Estimation of the optimum standardized ileal digestible total sulfur amino acid to lysine ratio in late finishing gilts fed low protein diets supplemented with crystalline amino acids

2015 ◽  
Vol 87 (1) ◽  
pp. 76-83 ◽  
Author(s):  
Wenfeng Ma ◽  
Jinlong Zhu ◽  
Xiangfang Zeng ◽  
Xutong Liu ◽  
Philip Thacker ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Amino Acid ◽  
Sulfur Amino Acid ◽  
Total Sulfur ◽  
Low Protein ◽  
Crystalline Amino Acids ◽  
Protein Diets

Starch and protein digestive dynamics in low-protein diets supplemented with crystalline amino acids

2017 ◽  
Vol 57 (11) ◽  
pp. 2250 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. Y. Liu ◽  
P. H. Selle
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Broiler Chickens ◽  
Production Systems ◽  
Feed Consumption ◽  
Meat Production ◽  
Feed Conversion ◽  
Low Protein ◽  
Commercial Chicken ◽  
Crystalline Amino Acids ◽  
Protein Diets

Digestive dynamics of starch and protein is defined as digestion of starch and protein, absorption of glucose and amino acids from the gut lumen and their transition across enterocytes to enter the portal circulation. Digestive dynamics consider the extent, rate and site of nutrient digestion along the small intestine and the bilateral, post-enteral bioavailability of glucose and amino acids. The underlying premise is that glucose and amino acids should be made available in appropriately balanced quantities at the sites of protein synthesis for efficient protein deposition and growth performance. Previous studies have suggested that feed conversion efficiency may be enhanced by rapidly digestible protein and that crystalline amino acids could be considered sources of ‘rapid protein’. At present, crystalline lysine, methionine and threonine are routinely included in broiler diets; moreover, an increasing array of both essential and non-essential crystalline amino acids is becoming commercially available. Despite unrestricted feed access in commercial chicken-meat production systems during the period of illumination, it appears that the intermittent feed consumption patterns of broiler chickens still provide scope for asynchronies in digestion and absorption of nutrients, which affects broiler performance. A better understanding of the post-enteral, bilateral bioavailability of glucose and amino acids in low-protein diets containing high levels of synthetic amino acids is clearly desirable and this applies equally to the relationship between crystalline and protein-bound amino acids.

scholarly journals Urinary felinine excretion in intact male cats is increased by dietary cystine

2008 ◽  
Vol 100 (4) ◽  
pp. 801-809 ◽  
Author(s):  
Wouter H. Hendriks ◽  
Kay J. Rutherfurd-Markwick ◽  
Karin Weidgraaf ◽  
R. Hugh Morton ◽  
Quinton R. Rogers
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Amino Acid ◽  
High Protein Diet ◽  
Sulfur Amino Acid ◽  
Domestic Cats ◽  
Intact Male ◽  
Low Protein ◽  
Metabolisable Energy ◽  
Branched Chain ◽  
Dispensable Amino Acids

Felinine is a branched-chain sulfur amino acid present in the urine of certain Felidae, including domestic cats. The objective of the present study was to determine if additional cystine and/or dietary N would increase felinine and N-acetylfelinine excretion by intact male cats fed a low-protein (LP) diet. Feeding five adult intact male cats an LP diet (18·8 % of metabolisable energy (ME) as protein) v. a high-protein diet (38·6 % of ME as protein) resulted in a trend (P = 0·08) for decreased urinary felinine and no change in N-acetylfelinine excretion. In a 23 d study, when the LP diet was supplemented with l-cystine at 9·3 g/kg DM, urinary felinine:creatinine ratio showed a linear two-fold (121 %) increase (P < 0·01) from 0·24 (sem 0·05) to 0·53 (sem 0·13) after 10 d. Subsequent feeding of the LP diet resulted in a decrease in felinine excretion to base levels. Plasma γ-glutamylfelinylglycine concentrations were consistent with the excretion of felinine. Supplementation of the LP diet with l-cystine (9·3 g/kg DM), dispensable amino acids and arginine to a second group (n 5) also resulted in a significant (P < 0·01) but smaller (+72 %) increase in the daily felinine:creatinine ratio (0·25 (sem 0·04) to 0·43 (sem 0·05)). The degree of felinine N-acetylation within groups was unaffected by dietary addition and withdrawal of amino acids. The results indicate that felinine synthesis is regulated by cystine availability, and that arginine may be physiologically important in decreasing felinine biosynthesis in intact male cats.

