scholarly journals Cell wall and enzyme changes during the graviresponse of the leaf-sheath pulvinus of oat (Avena sativa).

1990 ◽  
Vol 94 (2) ◽  
pp. 411-416 ◽  
Author(s):  
D M Gibeaut ◽  
N Karuppiah ◽  
Chang S-R ◽  
T G Brock ◽  
B Vadlamudi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cell Wall ◽  
Avena Sativa ◽  
Leaf Sheath ◽  
Enzyme Changes

Cell wall ultrastructure of palm leaf fibers

IAWA Journal ◽  
2014 ◽  
Vol 35 (2) ◽  
pp. 127-137 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shengcheng Zhai ◽  
Yoshiki Horikawa ◽  
Tomoya Imai ◽  
Junji Sugiyama
Keyword(s):  
Cell Wall ◽  
Secondary Wall ◽  
Secondary Xylem ◽  
Polarized Light ◽  
Leaf Sheath ◽  
Mean Value ◽  
Attenuated Total Reflection ◽  
Cellulose Microfibrils ◽  
Palm Species ◽  
Palm Leaf

The cell wall organization of leaf sheath fibers in different palm species was studied with polarized light microscopy (PLM) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The secondary wall of the fibers consisted of only two layers, S1 and S2. The thickness of the S1 layer in leaf sheath fibers from the different palm species ranged from 0.31 to 0.90 μm, with a mean value of 0.57 μm, which was thicker than that of tracheids and fibers in secondary xylem of conifers and dicotyledons. The thickness of the S2 layer ranged from 0.44 to 3.43 μm, with a mean value of 1.86 μm. The ratio of S1 thickness to the whole cell wall thickness in palm fibers appears to be higher than in secondary xylem fibers and tracheids. The lignin in the fiber walls is very electron dense which makes it difficult to obtain high contrast of the different layers in the secondary wall. To clarify the cell wall layering with cellulose microfibrils in different orientations, the fibrovascular bundles of the windmill palm (Trachycarpus fortunei) were delignified with different reaction time intervals. The treated fibers were surveyed using attenuated total reflection Fourier transform infrared (ATR-FTIR) spectroscopy analysis and TEM. The secondary fiber walls of windmill palm clearly showed only two layers at different reaction intervals with different lignin contents, even after almost all lignin was removed. We suggest that the two-layered structure in the secondary wall of palm leaf fibers, which presumably also applies to the homologous fibers in palm stems, is a specific character different from the fibers in other monocotyledons (such as bamboo and rattan) and dicot wood.

Inclusions and wall deposits in cells of plants infected with oat necrotic mottle virus

1974 ◽  
Vol 52 (3) ◽  
pp. 621-626 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. C. Gill
Keyword(s):  
Cell Wall ◽  
Avena Sativa ◽  
Inclusion Bodies ◽  
Mottle Virus ◽  
Mesophyll Cells ◽  
Virus Like Particles ◽  
Green Tissue ◽  
Dark Green ◽  
Pale Green ◽  
In Cells

Virus-like particles and two types of inclusion bodies were found in cells of leaves of oats, Avena sativa L., and Canada bluegrass, Poa compressa L., infected with oat necrotic mottle virus. The particles and inclusion bodies were seen in pale green tissue and in most samples of dark green tissue of mottled, mature oat leaves, but were seen only in the pale green tissue of immature leaves. There was also evidence of infection in oat roots.Tubules and (or) vesicles occurred between the cell wall and the plasmalemma (boundary formation) in many mesophyll cells of infected, mature bluegrass and oat leaves. Three types of abnormal deposits, localized, extensive, and fibrillar, also occurred between the wall and the plasmalemma in many of these cells. The extensive and fibrillar deposits were more common in bluegrass than in oats.

