scholarly journals Resource pre‐emption, rather than extending the growing season of native grass assemblages, reduces invasion by exotic species

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Monique Ellie Smith ◽  
Leanne Marie Pound ◽  
José María Facelli
Keyword(s):  
Exotic Species ◽  
Growing Season ◽  
Native Grass

scholarly journals Effects of a New Herbicide (Aminocyclopyrachlor) on Buffalograss and Forbs in Shortgrass Prairie

2012 ◽  
Vol 26 (3) ◽  
pp. 455-459 ◽  
Author(s):  
Keith R. Harmoney ◽  
Phillip W. Stahlman ◽  
Patrick W. Geier ◽  
Robert Rupp
Keyword(s):  
Growth Regulator ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Leaf Growth ◽  
Growing Season ◽  
Grass Species ◽  
Dry Matter Yield ◽  
Native Grass ◽  
Synthetic Auxin ◽  
Shortgrass Prairie ◽  
And Control

Herbicides used to control many forb species in pastures may injure desirable native grass species. Buffalograss, a major component of shortgrass rangeland, often is injured by some growth regulator herbicides, such as 2,4-D and dicamba. Aminocyclopyrachlor (formerly known as DPX-MAT28 and herein termed ACPCR), a new synthetic auxin herbicide chemistry for control of broadleaf weeds, was investigated for injury to buffalograss and control of forbs in shortgrass prairie at varying rates of application. In the season of application, ACPCR at rates of 140 g ai ha−1or less caused buffalograss injury that was either negligible or short-lived, and visual estimates of grass injury were 8% or less at the end of the growing season. At ACPCR rates of 280 g ha−1, more injury was evident at 3 wk after treatment (WAT) than at the end of the season if adequate precipitation was available for new leaf growth. When precipitation was lacking, evidence of injury persisted through to the end of the season when treated at the greatest rate of ACPCR. Buffalograss injury was mainly in the form of browned leaf tips, but total buffalograss dry matter yield was not different between any treatments in either year. The year after treatment, no buffalograss injury was evident from any of the herbicide rates. Final forb control was 97% or greater each year for ACPCR at the 140 and 280 g ha−1rates. In this experiment, rates as low as ACPCR at 140 g ha−1provided excellent forb control and maintained buffalograss productivity.

Forage and Livestock Production Following Oak (Quercusspp.) Control with Tebuthiuron

Weed Science ◽  
1981 ◽  
Vol 29 (5) ◽  
pp. 535-539 ◽  
Author(s):  
Charles J. Scifres ◽  
Jerry W. Stuth ◽  
Donald R. Kirby ◽  
Raymond F. Angell
Keyword(s):  
Growing Season ◽  
Livestock Production ◽  
Botanical Composition ◽  
Perennial Species ◽  
Native Grass ◽  
Growing Seasons ◽  
Post Oak

Aerial applications of 20% tebuthiuron JA/-[5-(1,1- dimethylethyl) - 1, 3, 4 - thiadiazol-2 -yl] -N, N' dimethylurea pellets at 2.2 or 4.4 kg/ha in the spring to heavy brush cover in Texas Post Oak Savannah did not increase the amount of grass, compared to that of untreated pastures, until the growing season after application. By the second growing season after tebuthiuron application, however, native grass stands were composed of a higher proportion of perennial species of good-to-excellent grazing value than were stands on adjacent, untreated rangeland. Tebuthiuron at 4.4 kg/ha did not improve botanical composition of grass stands, but increased the amount of grass during the second and third growing season after application compared to those where 2.2 kg/ha were applied. Daily steer gains were increased in one experiment in the fall after application of 2.2 kg/ha of tebuthiuron in the spring, but were unchanged after two growing seasons in another. Days of available grazing were increased, however, by the second or third growing season after treatment with 2.2 kg/ha of the herbicide in both experiments.

Emergence, seedling development and survival of native and exotic grasses on a sandy red earth in South-Western Queensland.