scholarly journals Estimation of the optimal ratio of standardized ileal digestible tryptophan to lysine for finishing barrows fed low protein diets supplemented with crystalline amino acids

2014 ◽  
Vol 59 (No. 1) ◽  
pp. 26-34 ◽  
Author(s):  
C.Y. Xie ◽  
G.J. Zhang ◽  
F.R. Zhang ◽  
S.H. Zhang ◽  
X.F. Zeng ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Weight Gain ◽  
National Research Council ◽  
Metabolizable Energy ◽  
Quadratic Model ◽  
Quadratic Effect ◽  
Linear Effect ◽  
Low Protein ◽  
Crystalline Amino Acids ◽  
Protein Diets

Optimum standardized ileal digestible (SID) tryptophan (Trp) to lysine (Lys) ratio was estimated for 67&ndash;96 kg barrows fed low protein diets supplemented with crystalline amino acids (AA). One hundred and fifty Yorkshire &times; Landrace barrows, with an average initial body weight (BW) of 67.3 &plusmn; 3.2 kg, were used in a 28-day feeding trial. All dietary treatments were based on corn, wheat bran, and soybean meal and were formulated to provide 10.5% crude protein and 12.6 MJ/kg metabolizable energy. The dietary SID Lys was set at 0.61% ensuring that Lys was marginally deficient for barrows of this weight range. Graded levels of crystalline l-Trp were added to the basal diet to produce diets providing SID Trp to Lys ratios of 0.131, 0.164, 0.197, 0.230, and 0.262. There were improvements in weight gain (linear and quadratic effect P &lt; 0.01) and feed intake (linear effect P = 0.04) with increasing dietary SID Trp to Lys ratio. Increased SID Trp to Lys ratio resulted in a decrease in the serum urea nitrogen (SUN) content (linear and quadratic effect P &lt; 0.01). The serum concentration of Trp increased with increasing dietary SID Trp to Lys ratio (linear effect P = 0.03, quadratic effect P = 0.08). Estimates of the optimum SID Trp to Lys ratios were 0.203, 0.197, and 0.214 for weight gain, feed conversion ratio, and SUN, respectively, using a broken-line model while a quadratic model produced optimum SID Trp to Lys ratios of 0.251, 0.224, and 0.249 for the same parameters. The results of this experiment indicate that the SID Trp to Lys ratio for finishing barrows is at least 0.203, which is higher than the SID ratio of Trp to Lys currently recommended by the National Research Council (NRC, 2012).

Discrimination by Rhesus Monkeys of Diets Containing Supplemental Amino Acids

1975 ◽  
Vol 41 (3) ◽  
pp. 683-689
Author(s):  
Samuel N. Craddock ◽  
Arthur J. Riopelle
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Amino Acid ◽  
Rhesus Monkeys ◽  
Normal Diet ◽  
Protein Diet ◽  
Low Protein Diet ◽  
Low Protein ◽  
Egg Protein ◽  
Protein Diets ◽  
Whole Egg

Following an opportunity to demonstrate a preference for water with or without the addition of the amino acid isoleucine, methionine, phenylalanine, or tryptophan at a concentration proportional to that in whole egg protein, 9 monkeys were subjected on 4 occasions to a 7-day experimental week when they received an isocaloric diet containing only one-fourth the amount of protein of their normal diet. An identical low-protein diet supplemented with one of the above amino acids, again at a concentration proportional to that in egg, was presented for an equivalent period during the experimental week and the amounts consumed of each diet were compared. Ss failed to exhibit a preference or an aversion for water supplemented with any of the amino acids; however, all low-protein diets supplemented with an amino acid were consumed in greater quantities than a low-protein diet lacking a supplement. On Days 6 and 7 of the experimental weeks when protein depletion was most severe, Ss significantly ( p < .05) preferred the diet supplemented with isoleucine to a diet lacking the supplement.

