Hybrid Broadband Access with IEEE 802.16e: An Economic Approach for Rural Areas

2009 ◽  
Author(s):  
Waldemar Gerok ◽  
Simon F. Rusche ◽  
Peter Unger
Keyword(s):  
Rural Areas ◽  
Broadband Access ◽  
Economic Approach ◽  
Ieee 802.16E

Entrepreneurship, Broadband, and Gender: Evidence from Establishment Births in Rural America

2021 ◽  
pp. 016001762110187
Author(s):  
Tessa Conroy ◽  
Sarah A. Low
Keyword(s):  
Rural Areas ◽  
Small Businesses ◽  
Birth Rate ◽  
Broadband Access ◽  
Rural America ◽  
Variable Approach ◽  
Key Factor ◽  
Business Size ◽  
And Gender ◽  
Instrumental Variable Approach

Broadband access may have important implications for establishment births in rural areas, which feature thinner markets. Broadband may be especially important for rural nonemployer businesses, particularly those without a storefront, for access to nontraditional market channels. As women are more likely to run these types of small businesses, we further expect that broadband may have important implications for women-led businesses. With an effective instrumental variable approach, we find evidence that broadband access is a key factor leading to a higher establishment birth rate across business size and gender in rural areas. This paper identifies the largest effects on nonemployer, women-led and remote rural establishments.

scholarly journals Resolving Last-Mile Connectivity Issues in Botswana Using WiMAX IEEE802

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Malebogo Mokeresete ◽  
Bukohwo Michael Esiefarienrhe
Keyword(s):  
Developing Countries ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
High Speed ◽  
Simulation Method ◽  
Line Of Sight ◽  
Infrastructure Development ◽  
Ieee 802.16E ◽  
Access Technology ◽  
Regulatory Standards ◽  
Last Mile

Amongst advantages of using Worldwide Interoperability Microwave Access (WiMAX) technology at the last-mile level as access technology include an extensive range of 50 km Line of Sight (LOS), 5 to 15 km Non-Line of Sight and few infrastructure installations compared to other wireless broadband access technologies. Despite positive investments in ICT fibre infrastructure by developing countries, including Botswana, servicing end-users is subjected to high prices and marginalised. The alternative, the Wi-Fi hotspot initiative by the Botswana government, falls far as a solution for last-mile connectivity and access. This study used OPNET simulation modeller 14,5 to investigate whether Botswana’s national broadband project could adopt WiMAX IEEE 802.16e as an access technology. Several developing countries in Africa and the world use WiMAX technology at access level and gain impressive results. The rampant lack of infrastructure development and the need to provide high-speed technology has necessitated such investigation. Therefore, using the simulation method, this paper evaluates the WiMAX IEEE 802.16e/m over three subscriber locations in Botswana. The results obtained indicate that the deployment of the WiMAX IEEE 802.16e standard can solve most of the deployment issues and access at the last-mile level. Although the findings suggest that WiMAX IEEE 802.16e is more suitable for high-density areas, it could also solve rural areas’ infrastructure development challenges and provide required high-speed connectivity access. However, unlike the Wi-Fi initiative, which requires more infrastructure deployment and less on institutional and regulatory frameworks, the deployment of WiMAX IEEE802.16e requires institutional and regulatory standards.

ICTs in Agribusinesses

2012 ◽  
pp. 185-199
Author(s):  
Pádraig Wims
Keyword(s):  
General Population ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Internet Use ◽  
Farm Households ◽  
Computer Access ◽  
Broadband Access ◽  
Dairy Farmer ◽  
Farming Community ◽  
Low Levels ◽  
Farm Business

This chapter critiques the level of adoption of ICTs among the farming community in Ireland and compares this with adoption by the general population. It was found that although computer access and internet use among Irish households have been increasing rapidly in recent years, farm households have been lagging behind in adoption of these technologies. Broadband access has been particularly problematic in rural areas, where farm households are located. The development of a novel extranet service by a large agribusiness is also evaluated in this chapter; this service allows dairy farmer clients to access all information relevant to their accounts with this agribusiness through a secure website. A structured survey of clients was carried out, and respondents were stratified on the basis of their usage of this extranet service. It was found that three factors are constraining adoption and use of ICTs among Irish farmers: low levels of computer skills; lack of awareness of the potential of ICTs to contribute to the farm business; and thirdly, access to Broadband in rural areas. These are fundamental problems that constrain adoption of ICT.

scholarly journals Promoting Equal Access to Public Digital Cultural Services in China: Efforts and Challenges

Libri ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 69 (3) ◽  
pp. 229-239 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dengdeng Wanyan ◽  
Yanqing Dai
Keyword(s):  
Rural Areas ◽  
Digital Literacy ◽  
Cultural Knowledge ◽  
Equal Access ◽  
Vulnerable Groups ◽  
Broadband Access ◽  
Cultural Services ◽  
Digital Era ◽  
The Government

Abstract With the development of information technology and the advent of the digital era, the digitization of cultural heritage and the internet-based equal access to the digitized heritage have received worldwide attention. Taking China as a case study, this paper reviews its efforts and challenges to promote equal access to public digital cultural services (PDCS). It starts by introducing the efforts, including PDCS-related legislations, policies and standards issued by the government, and major government-initiated PDCS projects. They are followed by an analysis of its challenges, including deficiencies in government funding, internet penetration, broadband access rates in the Central and Western regions and rural areas, and the limited digital literacy, cultural knowledge, and income levels of certain population groups. This study concludes with the suggestion that promoting equal access to PDCS in less developed regions, rural areas, and vulnerable groups is still an important task in China, and the government needs to work with private sector partners to overcome the challenges.

