scholarly journals The Synchytrium endobioticum AvrSen1 triggers a Hypersensitive Response in Sen1 potatoes while natural variants evade detection

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bart T.L.H. van de Vossenberg ◽  
Charlotte Prodhomme ◽  
Gert van Arkel ◽  
Marga P.E. van Gent-Pelzer ◽  
Marjan Bergervoet ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Hypersensitive Response ◽  
World Wide ◽  
Dominant Gene ◽  
Wart Disease ◽  
Potato Wart ◽  
Potato Varieties ◽  
Synchytrium Endobioticum ◽  
Potato Wart Disease ◽  
Pathogen Effector ◽  
The Impact

AbstractSynchytrium endobioticum is an obligate biotrophic fungus of the phylum Chytridiomycota. It causes potato wart disease, has a world-wide quarantine status and is included on the HHS and USDA Select Agent list. S. endobioticum isolates are grouped in pathotypes based on their ability to evade host-resistance in a set of differential potato varieties. So far, thirty-nine pathotypes are reported. A single dominant gene (Sen1) governs pathotype 1 resistance and we anticipated that the underlying molecular model would involve a pathogen effector (AvrSen1) that is recognized by the host. The S. endobioticum specific secretome of fourteen isolates representing six different pathotypes was screened for effectors specifically present in pathotype 1(D1) isolates but absent in others. We identified a single AvrSen1 candidate. Expression of this candidate in potato Sen1 plants showed a specific hypersensitive response, which co-segregated with the Sen1 resistance in potato populations. No HR was obtained with truncated genes found in pathotypes that evaded recognition by Sen1. These findings established that our candidate gene was indeed Avrsen1. The S. endobioticum AvrSen1 is a single copy gene and encodes a 376 amino acid protein without predicted function or functional domains, and is the first effector gene identified in Chytridiomycota, an extremely diverse yet underrepresented basal lineage of fungi.Author SummaryPlant pathogens can have a great social and economic impact, and are a continuous threat to food security. A clear example is Synchytrium endobioticum, the fungus causing potato wart disease. The impact of the pathogen, lack of effective chemical control agents and the longevity of resting spores produced by the pathogen led to a world-wide quarantine status for S. endobioticum. Strict phytosanitary measures and the use of resistance potato varieties are currently the only way to prevent the spread of the disease. The emergence of new pathotypes that overcome resistance urged to study the underlying molecular mechanisms of S. endobioticum recognition by the plant. Here we describe the identification of the first effector (AvrSen1) of S. endobioticum that is recognized by the Sen1 resistance gene product. Also, we report the loss of AvrSen1 in other pathotypes thus avoiding recognition by the plant and triggering immune responses. AvrSen1 represents the first effector to be identified in the basal fungal lineage Chytridiomycota. The discovery of AvrSen1 provides an important tool to manage potato wart disease. Moreover, knowledge about Chytridiomycota effectors will shed light on other (pathogenic) interactions and the co-evolution of Chytridiomycota species with their hosts.

scholarly journals Synchytrium endobioticum , the potato wart disease pathogen

2022 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bart. T. L. H. Vossenberg ◽  
Charlotte Prodhomme ◽  
Jack H. Vossen ◽  
Theo A. J. Lee
Keyword(s):  
Wart Disease ◽  
Potato Wart ◽  
Synchytrium Endobioticum ◽  
Potato Wart Disease

Development of PCR-based Detection Methods for the Quarantine Phytopathogen Synchytrium endobioticum, Causal Agent of Potato Wart Disease

2005 ◽  
Vol 113 (1) ◽  
pp. 47-57 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. H. J. F. van den Boogert ◽  
M. P. E. van Gent-Pelzer ◽  
P. J. M. Bonants ◽  
S. H. De Boer ◽  
J. G. N. Wander ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Causal Agent ◽  
Detection Methods ◽  
Wart Disease ◽  
Potato Wart ◽  
Synchytrium Endobioticum ◽  
Potato Wart Disease

Potato Wart Disease, Synchytrium Endobioticum (SCHILB.) Perc.

Nature ◽  
1960 ◽  
Vol 185 (4710) ◽  
pp. 367-368 ◽  
Author(s):  
VIT BOJŇANSKÝ
Keyword(s):  
Wart Disease ◽  
Potato Wart ◽  
Synchytrium Endobioticum ◽  
Potato Wart Disease

scholarly journals First Report of Synchytrium endobioticum (Potato Wart Disease) Pathotype 18(T1) in Poland

Plant Disease ◽  
2014 ◽  
Vol 98 (5) ◽  
pp. 688-688 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. Przetakiewicz
Keyword(s):  
Western Europe ◽  
Plant Pathogens ◽  
Ornamental Plants ◽  
Wart Disease ◽  
Potato Wart ◽  
Synchytrium Endobioticum ◽  
Potato Wart Disease ◽  
The United Kingdom ◽  
Resting Spores ◽  
The 19Th Century

