scholarly journals PM 3/88 (1) Testing of potato varieties to assess resistance to Synchytrium endobioticum

EPPO Bulletin ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 50 (3) ◽  
pp. 364-371
Keyword(s):  
Potato Varieties ◽  
Synchytrium Endobioticum

scholarly journals An Alternative Bioassay for Synchytrium endobioticum Demonstrates the Expression of Potato Wart Resistance in Aboveground Plant Parts

2019 ◽  
Vol 109 (6) ◽  
pp. 1043-1052 ◽  
Author(s):  
B. T. L. H. van de Vossenberg ◽  
M. P. E. van Gent-Pelzer ◽  
M. Boerma ◽  
L. P. van der Gouw ◽  
T. A. J. van der Lee ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Molecular Techniques ◽  
Breeding Programs ◽  
Potato Wart ◽  
Potato Varieties ◽  
Synchytrium Endobioticum ◽  
Plant Parts ◽  
Resting Spores ◽  
Plant Pathogen Interaction ◽  
Speed Up ◽  
Polymerase Chain

The obligate biotrophic chytrid species Synchytrium endobioticum is the causal agent of potato wart disease. Currently, 39 pathotypes have been described based on their interaction with a differential set of potato varieties. Wart resistance and pathotyping is performed using bioassays in which etiolated tuber sprouts are inoculated. Here, we describe an alternative method in which aboveground plant parts are inoculated. Susceptible plants produced typical wart symptoms in developing but not in fully expanded aboveground organs. Colonization of the host by S. endobioticum was verified by screening for resting spores by microscopy and by molecular techniques using TaqMan polymerase chain reaction and RNAseq analysis. When applied to resistant plants, none of these symptoms were detectable. Recognition of S. endobioticum pathotypes by differentially resistant potato varieties was identical in axillary buds and the tuber-based bioassays. This suggests that S. endobioticum resistance genes are expressed in both etiolated “belowground” sprouts and green aboveground organs. RNAseq analysis demonstrated that the symptomatic aboveground materials contain less contaminants compared with resting spores extracted from tuber-based assays. This reduced microbial contamination in the aboveground bioassay could be an important advantage to study this obligate biotrophic plant–pathogen interaction. Because wart resistance is active in both below- and aboveground organs, the aboveground bioassay can potentially speed up screening for S. endobioticum resistance in potato breeding programs because it omits the requirement for tuber formation. In addition, possibilities arise to express S. endobioticum effectors in potato leaves through agroinfiltration, thereby providing additional phenotyping tools for research and breeding. [Formula: see text] Copyright © 2019 The Author(s). This is an open access article distributed under the CC BY 4.0 International license .

scholarly journals Screening of potato varieties for multiple resistance to Synchytrium endobioticum in the western region of Ukraine

2018 ◽  
Vol 5 (3) ◽  
pp. 3-11 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. Zelya ◽  
G. Zelya ◽  
T. Oliynyk ◽  
L. Pylypenko ◽  
M. Solomiyciuk ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Potato Breeding ◽  
Breeding Program ◽  
Western Region ◽  
Multiple Resistance ◽  
Climatic Chamber ◽  
Potato Varieties ◽  
Synchytrium Endobioticum ◽  
Breeding Material ◽  
The Western Region ◽  
Greenhouse Tests

