A Kinesin-Like Protein Is Essential for Oriented Deposition of Cellulose Microfibrils and Cell Wall Strength

The primary walls of epidermal cells in Avena coleoptiles ranging in length from 2 to 40 mm. have been studied in the electron and polarizing microscopes and by the low-angle scattering of x-rays. The outer walls of these cells are composed of multiple layers of cellulose microfibrils oriented longitudinally; initially the number of layers is between 10 and 15 but this increases to about 25 in older tissue. Where epidermal cells touch, these multiple layers fuse gradually into a primary wall of the normal type between cells. In these radial walls, the microfibrils are oriented transversely. Possible mechanisms for the growth of the multilayered outer wall during cell elongation are discussed.

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Exploring the Use of Fruit Callus Culture as a Model System to Study Color Development and Cell Wall Remodeling during Strawberry Fruit Ripening

Plants ◽

10.3390/plants9070805 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 9 (7) ◽

pp. 805

Author(s):

Pablo Ric-Varas ◽

Marta Barceló ◽

Juan A. Rivera ◽

Sergio Cerezo ◽

Antonio J. Matas ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Cell Wall ◽

Cell Lines ◽

Developmental Stages ◽

Callus Cultures ◽

Cellulose Microfibrils ◽

Minor Amount ◽

Strawberry Fruit ◽

Color Development ◽

Cell Wall Remodeling ◽

Matrix Glycans

Cell cultures derived from strawberry fruit at different developmental stages have been obtained to evaluate their potential use to study different aspects of strawberry ripening. Callus from leaf and cortical tissue of unripe-green, white, and mature-red strawberry fruits were induced in a medium supplemented with 11.3 µM 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) under darkness. The transfer of the established callus from darkness to light induced the production of anthocyanin. The replacement of 2,4-D by abscisic acid (ABA) noticeably increased anthocyanin accumulation in green-fruit callus. Cell walls were isolated from the different fruit cell lines and from fruit receptacles at equivalent developmental stages and sequentially fractionated to obtain fractions enriched in soluble pectins, ester bound pectins, xyloglucans (XG), and matrix glycans tightly associated with cellulose microfibrils. These fractions were analyzed by cell wall carbohydrate microarrays. In fruit receptacle samples, pectins were abundant in all fractions, including those enriched in matrix glycans. The amount of pectin increased from green to white stage, and later these carbohydrates were solubilized in red fruit. Apparently, XG content was similar in white and red fruit, but the proportion of galactosylated XG increased in red fruit. Cell wall fractions from callus cultures were enriched in extensin and displayed a minor amount of pectins. Stronger signals of extensin Abs were detected in sodium carbonate fraction, suggesting that these proteins could be linked to pectins. Overall, the results obtained suggest that fruit cell lines could be used to analyze hormonal regulation of color development in strawberry but that the cell wall remodeling process associated with fruit softening might be masked by the high presence of extensin in callus cultures.

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Auxin and Cell Wall Crosstalk as Revealed by the Arabidopsis thaliana Cellulose Synthase Mutant Radially Swollen 1

Plant and Cell Physiology ◽

10.1093/pcp/pcz055 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 60 (7) ◽

pp. 1487-1503 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

Thiel A. Lehman ◽

Karen A Sanguinet

Keyword(s):

Arabidopsis Thaliana ◽

Cell Wall ◽

Cellulose Synthase ◽

Cellulose Microfibrils ◽

Single Amino Acid ◽

Cell Wall Biosynthesis ◽

Restrictive Temperature ◽

Permissive Temperature ◽

Anisotropic Expansion ◽

Single Amino Acid Change

AbstractPlant cells sheath themselves in a complex lattice of polysaccharides, proteins and enzymes forming an integral matrix known as the cell wall. Cellulose microfibrils, the primary component of cell walls, are synthesized at the plasma membrane by CELLULOSE SYNTHASE A (CESA) proteins throughout cellular growth and are responsible for turgor-driven anisotropic expansion. Associations between hormone signaling and cell wall biosynthesis have long been suggested, but recently direct links have been found revealing hormones play key regulatory roles in cellulose biosynthesis. The radially swollen 1 (rsw1) allele of Arabidopsis thaliana CESA1 harbors a single amino acid change that renders the protein unstable at high temperatures. We used the conditional nature of rsw1 to investigate how auxin contributes to isotropic growth. We found that exogenous auxin treatment reduces isotropic swelling in rsw1 roots at the restrictive temperature of 30ï¿½C. We also discovered decreases in auxin influx between rsw1 and wild-type roots via confocal imaging of AUX1-YFP, even at the permissive temperature of 19ï¿½C. Moreover, rsw1 displayed mis-expression of auxin-responsive and CESA genes. Additionally, we found altered auxin maxima in rsw1 mutant roots at the onset of swelling using DII-VENUS and DR5:vYFP auxin reporters. Overall, we conclude disrupted cell wall biosynthesis perturbs auxin transport leading to altered auxin homeostasis impacting both anisotropic and isotropic growth that affects overall root morphology.

