A modification of the Glynne-Lemmerzahl method for testing resistance of potato varieties to wart disease,Synchytrium endobioticum (Schilb.) Perc.

1976 ◽  
Vol 19 (2) ◽  
pp. 165-167 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. Sharma ◽  
R. H. Cammack
Keyword(s):  
Wart Disease ◽  
Potato Varieties ◽  
Synchytrium Endobioticum ◽  
Testing Resistance

scholarly journals The Synchytrium endobioticum AvrSen1 triggers a Hypersensitive Response in Sen1 potatoes while natural variants evade detection

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bart T.L.H. van de Vossenberg ◽  
Charlotte Prodhomme ◽  
Gert van Arkel ◽  
Marga P.E. van Gent-Pelzer ◽  
Marjan Bergervoet ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Hypersensitive Response ◽  
World Wide ◽  
Dominant Gene ◽  
Wart Disease ◽  
Potato Wart ◽  
Potato Varieties ◽  
Synchytrium Endobioticum ◽  
Potato Wart Disease ◽  
Pathogen Effector ◽  
The Impact

AbstractSynchytrium endobioticum is an obligate biotrophic fungus of the phylum Chytridiomycota. It causes potato wart disease, has a world-wide quarantine status and is included on the HHS and USDA Select Agent list. S. endobioticum isolates are grouped in pathotypes based on their ability to evade host-resistance in a set of differential potato varieties. So far, thirty-nine pathotypes are reported. A single dominant gene (Sen1) governs pathotype 1 resistance and we anticipated that the underlying molecular model would involve a pathogen effector (AvrSen1) that is recognized by the host. The S. endobioticum specific secretome of fourteen isolates representing six different pathotypes was screened for effectors specifically present in pathotype 1(D1) isolates but absent in others. We identified a single AvrSen1 candidate. Expression of this candidate in potato Sen1 plants showed a specific hypersensitive response, which co-segregated with the Sen1 resistance in potato populations. No HR was obtained with truncated genes found in pathotypes that evaded recognition by Sen1. These findings established that our candidate gene was indeed Avrsen1. The S. endobioticum AvrSen1 is a single copy gene and encodes a 376 amino acid protein without predicted function or functional domains, and is the first effector gene identified in Chytridiomycota, an extremely diverse yet underrepresented basal lineage of fungi.Author SummaryPlant pathogens can have a great social and economic impact, and are a continuous threat to food security. A clear example is Synchytrium endobioticum, the fungus causing potato wart disease. The impact of the pathogen, lack of effective chemical control agents and the longevity of resting spores produced by the pathogen led to a world-wide quarantine status for S. endobioticum. Strict phytosanitary measures and the use of resistance potato varieties are currently the only way to prevent the spread of the disease. The emergence of new pathotypes that overcome resistance urged to study the underlying molecular mechanisms of S. endobioticum recognition by the plant. Here we describe the identification of the first effector (AvrSen1) of S. endobioticum that is recognized by the Sen1 resistance gene product. Also, we report the loss of AvrSen1 in other pathotypes thus avoiding recognition by the plant and triggering immune responses. AvrSen1 represents the first effector to be identified in the basal fungal lineage Chytridiomycota. The discovery of AvrSen1 provides an important tool to manage potato wart disease. Moreover, knowledge about Chytridiomycota effectors will shed light on other (pathogenic) interactions and the co-evolution of Chytridiomycota species with their hosts.

Synchytrium endobioticum. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].

1983 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. C. Walker
Keyword(s):  
Solanum Tuberosum ◽  
Geographical Distribution ◽  
Plant Tissues ◽  
Wart Disease ◽  
Synchytrium Endobioticum ◽  
Potato Wart Disease ◽  
Water Films ◽  
Resting Spores ◽  
America South ◽  
Local Dispersal

Abstract A description is provided for Synchytrium endobioticum. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS: Solanaceae (potato, Solanum tuberosum). Other plants infected experimentally include several species of Solanum (Karling, 1964), Petunia and Nicotiana spp. (53, 4566), Lycopersicon esculentum, Physalis and Capsicastrum spp. (59, 416). DISEASE: Potato wart disease, causing dark brown warty cauliflower-like excrescences of infected tubers, which decay to release golden-brown resting spores. On aerial shoots green galls may develop, composed of convoluted masses of tissue. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Africa, Asia, Europe, North America, South America (CMI Map 1, ed. 5, 1972). TRANSMISSION: By the movement of infected soil or plant tissues. Local dispersal by zoospores swimming in water films may also occur.

scholarly journals IX.— The life-history and cytology of synchytrium endobioticum (schilb.), perc., the cause of wart disease in potato

1921 ◽  
Vol 210 (372-381) ◽  
pp. 409-478 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Life History ◽  
Host Cell ◽  
The Other ◽  
Short Paper ◽  
Winter Dormancy ◽  
Wart Disease ◽  
Linnean Society ◽  
Synchytrium Endobioticum ◽  
Infection Experiments