1976 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 31 ◽  
Author(s):  
RG Silcock ◽  
LM Williams
Keyword(s):  
Exotic Species ◽  
Native Species ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Growing Season ◽  
Perennial Grasses ◽  
Exotic Grasses ◽  
Stage Of Development ◽  
Average Survival ◽  
Red Earth ◽  
Growing Conditions

The growth and development of eight perennial grasses, from sowing until flowering, was studied in the field on a sandy red earth near Charleville, south-western Queensland. They included four species native to this soil, Thyridolepis mitchelliuna, Aristida armata, Digitaria ammophila and Monachather paradoxa, and four exotic species Cenchrus ciliuris cv. Biloela, Anthephora pubescens, Eragrostis curvula and Schmidtia bulbosa. Cenchrus ciliaris, A. pubescens and S. bulbosa emerged much more promptly than the other species and much less viable seed was left in the soil after the fist germination event. The native species tillered and flowered earlier than the exotic grasses and survived better under adverse growing conditions. Average survival at the end of the first growing season, during which good seasonal conditions pre- vailed, was 30% of the emergent seedlings. Schmidtia bulbosa performed best within the exotic group and this was associated with early tillering and earlier flowering. The exotic species needed at least a four month growing season before they flowered under field conditions compared with two months or less for the native grasses. However this disadvantage was offset somewhat by their greater dry matter yield at this stage of development.

Mixed - Brush Canopy Cover - Rainfall Interrelationships with Native Grass Production

Weed Science ◽  
1983 ◽  
Vol 31 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-4
Author(s):  
C. J. Scifres ◽  
J. L. Mutz ◽  
R. E. Whitson ◽  
D. L. Drawe
Keyword(s):  
Canopy Cover ◽  
Growing Season ◽  
Regression Coefficients ◽  
Annual Rainfall ◽  
Percentage Increase ◽  
Native Grasses ◽  
Annual Average ◽  
Native Grass ◽  
Coastal Prairie ◽  
Grass Production

Annual production of native grasses on the Texas Coastal Prairie was decreased by 90, 66, and 67 kg/ha in 1978, 1979, and 1981, respectively, for each 1% increase in mixed-brush canopy cover in the range, from 12 to 57%. Differences in regression coefficients among years were not significant (P$0.05), although rainfall varied from 84% of the 26-yr average (91.5 cm) in 1978 to 150% of the annual average in 1981. Grass production during the growing season (May through October) only was decreased by 58, 113, and 78 kg/ha in 1978, 1979, and 1981, respectively, for each unit percentage increase in brush canopy cover. A greater proportion of the annual rainfall occurred during the growing season of 1979 than during the drier spring and summer of 1978. Native grasses typical of brush-free Coastal Prairie occupy the interstitial areas among the mixed-brush mottes, but bunch cutgrass (Leersia monandraSwartz) is the only grass that persists from the canopy edge to 1.5 m inward from the brush driplines. Little or no herbaceous vegetation grows in the centers of the mottes.

Growing season

1992 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nicholas Wellington
Keyword(s):  
Growing Season

Irrigation regime and water consumption of potatoes in the Republic of Bashkortostan, depending on the reclamation condition of lands

2020 ◽  
Vol 0 (6) ◽  
pp. 13-19
Author(s):  
Guzel Gumerova ◽  
Georgiy Gulyuk ◽  
Dmitry Kucher ◽  
Anatoly Shuravilin ◽  
Elena Piven
Keyword(s):  
Water Consumption ◽  
Weather Conditions ◽  
Growing Season ◽  
Vegetation Period ◽  
Forest Steppe ◽  
Total Water ◽  
Total Water Consumption ◽  
Republic Of Bashkortostan ◽  
Irrigated Lands ◽  
The Republic