Aim. To evaluate potato breeding material for resistance to pathotypes of Synchytrium endobioticum (Schilbersky) Percival (1909) known to be present in Ukraine (pathotypes 1(D 1 ), 11, 13, 18 and 22); to identify resistant registered and potential varieties for the usage in the national wart disease eradication programs and to recommend these se- lected (potential and registered) potato varieties for the breeding program targeted on the development of multiple resistance against pathotypes of S. endobioticum present in Ukraine. Methods. Evaluation of the potato breeding material and registered potato varieties for the resistance against common pathotype 1 (D 1 ) and four aggressive pa- thotypes of S. endobioticum (pathotypes 11, 13, 18 and 22) in climatic chamber and greenhouse tests of Ukrainian Scientifi c Research Plant Quarantine Station of Institute of Plant Protection NAAS (Boyany, Ukraine) following the Spieckermann and Glynne-Lemmerzahl methods (EPPO Standard PM7/28(2)). Field trials on naturally infected soils were conducted according to standard methods adapted to national requirements in the area of Chernivtsi, Zakarpattia and Ivano-Frankivsk regions. Results. 3,736 samples of potato breeding material from six breeding institutions of Ukraine were tested for resistance against S. endobioticum during 2011–2017 in the western region of the country. Among all samples tested, 3,389 were identifi ed as resistant to the widely spread pathotype 1 in the preliminary climatic chamber and greenhouse tests, and 130 of them proved to be resistant under fi eld conditions. Five out of 41 Ukrainian registered potato varieties (Bazys, Hlazurna, Solokha, Bozhedar and Santarka) were found to be resistant to all 5 pathotypes tested (1 (D 1 ), 11, 13, 18 and 22). Conclusions. The 130 samples of potato breed- ing material (which were found to be resistant against the common pathotype 1 of S. endobioticum in the laboratory, greenhouse as well as in the fi eld trials) were recommended for the state variety registration and further usage in an eradication program to localize potato wart outbreaks of the western part of Ukraine. The screening tests revealed that the national breeding program targeted on resistance against S. endobioticum pathotype 11 was the most effec- tive (49 % of samples tested proved to be resistant against this pathotype), whereas it was the least effective against pathotype 18, namely only 30 % of samples resistant. It was speculated that such a dissimilarity may be related to the differences in the genetic material used in the breeding process at various institutions, and which may be the subject of further analysis in order to improve the results of breeding programs. The already registered potato variet- ies Bazys, Hlazurna, Solokha, Bozhedar and Santarka which were found to have a multiple resistance to common pathotype 1 and four local aggressive pathotypes of S. endobioticum (11, 13, 18 and 22) were recommended for use in the breeding process as sources of resistance and also for the eradication programs in the western region of Ukraine, where S. endobioticum is mostly distributed (2409 hectares or 98 %).

scholarly journals The Synchytrium endobioticum AvrSen1 triggers a Hypersensitive Response in Sen1 potatoes while natural variants evade detection

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bart T.L.H. van de Vossenberg ◽  
Charlotte Prodhomme ◽  
Gert van Arkel ◽  
Marga P.E. van Gent-Pelzer ◽  
Marjan Bergervoet ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Hypersensitive Response ◽  
World Wide ◽  
Dominant Gene ◽  
Wart Disease ◽  
Potato Wart ◽  
Potato Varieties ◽  
Synchytrium Endobioticum ◽  
Potato Wart Disease ◽  
Pathogen Effector ◽  
The Impact

AbstractSynchytrium endobioticum is an obligate biotrophic fungus of the phylum Chytridiomycota. It causes potato wart disease, has a world-wide quarantine status and is included on the HHS and USDA Select Agent list. S. endobioticum isolates are grouped in pathotypes based on their ability to evade host-resistance in a set of differential potato varieties. So far, thirty-nine pathotypes are reported. A single dominant gene (Sen1) governs pathotype 1 resistance and we anticipated that the underlying molecular model would involve a pathogen effector (AvrSen1) that is recognized by the host. The S. endobioticum specific secretome of fourteen isolates representing six different pathotypes was screened for effectors specifically present in pathotype 1(D1) isolates but absent in others. We identified a single AvrSen1 candidate. Expression of this candidate in potato Sen1 plants showed a specific hypersensitive response, which co-segregated with the Sen1 resistance in potato populations. No HR was obtained with truncated genes found in pathotypes that evaded recognition by Sen1. These findings established that our candidate gene was indeed Avrsen1. The S. endobioticum AvrSen1 is a single copy gene and encodes a 376 amino acid protein without predicted function or functional domains, and is the first effector gene identified in Chytridiomycota, an extremely diverse yet underrepresented basal lineage of fungi.Author SummaryPlant pathogens can have a great social and economic impact, and are a continuous threat to food security. A clear example is Synchytrium endobioticum, the fungus causing potato wart disease. The impact of the pathogen, lack of effective chemical control agents and the longevity of resting spores produced by the pathogen led to a world-wide quarantine status for S. endobioticum. Strict phytosanitary measures and the use of resistance potato varieties are currently the only way to prevent the spread of the disease. The emergence of new pathotypes that overcome resistance urged to study the underlying molecular mechanisms of S. endobioticum recognition by the plant. Here we describe the identification of the first effector (AvrSen1) of S. endobioticum that is recognized by the Sen1 resistance gene product. Also, we report the loss of AvrSen1 in other pathotypes thus avoiding recognition by the plant and triggering immune responses. AvrSen1 represents the first effector to be identified in the basal fungal lineage Chytridiomycota. The discovery of AvrSen1 provides an important tool to manage potato wart disease. Moreover, knowledge about Chytridiomycota effectors will shed light on other (pathogenic) interactions and the co-evolution of Chytridiomycota species with their hosts.

