Emergence, seedling development and survival of native and exotic grasses on a sandy red earth in South-Western Queensland.

1976 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 31 ◽  
Author(s):  
RG Silcock ◽  
LM Williams
Keyword(s):  
Exotic Species ◽  
Native Species ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Growing Season ◽  
Perennial Grasses ◽  
Exotic Grasses ◽  
Stage Of Development ◽  
Average Survival ◽  
Red Earth ◽  
Growing Conditions

The growth and development of eight perennial grasses, from sowing until flowering, was studied in the field on a sandy red earth near Charleville, south-western Queensland. They included four species native to this soil, Thyridolepis mitchelliuna, Aristida armata, Digitaria ammophila and Monachather paradoxa, and four exotic species Cenchrus ciliuris cv. Biloela, Anthephora pubescens, Eragrostis curvula and Schmidtia bulbosa. Cenchrus ciliaris, A. pubescens and S. bulbosa emerged much more promptly than the other species and much less viable seed was left in the soil after the fist germination event. The native species tillered and flowered earlier than the exotic grasses and survived better under adverse growing conditions. Average survival at the end of the first growing season, during which good seasonal conditions pre- vailed, was 30% of the emergent seedlings. Schmidtia bulbosa performed best within the exotic group and this was associated with early tillering and earlier flowering. The exotic species needed at least a four month growing season before they flowered under field conditions compared with two months or less for the native grasses. However this disadvantage was offset somewhat by their greater dry matter yield at this stage of development.

scholarly journals PRODUCTIVITY OF PERENNIAL GRASSES AND MIXTURES WITH DIFFERENT SOWING DATES IN WESTERN SIBERIA

2020 ◽  
pp. 24-32
Author(s):  
V. A. Petruk
Keyword(s):  
Dry Matter ◽  
Crop Yields ◽  
Growing Season ◽  
Single Species ◽  
Field Studies ◽  
Perennial Grasses ◽  
First Year ◽  
Sowing Dates ◽  
Second Year ◽  
Sowing Period

The results of field studies for 2017 - 2019 are presented. yields of perennial grasses sown at different times of the growing season. Spring, summer, and winter sowing periods were compared. Alfalfa, clover, rump, and also their mixtures were sown in 2017 under the cover of barley. The value of the cover crop yield of spring and summer sowing periods did not differ significantly and amounted to 4-5 t / ha of absolutely dry matter. Winter barley crops have not formed. On average, over 2 years of use, the highest yields were observed in alfalfa-crust grass mixtures - 3.4 t / ha of absolutely dry matter. The lowest yield was obtained in the single-species seeding of the rump. Correspondingly, in the spring, summer and winter periods of sowing, the yield of rump was 1.6; 1.1 and 1.3 t / ha. With a late sowing period, the yield of perennial grasses is significantly lower compared to spring and summer. With winter sowing periods, the yield was the highest for grass stands of alfalfa and alfalfacrust grass mixture - 2.3 and 2.4 t / ha. It should be noted that in the second year of use, the yield by the sowing dates in single-species crops and grass mixtures is leveled. The winter crops of perennial grasses in the first year of use formed a low yield. Only in the second year (third year of life) the productivity of perennial grasses of winter sowing began to increase. Consequently, in the area under perennial grasses of the winter sowing period, during one growing season (the next year after sowing), the crop was not actually formed. Based on the data obtained, production can be recommended for spring and summer planting of perennial grasses under the cover of barley. The winter sowing period provides economically valuable crop yields only by the third year of life.

scholarly journals Establishment of native and exotic grasses on mine overburden and topsoil in the Hunter Valley, New South Wales

2005 ◽  
Vol 27 (2) ◽  
pp. 73 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. H. A. Huxtable ◽  
T. B. Koen ◽  
D. Waterhouse
Keyword(s):  
Seed Bank ◽  
Native Species ◽  
Soil Seed Bank ◽  
Coal Mines ◽  
Climatic Conditions ◽  
Perennial Grasses ◽  
Grass Species ◽  
Native Grasses ◽  
Exotic Grasses ◽  
Mine Rehabilitation