scholarly journals Geo-Database Management of White Space vs. Open Spectrum

2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robert Horvitz
Keyword(s):  
Rural Areas ◽  
Database Management ◽  
Regulatory Control ◽  
Broadband Access ◽  
White Space ◽  
Spectrum Access ◽  
Frequency Selection ◽  
Abdus Salam ◽  
The Cost ◽  
Geo Database

Abstract:Lead chapter in "TV White Spaces - A Pragmatic Approach", edited byErmanno Pietrosemoli and Marco Zennaro, Telecommunications/ICT forDevelopment Laboratory, Abdus Salam International Centre forTheoretical Physics, Trieste, Italy (2013)When the FCC proposed allowing low-power devices to use UHF "whitespaces" on a license exempt basis, they were unsure whether spectrummonitoring or geo-database lookup would be the best way to manage thedevices' frequency selection. Since these methods were discussed asalternatives, few people noticed that they have very differentpolitical implications. Effective sensing of the local radio spectrumcan lead to autonomous, self-managing devices. These reduce the needfor strict government controls over spectrum access, making suchdevices a force for liberalization. On the other hand, a radio whichsimply follows instructions given by a database, and which mustregularly renew its permission to operate, is a slave, and it isdescribed that way in white space standards and regulatory documents.Far from being a force for liberalization, database slaves represent adrastic extension of regulatory control into the radio domain whichhas been the freest (license exemption).White space devices are expected to reduce the cost and increase theavailability of broadband access in rural areas. But if these devicesdepend on geo-database lookup, the temporary but total cutoffs ofInternet access in Egypt, Libya and Syria should make one wonder if itis wise to give government-sanctioned control centers a “kill switch”for public broadband access. Geo-database management can yield manybenefits. But it entails a degree of political risk which could bedangerous in some contexts. It can also delay or even block thedevelopment of the truly autonomous "smart" radios needed forminimalist regulation.

scholarly journals Telemedicine in Community Cancer Care: How Technology Helps Patients With Cancer Navigate a Pandemic

2021 ◽  
Vol 17 (1) ◽  
pp. e11-e15
Author(s):  
Debra A. Patt ◽  
Lalan Wilfong ◽  
Sara Toth ◽  
Stephanie Broussard ◽  
Kristen Kanipe ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Rural Communities ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Healthcare Delivery ◽  
Psychosocial Care ◽  
Broadband Access ◽  
Healthcare Delivery System ◽  
Care Needs ◽  
Patients With Cancer ◽  
Qualitative Feedback ◽  
Policy Priority

COVID-19 places unprecedented demands on the oncology ecosystem. The extensive pressure of managing health care during the pandemic establishes the need for rapid implementation of telemedicine. Across our large statewide practice of 640 practitioners at 221 sites of service, an aggressive multidisciplinary telemedicine strategy was implemented in March by coordinating and training many different parts of our healthcare delivery system. From March to September, telemedicine grew to serve 15%-20% of new patients and 20%-25% of established patients, permitting the practice to implement safety protocols and reduce volumes in clinic while continuing to manage the acute and chronic care needs of our patient population. We surveyed practice leaders, queried for qualitative feedback, and established 76% were satisfied with the platform. The common challenges for patients were the first-time use and technology function, and patients were, in general, grateful and happy to have the option to visit their clinicians on a telemedicine platform. In addition to conducting new and established visits remotely, telemedicine allows risk assessments, avoidance of hospitalization, family education, psychosocial care, and improved pharmacy support. The implementation has limitations including technical complexity; increased burden on patients and staff; and broadband access, particularly in rural communities. For telemedicine to improve as a solution to enhance the longitudinal care of patients with cancer, payment coverage policies need to continue after the pandemic, technologic adoption needs to be easy for patients, and broadband access in rural areas needs to be a policy priority. Further research to optimize the patient and clinician experience is required to continue to make progress.

scholarly journals Opportunities and Challenges for First-mile Development in Rural Hawaiian Communities

2013 ◽  
Vol 10 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Jenifer Sunrise Winter ◽  
Wayne Buente ◽  
Patricia Amaral Buskirk
Keyword(s):  
Rural Communities ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Cultural Preservation ◽  
Self Determination ◽  
Critical Infrastructures ◽  
Broadband Access ◽  
High Quality ◽  
Cultural Contexts ◽  
Remote Locations ◽  
Planning Approach

The islands of Hawaiʻi are the most geographically remote locations on earth and connect to the global Internet via expensive submarine fiber. While citizens in densely populated areas such as Honolulu have several options for broadband coverage, there are gaps throughout the state. Many of those living in rural areas, including indigenous Hawaiian communities, suffer from a lack of critical infrastructures. For indigenous Hawaiians trying to gain equal access to educational and economic opportunities, health care, and linguistic and cultural preservation, this disparity is particularly troubling. We describe challenges faced by Native Hawaiian communities in developing affordable, high-quality broadband access and describe initiatives, to date, that seek to address them. We suspect that the conventional planning approach to broadband development is incongruent to the unique economic, social and cultural contexts present in Hawaiian rural communities. Our investigation explores the potential for community-initiated broadband projects that will enable indigenous Hawaiians more self-determination in the planning and management of broadband networks and services.

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