Evaluation of raw substrate variation from different suppliers and processes and their impact on package warpage

2012 ◽  
Author(s):  
Wei Lin ◽  
Shengmin Wen ◽  
Akito Yoshida ◽  
JeongMin Shin
Keyword(s):  
Substrate Variation

Production of Aflatoxin in Cocoa Beans

1979 ◽  
Vol 62 (5) ◽  
pp. 1076-1079 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lawrence M Lenovich ◽  
W Jeffrey Hurst
Keyword(s):  
High Pressure ◽  
Liquid Chromatography ◽  
Ivory Coast ◽  
Aspergillus Parasiticus ◽  
Aflatoxin Production ◽  
Growth Conditions ◽  
Aflatoxin Contamination ◽  
Cocoa Beans ◽  
Total Aflatoxin ◽  
Substrate Variation

Abstract Aflatoxin was produced in both non-autoclaved and autoclaved Ivory Coast cocoa beans inoculated with Aspergillus parasiticus NRRL 2999 under optimum laboratory growth conditions. Total aflatoxin levels ranged from 213 to 5597 ng/g substrate. Aflatoxin was quantitated by using high pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC). Raw, non-autoclaved cocoa beans, also inoculated with aspergilli, produced 6359 ng aflatoxin/g substrate. Variation in aflatoxin production between bean varieties was observed. Total aflatoxin levels of 10,446 and 23,076 ng/g substrate were obtained on Ivory Coast beans inoculated with A. parasiticus NRRL 2999 and NRRL 3240, respectively. Aflatoxin production on Trinidad and Malaysian beans was 28 and 65 ng aflatoxin/g substrate. These data support previously reported low level natural aflatoxin contamination in cocoa.

Determination of growth and maintenance coefficients by calorespirometry

2004 ◽  
Vol 31 (9) ◽  
pp. 929 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sannali Matheson ◽  
Derek J. Ellingson ◽  
V. Wallace McCarlie ◽  
Bruce N. Smith ◽  
Richard S. Criddle ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Growth Rates ◽  
Leaf Age ◽  
Leaf Tissue ◽  
Heat Rate ◽  
Regulation Of Respiration ◽  
Convolvulus Arvensis ◽  
Verbascum Thapsus ◽  
Mature Leaves ◽  
Substrate Variation ◽  
Maintenance Coefficients

This study describes a calorespirometric method for determining the coefficients of the correlation of specific respiration and growth rates. To validate the calorespirometric method, coefficients obtained from calorespirometric data are compared with coefficients obtained from mass and elongation growth rates measured at three temperatures on oat (Avena sativa L.) shoots. Calorespirometric measurements were also made on leaf tissue of varying age from Verbascum thapsus L., Convolvulus arvensis L., and Helianthus tuberosus Nutt. Measurements on A. sativa, C. arvensis and H. tuberosus at several temperatures show maintenance coefficients generally increase with temperature, but, in disagreement with accepted theory, growth coefficients for C. arvensis and A. sativa vary with temperature. A comparison of rates expressed as intensive and extensive quantities showed that the decline in specific respiration and growth rates with age is caused by dilution-by-growth, not down-regulation of respiration rate by reduced demand. The ratio of heat rate to CO2 rate increases with leaf age, and, for fully mature leaves, exceeds the maximum possible value for carbohydrates. This shows that the catabolic substrate may vary with leaf age in immature leaves and cannot be assumed to consist only of carbohydrates in mature leaves. Dilution-by-growth, substrate variation, and inseparability of the variables in the growth-maintenance model all complicate physiological interpretation of the slope and intercept of plots of specific respiration rates v. specific growth rates.

Drops of biological fluids drying on a hard substrate: Variation of the morphology, weight, temperature, and mechanical properties

2010 ◽  
Vol 55 (7) ◽  
pp. 929-935 ◽  
Author(s):  
T. A. Yakhno ◽  
V. V. Kazakov ◽  
O. A. Sanina ◽  
A. G. Sanin ◽  
V. G. Yakhno
Keyword(s):  
Mechanical Properties ◽  
Biological Fluids ◽  
Hard Substrate ◽  
Substrate Variation

scholarly journals A DEMONSTRATION OF SEVERAL DEOXYRIBONUCLEASE ACTIVITIES IN MAMMALIAN CELL MITOCHONDRIA

1974 ◽  
Vol 62 (3) ◽  
pp. 695-706 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael Durphy ◽  
Paul N. Manley ◽  
Errol C. Friedberg
Keyword(s):  
Ionic Strength ◽  
Adult Rabbit ◽  
Mitochondrial Enzyme ◽  
Alkaline Ph ◽  
Sh Group ◽  
Liver And Kidney ◽  
Substrate Variation ◽  
Enzyme Markers ◽  
Triton X ◽  
Deoxyribonuclease Activity

Extracts of purified mitochondria from adult rabbit liver and kidney have been prepared by lysis with Triton X-100. Such extracts contain deoxyribonuclease activity demonstrable at alkaline pH. Studies utilizing the effects of substrate variation, differing ionic strength, nucleoside di- and triphosphates, and SH-group inhibitors reveal the existence of at least five distinguishable deoxyribonuclease activities in these extracts. Assay of lysosomal and mitochondrial enzyme markers indicates no significant lysosomal contamination of the mitochondrial extracts. Further studies also suggest that the alkaline deoxyribonuclease activity is specifically located in or in association with mitochondria.