Native grasses have an important role to play in mine rehabilitation throughout Australia, but there have been few scientifically designed studies of field establishment of native grasses from sown seed in this country. Current recommendations for rehabilitation of open-cut coal mines in the Hunter Valley involve the sowing of exotic pasture species to reinstate mined land to Class IV and V under the Rural Land Capability System. Despite the importance of native grasses in the pre-mined landscape, they are currently not widely included in mine rehabilitation. To address this issue a project was conducted between 1994 and 2000 to research the use of native grasses for rehabilitation of open-cut coal mines in the Hunter Valley. This paper reports on 2 mine site experiments that aimed to assess establishment and persistence of a broad range of native and exotic grass species from an autumn sowing in both topsoil and raw spoil over a period of 61 months. The most promising natives in terms of early establishment, persistence and spread over time, included six C3 accessions (five Austrodanthonia spp. and Austrostipa bigeniculata) and one C4 accession (Cynodon dactylon). Persistence of these accessions was better in raw spoil than topsoil, despite initial low numbers, due to a lack of weed competition and their ability to spread by self-seeding. In topsoil, and in the absence of any biomass reduction, native species were mostly out-competed by vigorous exotic perennial grasses which were sown in these experiments and from seed influx from adjacent rehabilitation areas or from the soil seed bank. The effects of climatic conditions and differences in soil physical, chemical and seed bank characteristics at the 2 mine sites are also discussed.

scholarly journals Yields of perennial grasses in the summer and at the end of the growing season

2009 ◽  
Vol 57 (2) ◽  
pp. 105-114
Author(s):  
Jiří Skládanka ◽  
Petr Doležal ◽  
František Hrabě ◽  
Jan Šeda ◽  
František Mikyska
Keyword(s):  
Significant Influence ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Relative Yield ◽  
Dactylis Glomerata ◽  
Growing Season ◽  
Perennial Grasses ◽  
Species Number ◽  
Relative Yield Total ◽  
Additive Relation ◽  
Small Plot

The paper deals with the yields of Festulolium, Dactylis glomerata, Arrhenatherum elatius and Festulolium-Dactylis glomerata mixture during the growing season and at the end of the growing season. The yields were assessed in the Bohemian-Moravian upland at 560 m a.s.l. A small-plot experiment was established in three repetitions. The assessment was made in three subsequent years. The experiment was annually fertilized with 50 kg . ha−1 N, 30 kg . ha−1 P and 60 kg . ha−1 K. Evaluated were dry matter yields and RYT values (Relative Yield Total) in the mixture of Festulolium and Dactylis glomerata. In summer, the sward was used either for one cut (harvest in early June) or two cuts (harvests in early June and late July). At the end of the growing season, the stand was harvested in October or in November or in December. Yields of the first cut in early June ranged from 5.90 to 9.12 t . ha−1. Yields of the second cut in late July ranged from 1.05 to 4.60 t . ha−1. Statistic difference between the species was significant (P < 0.05) in the respective cuts. Total yields of dry matter in the growing season ranged from 7.51 to 10.05 t . ha−1. Number of cuts and year showed a statistically highly significant influence (P < 0.01) on DM yields. The mixture of Festulolium and Dactylis glomerata exhibited an additive relation (RYT = 1) in the first cut and an antagonistic relation (RYT < 1) in the second cut. At the end of the growing season, the yields ranged from 0.71 to 2.27 t . ha−1. Average yields of one-cut swards (harvested in summer in early June) were at the end of the growing season 2.27 t . ha−1 and average yields of two-cut swards (harvested in summer in early June and late July) were 0.79 t . ha−1. From October to December, the yields were decreasing from 1.78 to 1.32 t . ha−1. Species, number of cuts in summer, harvest date at the end of the growing season and year showed a statistically highly significant influence (P < 0.01) on dry matter yields. In the first two production years, the mixture of Festulolium and Dactylis glomerata exhi­bi­ted an antagonistic relation (RYT < 1) at the end of the growing season. In the third production year, the relation between Festulolium and Dactylis glomerata as expressed by the RYT value could be identified as synergic (RYT > 1).