TOTAL SULFUR AS A SCREENING CRITERION FOR SULFUR AMINO ACIDS IN LEGUMES

1977 ◽  
Vol 57 (1) ◽  
pp. 177-183 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. S. BHATTY ◽  
A. J. FINLAYSON ◽  
S. L. MACKENZIE
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Amino Acid ◽  
Amino Acid Content ◽  
Sulfur Amino Acid ◽  
Total Sulfur ◽  
Sulfur Amino Acids ◽  
Meal Protein ◽  
Faba Beans ◽  
Sulfur Determination ◽  
The Mean

The relationship between total sulfur, determined by two methods, and sulfur-containing amino acids methionine and cystine was investigated in 33 genotypes of beans (Phaseolus vulgaris L.), faba beans (Vicia faba L.), peas (Pisum sativum L.), and lentils (Lens culinaris Medik.). The Leco Sulfur Analyzer (method 1) gave values for total sulfur in the legumes 29.2–47.6% lower than the gravimetric procedure (method 2). The mean coefficient of variability of method 1 was 36% higher than for method 2. The correlation coefficient between the two methods for the 33 genotypes was +0.42*. The correlation between percent meal protein and percent total sulfur in the legumes was +0.56**. The correlation between percent meal protein and total sulfur expressed as percent of meal protein or g/16 g N was negative (−0.75**). Faba beans, peas and lentils contained, on the average, 48% more cystine than methionine. Except for lentils, the mean total sulfur amino acid content of the legumes was generally similar. The correlation between percent total sulfur and total sulfur amino acid (mmoles/g meal) content of the legumes was +0.69** for peas and +0.46** for all the legumes. There was little or no change in the correlation when total sulfur and total sulfur amino acid data were expressed as percentages of the meal protein. The sulfur in the sulfur amino acids formed between 44.8 and 66.5% of the total meal sulfur. The rest of the sulfur was present in the meal as non-methionine and non-cystine sulfur. Total sulfur determination in the legume species used in the study is a poor indicator of methionine and cystine contents.

The Effect of Graded Levels of Dietary Casein, with or without Methionine Supplementation, on Glutathione Concentration in Unstressed and Endotoxin-Treated Rats

2003 ◽  
Vol 73 (6) ◽  
pp. 468-477 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alhamdan ◽  
Grimble
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acid ◽  
G Protein ◽  
Amino Acid Content ◽  
Sulfur Amino Acid ◽  
Glutathione Concentration ◽  
Low Protein ◽  
Dietary Casein ◽  
Amino Acid Methionine ◽  
Ad Libitum ◽  
Protein Diets

Glutathione (GSH) concentration was measured in rats fed either graded levels of dietary casein (experiment 1; 180 g, 120 g, 80 g, or 60 g protein/kg diet) or graded levels of dietary casein, supplemented with methionine to equalize dietary sulfur amino acid content to that seen in an 180 g/kg casein diet supplemented with 0.3 g L-methionine/kg diet (experiment 2; 180 g protein + 0.3 g L-methionine, 80 g protein + 6.70 g L-methionine, or 60 g protein + 7.45 g L-methionine/kg diet). Rats were given an inflammatory challenge by intraperitoneal injection of endotoxin (lipopolysaccharide from Escherichia coli), and were compared with ad libitum and pair-fed controls. Glutathione concentration in various organs (liver, lung, spleen, and thymus) decreased in animals fed the low-protein diets (80 g or 60 g/kg diet). Addition of the sulfur amino acid, methionine, to the low-protein diets restored glutathione concentrations in animals fed ad libitum and prevented the fall in GSH concentration, which occurred in lung, spleen, and thymus in response to the endotoxin. Despite the similarity in the amount of sulfur amino acid consumed between the groups fed the 180 g protein + 0.3 g L-methionine and the 60 g protein + 7.45 g L-methionine/kg diet, in experiment 2, hepatic GSH concentration significantly increased in the latter group, in animals fed ad libitum and in the endotoxin-treated animals, but not in the pair-fed controls.

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