Data of long-term researches (2015–2018) in southern forest-steppe zone of the Republic of Bashkortostan, is justified theoretically and experimentally the mode of irrigation of potatoes on leached chernozems of unsatisfactory, satisfactory and good ameliorative condition of irrigated lands. For the growing periods of potatoes with different heat and moisture supply, the number of watering, the timing of their implementation, irrigation and irrigation norms are established. On lands with unsatisfactory meliorative state the number of irrigation depending on weather conditions of potato vegetation period varied from 0 to 3 (1.5 on average) with average irrigation norm – 990 m3/ha. With satisfactory meliorative state of lands the number of irrigation on average increased from 0 to 4 (2.3 on average) with irrigation norm – 1305 m3/ha. On lands with good meliorative state the number of irrigation was the highest – from 1 to 5 (3 on average) with average irrigation irrigation norm is 1653 m3/ha. It was noted that in the dry periods of potato vegetation the greatest number of watering was carried out (3–5 watering), and in the wet periods (2017) watering was not carried out except for the area with a good reclamation state, where only one irrigation was carried out by the norm of 550 m3/ha. Water consumption of potato was studied in dynamics as a whole during the growing season and the months of the growing season depending on weather conditions of vegetation period and land reclamation condition of irrigated lands, as well as in the control (without irrigation). The lowest total water consumption was in the area without irrigation and averaged 226.8 mm. In irrigated areas, its values increased to 319-353.4 mm. The average daily water consumption varied from 2.12 to 3.3 mm. The highest rates of potato water consumption were observed in June and July, and the lowest – in May and August. In the total water consumption of potatoes on the site without irrigation, the largest share was occupied by atmospheric precipitation and in addition to them the arrival of moisture from the soil. Irrigation water was used in irrigated areas along with precipitation, the share of which was 30.2–46.1 %.

Dynamics of CO2 emission from chernozems under agricultural use

2017 ◽  
Vol 4 (3) ◽  
pp. 43-49
Author(s):  
M. Miroshnychenko ◽  
O. Siabruk
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Dioxide ◽  
Agricultural Practices ◽  
Growing Season ◽  
Warm Period ◽  
Direct Seeding ◽  
Soil Tillage ◽  
Plant Residues ◽  
Hydrothermal Conditions ◽  
Organic Mineral ◽  
Mineral System

Aim. The comparison of the effect of hydrothermal conditions and various agricultural practices on the emission of CO 2 from chernozems in the Left-Bank Forest-Steppe of Ukraine. Methods. The dynamics of the intensity of carbon dioxide emissions from chernozem calcic (typical chernozem – in Ukrainian classifi cation) was studied during the growing season of 2011–2012. The observations were based on two fi eld experiments with various methods of soil till- age (6–7 years from the beginning of the experiment) and fertilization systems (21–22 years from the beginning of the experiment). Particularly, plowing at 20–22 cm, disking at 10–12 cm, cultivation at 6–8 cm and direct seeding using Great Plains drill were studied among the soil tillage methods. Mineral system (N 45 P 50 K 45 ), organic system (manure 8 t/ha) and combined organic-mineral system (manure 8 t/ha + N 45 P 50 K 45 ) were studied among fertilization systems. The intensity of CO 2 fl ux was determined using the non-stationary respiratory chambers by the alkaline absorption method, with averaging of the results during the day and the frequency of once a month. Results. During the warm period, the emission of carbon dioxide from the soil changes dynamically depending on temperature and humidity. The maximum of emission coincides with the periods of warm summer showers in June-July, the minimum values are characteristic for the late autumn period. The total emission losses of carbon in chernozems over the vegetation period ranged from 480 to 910 kg/ha and varied depending on the methods of tillage ± (4.0–6.0) % and fertilization systems ± (3.8–7.1) %. The changes in the intensity of CO 2 emission from the soil under different methods of soil tillage are associated with hydrothermal regime and the depth of crop residues location. The biggest difference is observed im- mediately after tillage, but in the spring period the differences are only 12–25 %, and after drying of the top layer of soil become even less. Direct seeding technology provides the greatest emission of CO 2 from chernozem, which is fa- cilitated by better water regime and more complete mineralization of plant residues on the soil surface. Annual losses of carbon are the least under disking of soil at 10–12 cm. The changes in the intensity of CO 2 emission from the soil under different fertilization systems are associated with the involvement of the additional organic matter from plant residues and manure to the microbiological decomposition. The greatest emission was observed under the organic- mineral fertilization system, which increased the loss of carbon by 7–8 % in comparison with the mineral system in the unfavorable hydrothermal year and by 11–15 % in the more favorable year. These differences are observed mainly during the fi rst half of the growing season when there is a clear tendency to increase the intensity of soil respiration. Conclusions. The hydrothermal conditions of the warm period of the year are decisive in the formation of the CO 2 emission fl ow from chernozems. Due to the improvement of agricultural practices, emissions might be reduced but not more that by 15 % of natural factor contribution.

