A pseudospectral technique for the discrete reconstruction of the three-dimensional equivalent-current density

1999 ◽  
Vol 47 (6) ◽  
pp. 802-805 ◽  
Author(s):  
F. Ahmad ◽  
M. Razzaghi
Keyword(s):  
Current Density ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Equivalent Current

Three-dimensional porous copper-decorated bismuth-based nanofoam for boosting electrochemical reduction of CO2 to formate

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yingchun Zhang ◽  
Changsheng Cao ◽  
Xintao Wu ◽  
Qi-Long Zhu
Keyword(s):  
Current Density ◽  
High Current Density ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Co2 Reduction ◽  
Reduction Reaction ◽  
High Current ◽  
Porous Copper ◽  
Reduction Of Co2 ◽  
Co2 Reduction Reaction ◽  
Wide Potential

Bismuth (Bi)-based nanomaterials are considered as the promising electrocatalysts for electrocatalytic CO2 reduction reaction (CO2RR), but it is challenging to achieve high current density and selectivity in a wide potential...

Effect of Bump Shape on Current Density and Temperature Distributions in Solder Bump Joints under Electromigration

2012 ◽  
Vol 569 ◽  
pp. 82-87
Author(s):  
Yi Li ◽  
Xiu Chen Zhao ◽  
Ying Liu ◽  
Hong Li
Keyword(s):  
Current Density ◽  
Solder Bump ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Maximum Temperature ◽  
Time To Failure ◽  
Element Analysis ◽  
Temperature Distributions ◽  
Maximum Current ◽  
Mean Time ◽  
Waist Radius

Three dimensional thermo-electrical finite element analysis was employed to simulate the current density and temperature distributions for solder bump joints with different bump shapes. Mean-time-to-failure (MTTF) of electromigration was discussed. It was found that as the bump volume increased from hourglass bump to barrel bump, the maximum current density increased but the maximum temperature decreased. Hourglass bump with waist radius of 240 μm has the longest MTTF.

scholarly journals A model for estimating the relation between the Hall to Pedersen conductance ratio and ground magnetic data derived from CHAMP satellite statistics

2007 ◽  
Vol 25 (3) ◽  
pp. 721-736 ◽  
Author(s):  
L. Juusola ◽  
O. Amm ◽  
K. Kauristie ◽  
A. Viljanen
Keyword(s):  
Current Density ◽  
Geomagnetic Latitude ◽  
Magnetic Data ◽  
Equivalent Current ◽  
Champ Satellite ◽  
Long Time ◽  
Conductance Ratio ◽  
Ground Magnetic ◽  
Eiscat Radar ◽  
Magnetic Satellite

Abstract. The goal of this study is to find a way to statistically estimate the Hall to Pedersen conductance ratio α from ground magnetic data. We use vector magnetic data from the CHAMP satellite to derive this relation. α is attained from magnetic satellite data using the 1-D Spherical Elementary Current Systems (SECS). The ionospheric equivalent current density can either be computed from ground or satellite magnetic data. Under the required 1-D assumption, these two approaches are shown to be equal, which leads to the advantage that the statistics are not restricted to areas covered by ground data. Unlike other methods, using magnetic satellite measurements to determine α ensures reliable data over long time sequences. The statistical study, comprising over 6000 passes between 55° and 76.5° northern geomagnetic latitude during 2001 and 2002, is carried out employing data from the CHAMP satellite. The data are binned according to activity and season. In agreement with earlier studies, values between 1 and 3 are typically found for α. Good compatibility is found, when α attained from CHAMP data is compared with EISCAT radar measurements. The results make it possible to estimate α from the east-west equivalent current density Jφ; [A/km]: α=2.07/(36.54/|Jφ|+1) for Jφ<0 (westward) and α=1.73/(14.79/|Jφ+1) for Jφ0 (eastward). Using the same data, statistics of ionospheric and field-aligned current densities as a function of geomagnetic latitude and MLT are included. These are binned with respect to activity, season and IMF BZ and BY. For the first time, all three current density components are simultaneously studied this way on a comparable spatial scale. With increasing activity, the enhancement and the equatorward expansion of the electrojets and the R1 and R2 currents is observed, and in the nightside, possible indications of a Cowling channel appear. During southward IMF BZ, the electrojets and the R1 and R2 currents are stronger and clearer than during northward BZ. IMF BY affects the orientation of the pattern.

Atomic layer deposition of ultra-trace Pt catalysts onto a titanium nitride nanowire array for electrocatalytic methanol oxidation

2019 ◽  
Vol 55 (88) ◽  
pp. 13283-13286 ◽  
Author(s):  
Junwei Sun ◽  
Xin Wang ◽  
Yanyan Song ◽  
Qianqian Wang ◽  
Yumei Song ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Atomic Layer Deposition ◽  
Titanium Nitride ◽  
Methanol Oxidation ◽  
Current Density ◽  
Nanowire Array ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Atomic Layer ◽  
Pt Catalysts ◽  
Layer Deposition ◽  
Ultra Trace

Atomic layer deposition of ultra-trace Pt onto three-dimensional titanium nitride nanowire array was realized, and the obtained catalyst shows a much larger mass current density than commercial Pt/C towards electrocatalytic methanol oxidation.

Constitutive Relations for Moving Plasmas

1979 ◽  
Vol 34 (2) ◽  
pp. 147-154 ◽  
Author(s):  
Helmut Hebenstreit
Keyword(s):  
Current Density ◽  
Constitutive Relations ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Covariant Form ◽  
Plasma Properties ◽  
Polarization Model ◽  
Material Tensor ◽  
Symmetry Properties ◽  
Set Up ◽  
Order Four

Abstract A covariant form of Ohm’s Law for bianisotropic plasmas is set up connecting the four-dimensional current density with the field tensor through a material tensor of order three. This tensor is represented by two four-dimensional material tensors of order two, which are closely related to the usual threedimensional conductivity tensors; its symmetry properties are investigated and relations between its components and those of the three-dimensional material tensors are established. In addition a covariant constitutive equation for a plasma is formulated using the polarization model, where the four-dimensional current density is substituted by a polarization tensor. Thereby the plasma properties - like the dielectric and magnetic properties of a medium - are expressed by a material tensor of order four, whose representation is generalized for bianisotropic media

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