Tolerance of Foxtail Millet to Combinations of Bromoxynil, Clopyralid, Fluroxypyr, and MCPA

2009 ◽  
Vol 23 (1) ◽  
pp. 94-98 ◽  
Author(s):  
William E. May ◽  
Eric N. Johnson ◽  
Dan J. Ulrich ◽  
Christopher B. Holzapfel ◽  
Guy P. Lafond
Keyword(s):  
Weed Control ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Foxtail Millet ◽  
Growing Season ◽  
The Other ◽  
Dry Matter Yield ◽  
Crop Injury ◽  
Feeding Costs ◽  
Growing Conditions ◽  
Crop Biomass

When solid stands of foxtail millet are cut for swath grazing, the grazing season for cattle is extended and winter feeding costs reduced. The economic success of this practice depends on inexpensive weed control. Eight single- and double-rate herbicide combinations (g ai/ha) were evaluated and compared to a weed-free check: MCPA + bromoxynil (280 + 280 or 560 + 560); MCPA + clopyralid (560 + 100 or 1120 + 200); MCPA + fluroxypyr (562 + 108 or 1124 + 216); and MCPA + clopyralid + fluroxypyr (560 + 100 + 144 or 1120 + 200 + 288). This study was conducted at Indian Head, Saskatchewan (SK) in 2004, 2005, 2006, and 2007 and at Scott, SK, in 2006 and 2007. Crop injury and dry matter yield were measured. Results of the study indicate that crop injury exceeded 20% at only one out of six sites at 7 to 14 d after herbicide treatment. Double-rate MCPA + bromoxynil treatments had higher injury ratings than the weed-free check 7 to 14 d after treatment in all site years. As the growing season progressed, injury ratings tended to decline except at Scott in 2007, where injury ratings at the 21 to 35 d period were numerically greater than the other two rating periods. There were no differences among treatments for crop biomass production. We conclude that all four herbicide combinations at the labeled rate are safe to use on foxtail millet in Saskatchewan, and probably in other areas with similar environmental growing conditions.

Perennial grasses of Mediterranean origin offer advantages for central western Victorian sheep pasture

1999 ◽  
Vol 39 (3) ◽  
pp. 275 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. W. Anderson ◽  
P. J. Cunningham ◽  
K. F. M. Reed ◽  
A. Byron
Keyword(s):  
Tall Fescue ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Nutritive Value ◽  
Growing Season ◽  
Perennial Grasses ◽  
Selected Lines ◽  
Matter Production ◽  
Mediterranean Origin ◽  
Western Victoria ◽  
Rainfall Region

Perennial ryegrass, tall fescue, cocksfoot and phalaris were evaluated under a rotational grazing regime in the 600 mm rainfall region of western Victoria. Over 4 years, seasonal dry matter production, persistence and nutritive value were assessed. Several selected lines and commercial cultivars were compared. Melik selection tall fescue and Sirosa phalaris significantly (PPP The benefits of Mediterranean genotypes of perennial grasses for improving winter yield and plant longevity is discussed in relation to the need to maximise pasture productivity and improve pasture longevity in environments with a short growing season.

Resting pastures to improve land condition in northern Australia: guidelines based on the literature and simulation modelling

2014 ◽  
Vol 36 (5) ◽  
pp. 429 ◽  
Author(s):  
Joe C. Scanlan ◽  
John G. McIvor ◽  
Steven G. Bray ◽  
Robyn A. Cowley ◽  
Leigh P. Hunt ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Field Experiments ◽  
Growing Season ◽  
Simulation Modelling ◽  
Experimental Information ◽  
Perennial Grasses ◽  
Northern Australia ◽  
Land Condition ◽  
Growing Conditions ◽  
Grazing Lands ◽  
Stocking Rates

Pasture rest is a possible strategy for improving land condition in the extensive grazing lands of northern Australia. If pastures currently in poor condition could be improved, then overall animal productivity and the sustainability of grazing could be increased. The scientific literature is examined to assess the strength of the experimental information to support and guide the use of pasture rest, and simulation modelling is undertaken to extend this information to a broader range of resting practices, growing conditions and initial pasture condition. From this, guidelines are developed that can be applied in the management of northern Australia’s grazing lands and also serve as hypotheses for further field experiments. The literature on pasture rest is diverse but there is a paucity of data from much of northern Australia as most experiments have been conducted in southern and central parts of Queensland. Despite this, the limited experimental information and the results from modelling were used to formulate the following guidelines. Rest during the growing season gives the most rapid improvement in the proportion of perennial grasses in pastures; rest during the dormant winter period is ineffective in increasing perennial grasses in a pasture but may have other benefits. Appropriate stocking rates are essential to gain the greatest benefit from rest: if stocking rates are too high, then pasture rest will not lead to improvement; if stocking rates are low, pastures will tend to improve without rest. The lower the initial percentage of perennial grasses, the more frequent the rests should be to give a major improvement within a reasonable management timeframe. Conditions during the growing season also have an impact on responses with the greatest improvement likely to be in years of good growing conditions. The duration and frequency of rest periods can be combined into a single value expressed as the proportion of time during which resting occurs; when this is done the modelling suggests the greater the proportion of time that a pasture is rested, the greater is the improvement but this needs to be tested experimentally. These guidelines should assist land managers to use pasture resting but the challenge remains to integrate pasture rest with other pasture and animal management practices at the whole-property scale.