Varieties of sweet potato and features of their cultivation technology

2020 ◽  
pp. 18-20
Author(s):  
Т.Э. Остонакулов ◽  
А.А. Шамсиев
Keyword(s):  
Sweet Potato ◽  
Sweet Potatoes ◽  
Marketable Yield ◽  
Early Maturity ◽  
Potato Varieties ◽  
Cultivation Technology ◽  
High Yields ◽  
Sprout Formation ◽  
Yield Formation

В 2017–2019 годах изучены сортообразцы сладкого картофеля на староорошаемых лугово-сероземных почвах Зарафшанской долины. Цель исследований – комплексная оценка сортообразцов батата в условиях Зарафшанской долины по скороспелости, росту, развитию, интенсивному размножению, формированию урожая, компактности клубней в гнезде, продуктивности, урожайности и лежкости клубней и выделение из них перспективных, а также разработка приемов агротехнологии получения высоких урожаев для данных условий. Почвы опытного участка характеризуются благоприятными агрофизическими и водными свойствами и низким содержанием гумуса, нитратного азота, подвижного фосфора и содержанием обменного калия от низкого до среднего. Сравнивали 18 сортообразцов батата. Выделенные сортообразцы изучали при ширине междурядий 70 и 90 см со схемой 70×25 и 90×20 см по 1, 2 и 3 растения в гнезде. Для получения рассады сортообразцов батата брали по 40 клубней и высаживали 20–22 февраля в пленочной теплице при температуре 15–18 °C, заделывая их на глубину 3–5 см. Влажность почвы поддерживали на уровне 65–70%. Через 7–10 дней после высадки почки начинают прорастать, а через 43–48 дней формируется рассада высотой 12–15 см, готовая для высадки в поле. Высадка рассады, как и других рассадных культур (томата, перца, баклажана) – по схеме 70×20–25 см во второй-третьей декаде апреля. Уход включал в себя междурядную обработку (культивация), прополку, борьбу с сорняками, подкормку, поливы. Уборка урожая – в конце сентября-начале октября с помощью картофелекопателя. В результате исследований выделились сорта по скороспелости, дружности формирования ростков, ускоренному размножению, продуктивности, компактности клубней в гнезде и с высоким товарным урожаем – Сочакинур, Хар-Бей и Япон. Возделывание этих сортообразцов по схеме 70×25 и 90×20 см способствует получению товарного урожая высокого качества не менее 43–48 т/га. In 2017–2019, studies were conducted on the study of varieties of sweet potatoes on old-irrigated meadow-gray-earth soils of the Zarafshan valley. The purpose of the research is a comprehensive assessment of sweet potato varieties in the conditions of the Zarafshan valley in terms of early maturity, growth, development, intensive reproduction, yield formation, compactness of tubers in the nest, productivity, yield and keeping quality of tubers and the selection of promising ones, as well as the development of methods of agricultural technology for obtaining high yields for given conditions. The soil is characterized by favorable agrophysical and water properties and low content of humus, nitrate nitrogen, mobile phosphorus and a low-average content of exchange potassium. Eighteen sweet potato varieties were compared. The selected variety samples were studied with a row spacing of 70 and 90 cm with a scheme of 70×25 and 90×20 cm for 1, 2 and 3 seedlings in the nest. To obtain seedlings of sweet potato varieties, 40 tubers were taken and planted on February 20–22 in a film greenhouse at a temperature of 15–18 °C, seeding to a depth of 3–5 cm, the soil moisture was maintained at 65–70%. 7–10 days after planting, the buds began to germinate, and after 43–48 days, seedlings were formed with a height of 12–15 cm, which is ready for planting in the field. Planting seedlings in the field is carried out, as well as other seedlings (tomato, pepper, eggplant) according to the scheme 70x20–25 cm in the second or third decade of April. Growing includes inter-row processing (cultivation), weeding, weed control, top dressing, watering. Harvesting in late September, early October with a potato digger. As a result of the research, varieties were identified in terms of early maturity, sprout formation, accelerated reproduction, productivity, compactness of tubers in the nest and ensuring a high marketable yield – Sochakinur, Xar-Bey, and Japon. The cultivation of these varieties according to the scheme 70×25 and 90×20 cm contributes to the production of a commodity crop at 43–48 t/ha with good qualities.