Irrigation scheduling and water requirements for cowpea using evaporation pan at middle of Iraq

1970 ◽  
pp. 13-17
Author(s):  
Saifuldeen A. Salim ◽  
Isam Kudhier Hamza ◽  
Laith Farhan Jar
Keyword(s):  
Water Productivity ◽  
Irrigation Treatment ◽  
Growing Season ◽  
Irrigation Scheduling ◽  
Water Requirements ◽  
Applied Water ◽  
Fresh Seed ◽  
Irrigation Interval ◽  
Biological Yield ◽  
Evaporation Pan

The present study was conducted to find out the water requirements and most suitable irrigation frequencies for cowpea (Vigna unguiculata L.) var grown under drip irrigation. The treatments were based on the IW:CPE ratio at different empirical pan factors 0.6 , 0.8, 1.0, 1.,1.4 , and 1.6 Ef (where Ef = IW/CPE). It was observed that the irrigation interval was variable values decreased by increasing Ef value and with the progress of the growing season. The 1.2 and 1.0 IW: CPE treatments with approximately 4 days irrigation interval were achieved the best results. The total amount of applied water during Cowpea growing season was varied between 247.7 and 266.5mm with 254.8mm as a mean. Irrigation treatment with Ef1.2 was superior over the rest of other treatments in fresh seed yield (5.13 ton.hec.-1), crop water productivity (2.14 kg.m-3), biological yield (6.88 ton.hec.-1) , fresh pod yield (7.33 ton.hec.-1), weight of 100 seed (31.28gm), number of seed/pod (9.34) and netting percentage (37.1). The lowest values of the most parameters used in this study were obtained by Ef 0.6 irrigation treatment.  

Improvement of separate elements of the techno-logy of cultivation of white cabbage in the conditions of the of the central region of the non-chernozem zone

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
A.V. Konstantinovich ◽  
◽  
A.S. Kuracheva ◽  
E.D. Binkevich
Keyword(s):  
Seed Treatment ◽  
Unit Area ◽  
Growing Season ◽  
Agricultural Products ◽  
Stress Factors ◽  
High Quality ◽  
Temperature And Precipitation ◽  
White Cabbage ◽  
Sowing Seed

In conditions of climate change, when temperature and precipitation fluctuations occur more and more frequently during the growing season, it is necessary to obtain high quality seedlings with "immunity" to various stress factors, including high weediness, the damage from which is associated with a decrease in yield (by 25 -35%) and with a deterioration in the quality of agricultural products. Due to the imbalance in production technology, seedlings are often weakened, overgrown, with a low yield per unit area and survival rate in the field. One of the solutions to this problem is the use of PP for pre-sowing seed treatment to increase the competitiveness of seedlings in the field.

Experience of soybean cultivation in the Kaluga Department of Agricultural Machinery SC.

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
N.V. Sergeev ◽  
◽  
A.Yu. Pivkin
Keyword(s):  
Seed Yield ◽  
Growing Season ◽  
Climatic Conditions ◽  
High Yield ◽  
Soybean Variety ◽  
Agricultural Machinery ◽  
Kaluga Region ◽  
High Seed Yield

The experience of cultivation of soybeans in SC "Agricultural machinery" of the Kaluga region on an area of 190 hectares shows that the soybean variety Alaska is sufficiently adapted to the soil and climatic conditions of this region, provides a high seed yield (up to 32 c / ha) and a high yield (up to 1344 kg / ha) relatively inexpensive protein. However, this variety has a long growing season (95-105 days) and therefore desiccation of crops is required for harvesting for seeds.

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