Wart disease of the potato was first reported from Hungary in 1896 by Schilberszky (43), who gave a brief description of the summer and the resting sporangia, named the organism Chrysophlyctis endobiotica , and included it in the Chytridinece . He saw the discharge of the zoospores from the summer-sporangia, and he put forward the view that the zoospores were responsible for the further distribution of the organism through the tumour by the ability which he believed they possessed of boring their way through the walls of the host cell into the adjoining cells. The fungus probably existed in England many years before Schilberszky’s paper was written, but its presence in this country was not generally recognised. In 1902 Potter (36) published a short paper on the organism. He there showed that resting sporangia, which had been kept dry during the winter, were able to cause the infection of tubers the next season. The distribution of the organism through the tumour he attributed,to its division, when in a condition which he describes as plasmodial, and to the passage of the segments so produced through the walls into the adjacent cells. For several years after Potter’s publication appeared few facts were added to the existing knowledge of the disease, but in 1907 Borthwick (4) reported that leaves could be attacked as well as tubers. In the following year, Salmon (42) carried out a series of infection experiments, from the results of which he concluded that resting sporangia, after exposure for I f hours to a temperature ranging from — 5° C. to — 6° C., could dispense with the winter dormancy and germinate at once. Shortly afterwards two notes appeared, one from the pen of Johnson (16) and the other from that of Weiss (49). Both succeeded in obtaining the germination of the resting sporangium, and, in addition, Johnson found that the zoospores liberated exhibited the usual characteristics of the Chytridian zoospore, while Weiss remarked upon the rapidity with which they became amoeboid. In December of the same year Masses (31), when exhibiting specimens of diseased tubers at a meeting of the Linnean Society, expressed the opinion that the organism belonged to the genus Synchytrium ; but he based his statement upon the so-called epidermal nature of the parasite and upon the supposed presence of an enveloping membrane round the protruding contents of the germinating resting sporangium, both of which suppositions have since been shown to be incorrect.

scholarly journals An Alternative Bioassay for Synchytrium endobioticum Demonstrates the Expression of Potato Wart Resistance in Aboveground Plant Parts

2019 ◽  
Vol 109 (6) ◽  
pp. 1043-1052 ◽  
Author(s):  
B. T. L. H. van de Vossenberg ◽  
M. P. E. van Gent-Pelzer ◽  
M. Boerma ◽  
L. P. van der Gouw ◽  
T. A. J. van der Lee ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Molecular Techniques ◽  
Breeding Programs ◽  
Potato Wart ◽  
Potato Varieties ◽  
Synchytrium Endobioticum ◽  
Plant Parts ◽  
Resting Spores ◽  
Plant Pathogen Interaction ◽  
Speed Up ◽  
Polymerase Chain

The obligate biotrophic chytrid species Synchytrium endobioticum is the causal agent of potato wart disease. Currently, 39 pathotypes have been described based on their interaction with a differential set of potato varieties. Wart resistance and pathotyping is performed using bioassays in which etiolated tuber sprouts are inoculated. Here, we describe an alternative method in which aboveground plant parts are inoculated. Susceptible plants produced typical wart symptoms in developing but not in fully expanded aboveground organs. Colonization of the host by S. endobioticum was verified by screening for resting spores by microscopy and by molecular techniques using TaqMan polymerase chain reaction and RNAseq analysis. When applied to resistant plants, none of these symptoms were detectable. Recognition of S. endobioticum pathotypes by differentially resistant potato varieties was identical in axillary buds and the tuber-based bioassays. This suggests that S. endobioticum resistance genes are expressed in both etiolated “belowground” sprouts and green aboveground organs. RNAseq analysis demonstrated that the symptomatic aboveground materials contain less contaminants compared with resting spores extracted from tuber-based assays. This reduced microbial contamination in the aboveground bioassay could be an important advantage to study this obligate biotrophic plant–pathogen interaction. Because wart resistance is active in both below- and aboveground organs, the aboveground bioassay can potentially speed up screening for S. endobioticum resistance in potato breeding programs because it omits the requirement for tuber formation. In addition, possibilities arise to express S. endobioticum effectors in potato leaves through agroinfiltration, thereby providing additional phenotyping tools for research and breeding. [Formula: see text] Copyright © 2019 The Author(s). This is an open access article distributed under the CC BY 4.0 International license .

scholarly journals Synchytrium endobioticum , the potato wart disease pathogen

2022 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bart. T. L. H. Vossenberg ◽  
Charlotte Prodhomme ◽  
Jack H. Vossen ◽  
Theo A. J. Lee
Keyword(s):  
Wart Disease ◽  
Potato Wart ◽  
Synchytrium Endobioticum ◽  
Potato Wart Disease
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