EFFECT OF TEMPORARY COVERING ON EARLY POTATO YIELD IN THE CONDITIONS OF THE MOSCOW REGION

2020 ◽  
pp. 31-38
Author(s):  
MARINA E. DIYKANOVA ◽  
◽  
ALEKSANDR G. LEVSHIN ◽  
IRINA N. GASPARYAN ◽  
NATALIA F. DENISKINA ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Seedling Emergence ◽  
Maximum Yield ◽  
Moscow Region ◽  
Cold Weather ◽  
Test Plot ◽  
Early Potato ◽  
Emergence Period ◽  
Potato Varieties ◽  
Russian State ◽  
Covering Material

In the Moscoww region, frosts are quite probable to return until the fi rst decade of June. To protect potatoes from the returning cold weather, it is possible to use a temporary covering material in the “planting – seedling emergence” period. The authors have studied the use of covering materials on early potato varieties of Udacha, Zhukovsky early, Red Scarlet, Snegir’, and Meteor. Studies have been conducted on the test plot of the Vegetable Growing Department of Russian State Agrarian University – Moscow Timiryazev Agricultural Academy in 2017-2019. Non-woven white and black material of the same density of 17 g/m2 was used for covering. No covering was used in the check variant. The cultivation technology was standard,it included tillage (plowing, spring tillage, and cutting ridges before planting), as well as plant care (inter-row cultivation and hilling-up). Planting was carried out with a single-row potato planter. The earliest emergence of seedlings was observed under white covering material with a diff erence of 5-6 days in relation to the check variant. In the variant with a black covering material, the diff erence averaged 3-4 days. Due to covering, planting was carried out earlier than expected and the crop was formed by July 15. The interphase period between potato planting and seddling emergence decreased, while that from seddling emergence to harvesting increased, consequently, the yield increased by 11.6…14.7%. The maximum yield was obtained with the Red Scarlet variety using the white covering material, the minimum – in the check variant without covering. The same trend is typical for other varieties. It has been established that covering with any material has a positive eff ect on the duration of the potato growing season and the yield by increasing the period of tuberization. Covering allows getting early potato varieties 2 weeks earlier in the Moscow region.

POTATO VARIETIES PROMISING FOR BREEDING TARGETED AT COMMERCIAL TRAITS

2014 ◽  
Vol 176 (1) ◽  
pp. 59-67
Author(s):  
L. I. Kostina Kostina ◽  
◽  
O. S. Kosareva Kosareva ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Potato Varieties
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