Synchytrium endobioticum (Schilb.) Perc. is a soil-borne biotrophic fungus causing potato wart disease (PWD) of cultivated potato, one of the most important crops in Poland. S. endobioticum infects epidermal cells of young potato organs, such as eyes, sprouts, young tubers, stolons, stems, leaves, and even flowers, but never roots. S. endobioticum survives in the soil as winter (resting) spores, which germinate, infect the plant, and produce secondary sporangia (summer spores); infection results in galls on the stolons and tubers, in which the pathogen multiplies. Its long persistence in soil and the severe losses it inflicts to potato crops have prompted its inclusion into the A2 quarantine list. The fungus originates from the Andean zones of South America, from where it spread to North America and Europe at the end of the 19th century. S. endobioticum was first reported in the United Kingdom in 1876. This pathogen is quite variable. The first discovery of a new pathotype in Europe occurred in former East Germany in 1941, and there have been 38 S. endobioticum pathotypes identified so far. Pathotypes 1(D1), 2(G1), 6(O1), 8(F1), and 18(T1) are of greatest relevance in Europe. In 2008, the Polish Inspectorate of Plant Health and Seed Inspection (PIORiN) collected soil samples from Mazowieckie Region in Central Poland. Microscopic examinations revealed the presence of viable resting spores of S. endobioticum in a soil sample collected from a crop plantation of ornamentals intended for export. One kilogram of soil contained an average of 300 viable spores. A bioassay (pot tests), recommended by the EPPO standard PM 3/59 (1), showed no wart symptoms because of the very low sporangium density of S. endobioticum. However, concentrating S. endobioticum inoculum by centrifugation and using for a bioassay modified Potocek's tube test (1) allowed us to obtain fresh galls with summer sporangia. The first symptoms of PWD were visible on sprouts of extremely susceptible potato genotypes 7 weeks after inoculation. To identify the pathotype of S. endobioticum, 10 differential potato cultivars (Deodara, Tomensa, Eersteling, Producent, Combi, Saphir, Delcora, Miriam, Karolin, and Ulme) were inoculated with fresh galls of S. endobioticum using the Glynne-Lemmerzahl method (2), according to EPPO standard PM 7/28. Galls were formed on all cultivars except Saphir, Karolin, and Ulme (resistant cultivars). This virulence profile was identical to that of European pathotype 18(T1) of S. endobioticum. This is the first detection in Poland of pathotype 18(T1), which is one of the most virulent pathotypes of this fungus. It should be noted that in 2004, prior to planting, the field was investigated by PIORiN and found to be free of S. endobioticum. The winter sporangia were found on the field with ornamental plants originating from Western Europe, where pathotype 18(T1) is still occurring. S. endobioticum is a classic example of the distribution of plant pathogens by man. Although an infection source has not been determined, the field was probably infested by soil connected with roots of the plantlets. This is an example of alternative ways for S. endobioticum spreading without potato as a main host. References: (1) EPPO. Bull. OEPP/EPPO Bull. 29:225, 1999. (2) EPPO. Bull. OEPP/EPPO Bull. 34:213, 2004.

Occurrence of potato wart disease (Synchytrium endobioticum) in Bulgaria: identification of pathotype(s) present

EPPO Bulletin ◽  
2011 ◽  
Vol 41 (2) ◽  
pp. 195-202 ◽  
Author(s):  
L. Dimitrova ◽  
M. Laginova ◽  
A. Becheva ◽  
G. C. M. van Leeuwen
Keyword(s):  
Wart Disease ◽  
Potato Wart ◽  
Synchytrium Endobioticum ◽  
Potato Wart Disease

scholarly journals Developing Control Strategies of Potato Wart Disease (Synchytrium endobioticum) in Turkey

2013 ◽  
Vol 2 (2) ◽  
pp. 76-83
Author(s):  
Hale Gunacti ◽  
Ali Erkılıç
Keyword(s):  
Control Strategies ◽  
Efficacy Rate ◽  
Wart Disease ◽  
Promising Alternative ◽  
Potato Wart ◽  
Synchytrium Endobioticum ◽  
Potato Wart Disease ◽  
Disease Occurrence ◽  
Soil Fumigants ◽  
Metham Sodium

The ultimate purpose of this study was to control Potato Wart Disease. Thus, during 2010 – 2011, in order to control the Potato Wart Disease caused by Synchytrium endobioticum the efficacy of seed fungicides and soil fumigants, the influence of 15 different plants used as alternative cropping to potato and the extracts derived from carrot, onion, garlic and radish were examined on the sporangium viability. The results revealed that the roots of turnip tuber were the most effective treatment among four different plant extracts used. Sunflower and Rye were found to be promising alternative crops to potato for the region with 74% and 73% of sporangium mortality, respectively. The most effective fumigant application on the viability of Synchytrium endobioticum sporangia in the soil was Formaldehyde with a 93.8 – 97.5 % efficacy rate. The fungicide efficacy on the diseases occurrence changed from 25.2 % to 62.5 % comparing to control plots. Although significant differences were obtained numerically between efficacy ratios, no statistically significant differences were found in all applications. The most effective application on Potato Wart Disease occurrence was the dosages of 60 and 80 g /m2 of Metham Sodium among the four different concentrations of Formaldehyde, Metham Sodium, Dazomet and Urea as plant fertilizer.

Sequence of events in the germination of the resting spore of Synchytrium endobioticum, European pathotype 2, the causal agent of potato wart disease

1986 ◽  
Vol 64 (9) ◽  
pp. 2144-2150 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael C. Hampson
Keyword(s):  
Life History ◽  
Causal Agent ◽  
Wart Disease ◽  
Potato Wart ◽  
Synchytrium Endobioticum ◽  
Potato Wart Disease ◽  
Resting Spore ◽  
Sequence Of Events ◽  
Resting Spores ◽  
History Of

Populations of freshly harvested to 4-year-old resting spores of Synchytrium endobioticum (Schilb.) Perc. from sand compost and aqueous immersion cultures were observed, using normal and television microscopy. Germination vesicles were found in aging cultures: at 49 days in sand compost or peaking at the 11th day in aqueous immersion. Freshly harvested spores gave rise to the largest quantity of vesicles in aqueous immersion. The ability to produce vesicles fell off in rapid exponential fashion with time after spore harvest. Release of the sporangia from the enveloping vesicles and discharge of zoospores from sporangia were studied in detail through the use of videotape recordings. This is the first reported description of these phenomena in the life history of S. endobioticum.

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