scholarly journals Features of the vegetation of winter wheat agrophytocenoses after the predecessors of leguminous perennial grasses

2021 ◽  
Vol 1 (98) ◽  
pp. 150-162
Author(s):  
О. P. Tkachuk ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Winter Wheat ◽  
Grain Yield ◽  
Plant Height ◽  
Plant Density ◽  
Growing Season ◽  
Close Correlation ◽  
Perennial Grasses ◽  
Mineral Fertilizers ◽  
Growing Conditions ◽  
Perennial Legumes

The article is devoted to solving the problem of increasing the yield of winter wheat crops when it is grown after the predecessors of six types of perennial legumes. The features of the passage of the growth and development phases of winter wheat plants in the spring are shown, depending on the predecessors. The dynamics of plant height in the spring-summer period is analyzed. The change in the density of winter wheat plants during the spring renewal of the growing season and at the end of the growing season was studied. The spring thinning of winter wheat plants, the coefficient of total and productive tillering are calculated. The total number of stems of winter wheat plants and productive stems is shown. The level of grain yield of winter wheat, depending on its predecessors, was investigated, and correlation-regression relationships between it and the factors of spring-summer vegetation of crops were revealed. A close correlation has been proved between the grain yield and the number of all stems, as well as productive stems of winter wheat plants on an area of one square meter, as well as between the grain yield and the height of winter wheat plants at the beginning of spring regrowth. It is shown that the most favorable growing conditions and the level of grain yield of winter wheat when growing it after various types of perennial legumes is observed after the predecessor of meadow clover, where the highest plant density at the end of the growing season was observed – 145 million pcs/ha, the number of total – 878 pcs./m2 and productive stems – 799 pcs./m2, as well as the highest plant height at the beginning of spring regrowth – 6 cm. This allows you to get a winter wheat grain yield of 5.8 t/ha without the use of mineral fertilizers. After white melilot, the yield of winter wheat was 10.2 % less and amounted to 5.21 t/ha; after sandy sainfoin – 14.% less – 4.99 t/ha; after the eastern goat's rue – by 21.6 % less – 4.55 t/ha; after sowing alfalfa – by 24.5 % less – 4.38 t/ha and after horned grass – the lowest yield – 4.03 t/ha, which is 30.6 % less than after meadow clover

First-Year Establishment, Biomass and Seed Production of Early vs. Late Seral Natives in Two Medusahead (Taeniatherum caput-medusae) Invaded Soils

2014 ◽  
Vol 7 (2) ◽  
pp. 291-302 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shauna M. Uselman ◽  
Keirith A. Snyder ◽  
Elizabeth A. Leger ◽  
Sara E. Duke
Keyword(s):  
Seed Production ◽  
Aboveground Biomass ◽  
Native Species ◽  
Sandy Loam ◽  
Growing Season ◽  
Perennial Grasses ◽  
Soil Types ◽  
Clay Loam ◽  
Annual Grasses ◽  
Exotic Annual Grasses

