Construction of maintenance staffing model for managing sports venues in comprehensive sports games: A research based on the practice of the 7th military world games

The operation and maintenance of sports venues is the basis of ensuring the orderly organization of various events in large-scale comprehensive sports games. Due to the lack of evaluation methods and an index system, it was difficult to predict the input of operating and managing sports venues in large-scale comprehensive sports games. Excessive manpower is often put to guarantee the smooth operation work, causing the problem of waste on all resources. Based on the practice of the operational work for specified sports fields during the 7th World Army Games, this paper establishes a staffing allocation model for the maintenance and operation of sports venues. On the premise of building up a clear maintenance scope, a clarified organization structure and working procedure, the maintenance index of 15 specified venues is evaluated with analytic hierarchy process (AHP), and a set of allocation criteria of the operation team is put forward. The maintenance coefficients of studied venues range from 0.08 to 0.91, and the venues with highest coefficients are the main stadium, the naval pentathlon venues and the soccer field, etc.

Determination of growth and maintenance coefficients by calorespirometry

This study describes a calorespirometric method for determining the coefficients of the correlation of specific respiration and growth rates. To validate the calorespirometric method, coefficients obtained from calorespirometric data are compared with coefficients obtained from mass and elongation growth rates measured at three temperatures on oat (Avena sativa L.) shoots. Calorespirometric measurements were also made on leaf tissue of varying age from Verbascum thapsus L., Convolvulus arvensis L., and Helianthus tuberosus Nutt. Measurements on A. sativa, C. arvensis and H. tuberosus at several temperatures show maintenance coefficients generally increase with temperature, but, in disagreement with accepted theory, growth coefficients for C. arvensis and A. sativa vary with temperature. A comparison of rates expressed as intensive and extensive quantities showed that the decline in specific respiration and growth rates with age is caused by dilution-by-growth, not down-regulation of respiration rate by reduced demand. The ratio of heat rate to CO2 rate increases with leaf age, and, for fully mature leaves, exceeds the maximum possible value for carbohydrates. This shows that the catabolic substrate may vary with leaf age in immature leaves and cannot be assumed to consist only of carbohydrates in mature leaves. Dilution-by-growth, substrate variation, and inseparability of the variables in the growth-maintenance model all complicate physiological interpretation of the slope and intercept of plots of specific respiration rates v. specific growth rates.

Growth and maintenance respiration of leaflet, stipule, tendril, rachis, and petiole tissues that make up the compound leaf of pea (Pisum sativum)

Respiratory changes during development, as well as growth and maintenance coefficients, were measured in organs of a typical compound leaf at the seventh node position of a pea (Pisum sativum) plant. The leaf consists of both laminar (leaflets and stipules) and cylindrical organs (tendrils, rachis, and petiole). Young tissue of each organ had relatively high respiration rates that declined as the tissue expanded. The respiration rates of leaflet, stipule, and tendril tissue throughout maturation were significantly greater than those of the other organs. The growth respiration coefficients were not significantly different among laminar and cylindrical organs. Maintenance respiration, expressed on a total dry mass basis and on a carbohydrate-corrected dry mass basis, as well as in vitro photosynthetic rates, were significantly lower in petioles and rachises than in tendrils or the leaflets and stipules. No difference in maintenance respiration of organs was observed when rates were expressed on a protein basis. A linear relationship between mass-based respiration and organ protein concentration was observed, suggesting that the energy costs involved in protein turnover may account, in part, for the differences in maintenance respiration among the organs. Taken together, our data show that although the tendril is structurally similar to the rachis, petioles, and stem, which have a role in supporting the canopy of this climbing plant, the respiratory properties of tendrils are more like those of leaflets and stipules, thus parallelling the photosynthetic characteristics of these organs in the compound leaf. Keywords: development, leaflets, Pisum sativum, respiration, stipules, tendrils.

Respiratory cost of leaf growth and maintenance in white oak saplings exposed to atmospheric CO2 enrichment

Atmospheric CO2 enrichment reportedly reduces respiration of mature leaves in a number of woody and herbaceous perennials. It has yet to be determined, however, whether these reductions reflect changes in maintenance respiration alone or whether CO2 might affect growth respiration as well. This possibility was examined in white oak (Quercusalba L.) seedlings that had been planted directly into the ground within open-top chambers and exposed to ambient, ambient +150 μL•L−1, and ambient +300 μL•L−1 CO2 concentrations over a 3-year period. In the spring of 1992, respiration rates were measured repeatedly during leaf expansion, and the growth and maintenance coefficients were determined using a two-component model. Specific respiration rates (mg CO2•g−1•h−1) were consistently lower for leaves of CO2-enriched saplings than for leaves of ambient-grown saplings. Partitioning these reductions in leaf respiration to either the growth or maintenance coefficients indicated a strong effect of CO2 on both components. The growth coefficient for leaves exposed to the ambient CO2 treatment was 964 mg CO2•g−1 compared with 849 and 664 mg CO2•g−1•for leaves from the two elevated CO2 concentrations, respectively. The maintenance coefficient was similarly reduced from a control rate of 114 mg CO2•g−1•d−1 to below 65 mg CO2•g−1•d−1 for leaves exposed to CO2 enrichment. Our results quantitatively describe the magnitude by which growth and maintenance respiration are affected by CO2 enrichment and as such should provide useful information for the future modeling of this phenomenon.