The Treatment of Cultural Services in Latin American Countries’ Trade Agreements

Cultural products (including goods and services) encompass visual, performing and literary arts as well as newspapers, magazines, books, movies, video and music recordings, radio and television, and now multimedia. To the extent that they are associated with the cultural identity of various States, their treatment in international trade has been debated as to whether, or the extent to which, they should be exempted from trade regulations. The proliferation of preferential trade agreements (PTAs) has further complexified this debate. The article summarizes the provisions relating to cultural services in Latin American PTAs and discusses the scope of these provisions, notably in light of the cultural policy measures involved and States’ ability to conduct cultural policies. The focus is on Chile, Colombia, Mexico and Peru as these are the leading countries in the negotiation of PTAs in Latin America as regards the number of agreements and the scope of cultural provisions.

HUMAN-GEOGRAPHICAL FEATURES OF FUNCTIONING OF THE BASIC NETWORK OF CULTURAL INSTITUTIONS OF TERNOPIL CITY TERRITORIAL COMMUNITY

The article is devoted to the human-geographical study of the basic network of cultural institutions of the Ternopil city territorial community. The parameters of the territory and settlement network of the community are considered, which are the determining conditions during the structuring of geospace. The legislative principles of creating a basic network of cultural institutions of the local level are analyzed. The modern basic network of cultural institutions of the Ternopil territorial community is a consequence of the reform of the cultural sphere and the implementation of the decentralization reform. It went through three stages of its organizational formation. The basic network of culture of the local level of the Ternopil territorial community includes 39 institutions. More than 56% of the network's facilities are located in the city of Ternopil. According to the form of ownership and organizational and legal form, they are divided into 9 communal institutions, 1 communal enterprise and 29 establishments that are directly in communal ownership. The component structure of the sphere of culture and art of the community is formed by the following types of institutions: club-type cultural institutions, libraries, art schools, orchestras and cinemas. Primary socio-cultural services of the basic network are provided by 13 club-type cultural institutions. They are represented by the palace of culture, houses of culture and clubs (branches). Library institutions are the most numerous in the system of the basic network, the share of which reaches 51%. Among all 20 institutions of the community, the main role in this area is given to the Ternopil city centralized library system. Primary art education is represented by 2 music schools and 1 art school. The only municipal enterprise in the field of cinematography is the Ternopil Film Commission. A special feature of the basic network of cultural institutions of the Ternopil community is the presence of two orchestras. A significant addition to the basic network of community cultural institutions are communal institutions engaged in similar or related activities. Governing bodies ensure the systematic functioning of institutions and the implementation of measures to implement a consistent cultural policy. The territorial organization of cultural institutions of the local level of the Ternopil city community is an orderly network, where the connections between them are manifested in the formation of various combinations. Within the community, the functioning of 6 cultural and artistic systems was identified, which are combined into three types of different hierarchical levels (1 urban, 5 basic and 5 primary). The geospatial specifics of the location of the elements of the basic network result in the indicators of providing the city and basic administrative-territorial units of the community with cultural and art institutions. They are sufficient to ensure the sustainable functioning of the network and the provision of socio-cultural services. In the context of the spread of innovation diffusion, the rural area of the community is cascaded into three suburban zones: near (up to 6 km), medium (7-17 km), remote (over 18 km). The first zone meets the criteria of the village of Kurivtsi, the second – Malashivtsi, Glyadky, Chernykhiv, Ivankivtsi, Pleskivtsi, Kobzarivka, the third – Horodyshche, Nosivts, Vertelka. Problems of the organization of rendering of cultural services are revealed: outdated material and technical base; outflow of highly qualified creative specialists; insufficient funding from the budget; conservative forms and methods of providing cultural services; the initial level of development of cultural and creative industries. An important feature of the network of institutions of the Ternopil community is the real prospects for its expansion and improvement of functioning through the opening of new modern institutions. An important area of constant activation of socio-cultural activities is the constant increase of various forms of cultural mobility and touring activities. Key words: institution, network, community, culture, art, city, geocultural space, decentralization.