AbstractRe-seeding efforts to restore or rehabilitate Great Basin rangelands invaded by exotic annual grasses are expensive and have generally achieved limited success. There is a need to identify new strategies to improve restoration outcomes. We tested the performance of a native early seral seed mix (annual forbs, early seral grasses and shrubs) with that of a native late seral mix representative of species commonly used in restoration when growing with medusahead in soils of contrasting texture (sandy loam and clay loam) through the first growing season after seeding. Natives were also seeded without medusahead. We found that the grasses and forbs in the early seral mix established significantly better than those in the late seral mix, and the early seral mix significantly reduced aboveground biomass and seed production of medusahead by 16 and 17% respectively, likely because of competition with the early seral native forb, bristly fiddleneck. Medusahead performance was reduced in both soil types, suggesting utility of bristly fiddleneck in restoration is not limited to only one soil type. In contrast, the late seral mix did not suppress medusahead establishment, aboveground biomass or seed production. Although the native perennial grasses, particularly early seral species, were able to establish with medusahead, these grasses did not appear to have a suppressive effect on medusahead during the first growing season. Medusahead was able to establish and produce seeds on both soil types, demonstrating an ability to expand its current range in the Intermountain West, though aboveground biomass and seed production was higher in the clay loam. Our results suggest that certain species may play a key role in restoration, and that targeting early seral species in particular to find additional native species with the ability to suppress exotic annual grasses is an important next step in improving restoration outcomes in desert ecosystems.

scholarly journals Native Amazonian Canga Grasses Show Distinct Nitrogen Growth Responses in Iron Mining Substrates

Plants ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (5) ◽  
pp. 849
Author(s):  
Cecilio F. Caldeira ◽  
Madson O. Lima ◽  
Silvio J. Ramos ◽  
Markus Gastauer
Keyword(s):  
Native Species ◽  
Perennial Grasses ◽  
Growth Responses ◽  
Adaptive Traits ◽  
N Application ◽  
Gas Exchanges ◽  
Stomatal Morphology ◽  
Iron Mining ◽  
Adverse Environmental Conditions ◽  
Biomass Increase

Native species may have adaptive traits that are advantageous for overcoming the adverse environmental conditions faced during the early stages of mine land rehabilitation. Here, we examined the nitrogen (N) growth responses of two native perennial grasses (Axonopus longispicus and Paspalum cinerascens) from canga in nutrient-poor iron mining substrates. We carried out vegetative propagation and recovered substantial healthy tillers from field-collected tussocks of both species. These tillers were cultivated in mining substrates at increasing N levels. The tillering rates of both species increased with the N application. Nonetheless, only in P. cinerascens did the N application result in significant biomass increase. Such growth gain was a result of changes in leaf pigment, stomatal morphology, gas exchanges, and nutrients absorption that occurred mainly under the low N additions. Reaching optimum growth at 80 mg N dm−3, these plants showed no differences from those in the field. Our study demonstrates that an input of N as fertilizer can differentially improve the growth of native grasses and that P. cinerascens plants are able to deposit high quantities of carbon and protect soil over the seasons, thus, making them promising candidates for restoring nutrient cycling, accelerating the return of other species and ecosystem services.

Radiation absorption, growth and yield of cereals

1978 ◽  
Vol 91 (1) ◽  
pp. 47-60 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. N. Gallagher ◽  
P. V. Biscoe
Keyword(s):  
Dry Matter ◽  
Growing Season ◽  
Growth Efficiency ◽  
Growth And Yield ◽  
Radiation Absorption ◽  
Exponential Equation ◽  
Crop Cover ◽  
Crop Growth Rate ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Total Crop

SummaryAnalysis of measurements of absorbed radiation and leaf area indices of wheat and barley crops showed that throughout most of growth the fraction of absorbed solar radiation could be described by a simple exponential equation.For several of these crops grown under a wide range of weather and husbandry at Sutton Bonington and Rothamsted, 2-weekly values of crop growth rate (C) were closely related to radiation absorbed until ear emergence and about 3·0 g of dry matter (D.M.) were produced by each MJ of photosynthetically active radiation (PAR) absorbed. Final crop weight was closelyrelated to total PAR absorbed during growth (SA); on average about 2·2 g D.M. were produced per MJ absorbed, equivalent to a growth efficiency (Eg) of approximately 3·9%. Unfertilized and drought-stressed crops had a smaller Eg.The fraction of total crop D.M. harvested as grain (harvest index) varied more for wheat than for barley. Calculations of a maximum realizable grain yield made using the largest values of Eg and SA for the crops measured and assuming a harvestindex of 0.53 (achieved in an experimental crop) showed a grain D.M. yield of 10·3 t D.M./ha to be possible. To achieve such a yield would require full crop cover from the beginning of April until the end of July in a typical English growing season.

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