqing Xu
Keyword(s):  
Nicotiana Attenuata ◽  
Biological Processes ◽  
Oral Secretions ◽  
Middle Stage ◽  
Signal Perception ◽  
Induced Defences ◽  
Elicitation Process ◽  
Transcriptomic Responses

Herbivore induced defences are robust, evolve rapidly and activated in plants when specific elicitors, frequently found in the herbivores' oral secretions (OS) are introduced into wounds during attack. How these complex induced defences evolve remains unclear. Here, we show that herbivore-induced transcriptomic responses in a wild tobacco, Nicotiana attenuata, display an evolutionary hourglass: the pattern that characterises the transcriptomic evolution of embryogenesis in animals, plants, and fungi. While relatively young and rapidly evolving genes involved in signal perception and processing to regulate defence metabolite biosynthesis are recruited both early (1 h) and late (9-21 h) in the defence elicitation process, a group of highly conserved and older genes involved in transcriptomic regulation are activated in the middle stage (5 h). The appearance of the evolutionary hourglass architecture in both developmental and defence elicitation processes may reflect the importance of robustness and evolvability in the signalling of these important biological processes.

Eikenella corrodens Osteomyelitis

PEDIATRICS ◽  
1982 ◽  
Vol 70 (3) ◽  
pp. 462-463
Author(s):  
Kenneth Polin ◽  
Stanford T. Shulman
Keyword(s):  
Antibiotic Treatment ◽  
Pure Culture ◽  
Oral Secretions ◽  
Eikenella Corrodens ◽  
Puncture Wound ◽  
Incision And Drainage

A 9-year-old boy developed osteomyelitis of the calcaneus following a puncture wound by a toothpick. Culture of the bone yielded a pure culture of Eikenella corrodens, an organism that is normally found in oral secretions. Recovery was complete following incision and drainage and antibiotic treatment with penicillins.

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