Reading an Urban Palimpsest: How the Gradual Loss of an Urban Stream Impacts Urban Form's Connections and Ecosystem Functions

Fluvial reclamation to facilitate urban development leads to culverting, hence, a loss of urban streams. Using the palimpsest analogy, we examine how the Amman Stream in Amman (Jordan) historically provided regulatory and socio-cultural ecosystem services through its socio-spatial (longitudinal, lateral, and vertical) connections. We then explore the impact of the stream's culverting, partially in 1967 then completely in 1997, on these connections and, consequently, on ecosystem services. To overcome data paucity, our methodology relied on constructing spatial data by georeferencing and digitizing aerial photos and satellite images (from 1953, 1975, 1992, and 2000) using ArcGIS. We augmented our data with archival research (historic and contemporary documents and maps), an online survey among Amman's residents, and in situ observations and photography. The results reveal striking contrasts between the historic and contemporary configuration of urban form vis-à-vis the Amman Stream. Throughout its early urban history during the Classical and early Islamic periods, the urban form elements reflected reverence and prudence toward the Amman Stream as manifested in the investment in water infrastructure and the alignment of thoroughfares, civic monuments, and bridges that collectively capitalized on the land relief (the strath) and established strong connections with the Amman Stream, maximizing, in the process, its regulatory and socio-cultural services. In contrast, the contemporary urban form replaced the stream with car-oriented roads, hence, eradicated its regulatory services and replaced its socio-spatial connections with urban socio-economic and cultural fissures. Accordingly, we propose to daylight (de-culvert) the Amman Stream to restore its regulatory and socio-cultural services and its socio-spatial connections. We substantiate the feasibility of daylighting through: (1) morphological analysis that reveals that roads cover most of the stream; (2) the survey's findings that indicate public support; and (3) the cascading benefits for the larger watershed in a water insecure region.

The Loss of Ecosystem Services in Women’s Forest at Youtefa Bay, Jayapura, Papua, Indonesia

The uniqueness of mangrove protection in Papua is found in the Enggros Tribe, Youtefa Bay, Jayapura, Indonesia, a Women’s Forest. Women’s Forest is a mangrove forest managed under the Tonotwiyat customary law of Enggros Tribe, where men are prohibited from entering and foraging in this forest. However, the function of women’s forest ecosystem services began to decline by decreasing water quality, waste accumulation, and land conversion. The loss of ecosystem services must be analyzed to identify and quantify the loss of indigenous peoples. Based on the four frameworks of ecosystem service functions of TEEB (2011), the provisioning services, regulating services, habitat services, and cultural services, then carried out by desk study and in-depth interviews, it is shown that the most perceived loss by the community was the reduction in provisioning services by the declining the number of fish and bia noor. There is also a decline in cultural services satisfaction from women’s forests, where it is a place to talk and tell stories for Enggros Women. Further research in economic losses is needed. Local management by the Enggros Tribe itself must be increased, followed by the support from external stakeholders for the sustainability of women’s forests.

Scope of social and cultural services: an innovation matrix

Книга для тех, кто понимает, что перемены в экономической и социальной сфере, потрясшие Россию в последнее годы привели к кардинальным переменам в жизни российского общества, резкому снижению уровня жизни населения. Эти перемены, с одной стороны, создали условия для роста экономической активности населения. С другой стороны, вызвали падение уровня производства в ряде отраслей, существенное снижение качества образования, здравоохранения, культуры, физкультуры и спорта, социального обслуживания нетрудоспособных, реальной заработной платы, рост безработицы, и, как следствие, снижение уровня жизни значительной части населения и появление массовой бедности. Книга для тех, кто понимает, что современная социальная сфера России является сложной системой, которая требует от управленческого звена новых знаний и технологий. Для правильного выбора и того и другого требуется рассматривать и анализировать составные части этой системы. Одна из них – формирующаяся в условиях рыночной экономики сфера социально-культурных услуг. Как только сегодня не называют эту сферу. А ведь от этого тоже зависит ее режим функционирования и развития. «Как вы лодку назовете, так она и поплывет». В предлагаемой публикации вы найдете варианты ответов на подобного рода вопросы, которые позволяют увидеть направления движения по реализации основной цели - повышение качества жизнедеятельности человека. Предлагаемая читателю книга «Сфера социально-культурных услуг: инновационная матрица» предназначена для профессиональных управленцев, преподавателей и студентов высшей школы, да и просто для социально активных граждан.

Anchor of cultural forest services in the national forest policies of Central European countries

Forests and human connection with nature have a major impact on human health. Through exercise and recreation in the forest, people receive many benefits from forest ecosystem services (FES) which have a positive impact on their physical and mental health. The paper tackles two main goals i) the first one is an overview of existing literature related to human health and well-being derived from forests in the countries of Central Europe published in the Scopus database. ii) The second goal was to create an overview of policy instruments related to forest cultural services (FCS) in the forest policy documents of selected Central European countries (CEC). A partial goal of the research is to identify gaps and to find a focus of future research in the field of human forest well-being and FES. The results showed that on the national level there is a lack of guidelines for culture services and their anchor in legislative documents. A challenge for the anchor of cultural services is to improve communication between different resort organizations and forest stakeholders. For future research is recommended to survey the forest impact on human health that would provide a base for creating a platform for policy tools related to FCS and help to set up recreation planning in European forests.