Glycosynthases: Mutant Glycosidases for Glycoside Synthesis

2002 ◽  
Vol 55 (2) ◽  
pp. 3 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. J. Williams ◽  
S. G. Withers
Keyword(s):  
Substrate Specificity ◽  
Product Formation ◽  
Protecting Groups ◽  
Rapid Screening ◽  
Widespread Application ◽  
Glycoside Synthesis ◽  
General Methodology ◽  
Glycosyl Donor ◽  
Substrate Variation ◽  
Catalytic Power

Glycosynthases are engineered mutant glycosidases that catalyse the formation of a glycosidic bond from a glycosyl donor and an acceptor alcohol. They are constructed by mutation of the enzymic nucleophile of a retaining glycosidase to a small non-nucleophilic residue. To date, five glycosynthases have been reported capable of synthesizing a range of β-glycosidic linkages. Methods to integrate protecting groups into glycosynthase-mediated glycosylations have been developed that broaden their applicability and enable finer control over product formation. Mutagenesis studies have improved the catalytic power of the original Abg glycosynthase, and a general methodology has been developed that allows the rapid screening of libraries of mutant glycosynthases for catalysts with improved activity. A method for determining aglycon substrate specificity has been developed to define the limits of substrate variation tolerated by a parent glycosidase and thence the derived glycosynthase. Together, these developments portend a bright future for the discovery of new glycosynthases and their widespread application as catalysts to assist in the rapid and efficient assembly of complex glycoconjugates.

An experimental approach to understanding the use of mistletoe as a nest substrate for birds: nest predation

2008 ◽  
Vol 35 (1) ◽  
pp. 65 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stuart J. N. Cooney ◽  
David M. Watson
Keyword(s):  
Site Selection ◽  
Nest Predation ◽  
Nest Site ◽  
Nest Site Selection ◽  
Artificial Nests ◽  
Bird Populations ◽  
Nest Sites ◽  
South Wales ◽  
Eucalypt Woodland ◽  
Substrate Variation

Recent research has documented an unprecedented diversity of birds using mistletoes as nest-sites, and a strong preference for nesting in mistletoes has recently been demonstrated for some species. The consequences and underlying reasons for this behaviour have not been evaluated, and it is unclear whether nests in mistletoes confer advantages compared with other available substrates. Nest predation is often cited as the most important factor regulating many bird populations and is thought to influence all aspects of nest-site selection. To evaluate whether nest predation may play a role in the widespread use of mistletoe as a nest-site, we conducted an artificial nest predation experiment in a eucalypt woodland in southern New South Wales, Australia. Artificial nests were modelled on noisy friarbird (Philemon corniculatus: Meliphagidae) nests, baited with a single quail egg and checked after four days. We used logistic regression to model the rate of depredation between plant substrates, and demonstrate that, in this experiment, mistletoe nests experienced a lower proportion of predation than eucalypt nests (51.5% versus 63.8% respectively). This finding suggests that predation may influence the widespread use of mistletoe as a nest-site in a range of habitats and regions. In addition to clarifying priorities for further work on mistletoe nesting, this finding has implications for studies of nest-site selection generally, with researchers encouraged to supplement between-substrate comparisons with direct measurements of within-substrate variation.

scholarly journals Single Cell Systems Analysis: Decision Geometry in Outliers

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lianne Abrahams
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Graph Theory ◽  
Single Cell ◽  
Cancer Biology ◽  
Single Cells ◽  
Optimal Level ◽  
Clinical Relapse ◽  
Learning Approaches ◽  
Cell Systems ◽  
Substrate Variation

Anticer-therapeutics of the highest calibre currently focus on combinatorial targeting of specific oncoproteins and tumour suppressors. Clinical relapse depends upon intratumoral heterogeneity which serves as substrate variation during evolution of resistance to therapeutic regimens. The present review advocates single cell systems biology as the optimal level of analysis for remediation of clinical relapse. Graph theory approaches to understanding decision-making in single cells may be abstracted one level further, to the geometry of decision-making in outlier cells, in order to define evolution-resistant cancer biomarkers. Systems biologists currently working with omics data are invited to consider phase portrait analysis as a mediator between graph theory and deep learning approaches. Perhaps counter-intuitively, the tangible clinical needs of cancer patients may depend upon the adoption of higher level mathematical abstractions of cancer biology.

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