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Cellulose synthase interactive1- and microtubule-dependent cell wall architecture is required for acid growth in Arabidopsis hypocotyls

Journal of Experimental Botany ◽

10.1093/jxb/eraa063 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 71 (10) ◽

pp. 2982-2994 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Xiaoran Xin ◽

Lei Lei ◽

Yunzhen Zheng ◽

Tian Zhang ◽

Sai Venkatesh Pingali ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Cell Wall ◽

Cell Elongation ◽

Plant Cell Wall ◽

Cellulose Microfibrils ◽

Crystalline Cellulose ◽

Cellulose Content ◽

Acid Growth ◽

Cell Wall Assembly ◽

Dependent Cell ◽

Cell Wall Architecture

Abstract Auxin-induced cell elongation relies in part on the acidification of the cell wall, a process known as acid growth that presumably triggers expansin-mediated wall loosening via altered interactions between cellulose microfibrils. Cellulose microfibrils are a major determinant for anisotropic growth and they provide the scaffold for cell wall assembly. Little is known about how acid growth depends on cell wall architecture. To explore the relationship between acid growth-mediated cell elongation and plant cell wall architecture, two mutants (jia1-1 and csi1-3) that are defective in cellulose biosynthesis and cellulose microfibril organization were analyzed. The study revealed that cell elongation is dependent on CSI1-mediated cell wall architecture but not on the overall crystalline cellulose content. We observed a correlation between loss of crossed-polylamellate walls and loss of auxin- and fusicoccin-induced cell growth in csi1-3. Furthermore, induced loss of crossed-polylamellate walls via disruption of cortical microtubules mimics the effect of csi1 in acid growth. We hypothesize that CSI1- and microtubule-dependent crossed-polylamellate walls are required for acid growth in Arabidopsis hypocotyls.

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Cell wall ultrastructure of palm leaf fibers

IAWA Journal ◽

10.1163/22941932-00000054 ◽

2014 ◽

Vol 35 (2) ◽

pp. 127-137 ◽

Cited By ~ 5

Author(s):

Shengcheng Zhai ◽

Yoshiki Horikawa ◽

Tomoya Imai ◽

Junji Sugiyama

Keyword(s):

Cell Wall ◽

Secondary Wall ◽

Secondary Xylem ◽

Polarized Light ◽

Leaf Sheath ◽

Mean Value ◽

Attenuated Total Reflection ◽

Cellulose Microfibrils ◽

Palm Species ◽

Palm Leaf

The cell wall organization of leaf sheath fibers in different palm species was studied with polarized light microscopy (PLM) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The secondary wall of the fibers consisted of only two layers, S1 and S2. The thickness of the S1 layer in leaf sheath fibers from the different palm species ranged from 0.31 to 0.90 μm, with a mean value of 0.57 μm, which was thicker than that of tracheids and fibers in secondary xylem of conifers and dicotyledons. The thickness of the S2 layer ranged from 0.44 to 3.43 μm, with a mean value of 1.86 μm. The ratio of S1 thickness to the whole cell wall thickness in palm fibers appears to be higher than in secondary xylem fibers and tracheids. The lignin in the fiber walls is very electron dense which makes it difficult to obtain high contrast of the different layers in the secondary wall. To clarify the cell wall layering with cellulose microfibrils in different orientations, the fibrovascular bundles of the windmill palm (Trachycarpus fortunei) were delignified with different reaction time intervals. The treated fibers were surveyed using attenuated total reflection Fourier transform infrared (ATR-FTIR) spectroscopy analysis and TEM. The secondary fiber walls of windmill palm clearly showed only two layers at different reaction intervals with different lignin contents, even after almost all lignin was removed. We suggest that the two-layered structure in the secondary wall of palm leaf fibers, which presumably also applies to the homologous fibers in palm stems, is a specific character different from the fibers in other monocotyledons (such as bamboo and rattan) and dicot wood.

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The Structure and Plastic Properties of the Cell Wall of Nitella in Relation to Extension Growth

Australian Journal of Biological Sciences ◽

10.1071/bi9660439 ◽

1966 ◽

Vol 19 (3) ◽

pp. 439 ◽

Cited By ~ 29

Author(s):

MC Probine ◽

NF Barber

Keyword(s):

Mechanical Properties ◽

Cell Wall ◽

Cell Growth ◽

Elastic Properties ◽

Cell Shape ◽

Cellulose Microfibrils ◽

Theoretical Treatment ◽

Plastic Properties ◽

Growing Cell ◽

Plastic Matrix

The internodal cells of Nitella opaca L. have been used in earlier studies to assess the part which mechanical properties of the wall may play in the control of cell growth (Probine and Preston 1962). The wall is mechanically anisotropic in both its plastic and elastic properties, and it is shown in this paper by an approximate theoretical treatment that a mat of cellulose microfibrils, embedded in a plastic matrix and having a distribution in the plane of the wall like that observed in Nitella, would lead to longitUdinal and transverse plastic extensions in the ratio observed in the growing cell. Factors which would affect cell shape are discussed.

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The pattern of xylan acetylation suggests xylan may interact with cellulose microfibrils as a twofold helical screw in the secondary plant cell wall of Arabidopsis thaliana

The Plant Journal ◽

10.1111/tpj.12575 ◽

2014 ◽

Vol 79 (3) ◽

pp. 492-506 ◽

Cited By ~ 130

Author(s):

Marta Busse‐Wicher ◽

Thiago C. F. Gomes ◽

Theodora Tryfona ◽

Nino Nikolovski ◽

Katherine Stott ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Arabidopsis Thaliana ◽

Cell Wall ◽

Plant Cell ◽

Plant Cell Wall ◽

Cellulose Microfibrils ◽

Secondary Plant

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