Dynamics of Auxin Movement in the Gravistimulated Leaf-sheath Pulvinus of Oat (Avena sativa)

1991 ◽  
Vol 138 (1) ◽  
pp. 57-62 ◽  
Author(s):  
Thomas G. Brock ◽  
E.H. Kapen ◽  
Najati S. Ghosheh ◽  
Peter B. Kaufman
Keyword(s):  
Avena Sativa ◽  
Leaf Sheath

scholarly journals Recalcitrance of Corn Straw Significantly Correlated to the Heterogeneity in Physicochemical Properties of Cell Wall

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yufen Wang ◽  
Xianyang Xu ◽  
Huiting Xue ◽  
Dejian Zhang ◽  
Guanhua Li
Keyword(s):  
Cell Wall ◽  
Plant Biomass ◽  
Biomass Conversion ◽  
Crystallinity Index ◽  
Leaf Sheath ◽  
Degree Of Polymerization ◽  
Multidimensional Analysis ◽  
Corn Straw ◽  
Tissue Heterogeneity ◽  
Saccharification Efficiency

Abstract Background: Tissue heterogeneity significantly influences the overall saccharification efficiency of plant biomass. However, the mechanisms of specific organ or tissue recalcitrance to enzymatic deconstruction are generally complicated and unclear. A multidimensional analysis for the four parts from twelve corn cultivars was conducted.Results: The results showed that leaf, sheath, pith and rind of corn straw exhibited remarkable heterogeneity in chemical composition, physical structure and cell type, which resulted in the different recalcitrance to enzymatic hydrolysis. High values of lignin, hemicelluloses, degree of polymerization and crystallinity index were critical for the increased recalcitrance, while high value of neutral detergent soluble and pore size generated weak recalcitrance. Interestingly, pore traits of cell wall, especial for microcosmic interface structure, seemed to be a crucial factor that correlated to cellulase adsorption and further affected saccharification.Conclusions: Tissue heterogeneity in physical-chemical traits of cell wall influences the overall saccharification efficiency of biomass. Furthermore, the holistic outlook of cell wall interface is indispensable to understand the recalcitrance and promote the biomass conversion.

The cell walls of Eragrostis tef: variations in chemical composition and digestibility

1980 ◽  
Vol 95 (2) ◽  
pp. 305-311 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. Jane Morris
Keyword(s):  
Cell Wall ◽  
Stem Cell ◽  
Cell Walls ◽  
Vegetative State ◽  
Leaf Sheath ◽  
Eragrostis Tef ◽  
Gas Liquid Chromatography ◽  
Leaf Cell ◽  
Flowering Stem

SUMMARYTeff (Eragrostis tef) was cut at various stages of growth and divided into leaf, stem (including leaf sheath) and inflorescence. Cell walls were isolated from the leaf and stem fractions and their composition determined. Acetyl groups and individual sugars were determined by gas-liquid chromatography.Recoveries of cell walls from the same fresh weight of leaves or stems were similar at each stage of growth, but increased with maturity.Throughout the growing season the leaf cell walls differed in composition from those of the stem. At the start of growth the leaves had a lower content of xylose and acetyl groups but were otherwise similar to the stems. However, with increasing maturity and the production of a flowering stem the stem cell wall composition changed much more than that of the leaf cell walls, with a marked decrease in the content of arabinose and an increase in the content of lignin and acetyl. Over the same period the leaf cell walls showed a smaller increase in acetyl content and decrease in arabinose and uronic acid, but were otherwise unchanged.Digestion of the cell walls with a fungal cellulase preparation showed that although the two cell wall types were equally degradable while the grass was in the vegetative state, the digestibility of the stem cell walls decreased well below that of the leaves with the onset of maturity and the production of a flowering stem. This was confirmed by in vivo incubations of the cell walls in nylon bags.

The arrangement of microtubules in leaves of monocotyledonous and dicotyledonous plants

1989 ◽  
Vol 67 (12) ◽  
pp. 3506-3512 ◽  
Author(s):  
Taizo Hogetsu
Keyword(s):  
Cell Wall ◽  
Zea Mays ◽  
Avena Sativa ◽  
Epidermal Cells ◽  
Cellulose Microfibrils ◽  
Cortical Microtubules ◽  
Monocotyledonous Plant ◽  
Pisum Sativum L ◽  
Dicotyledonous Plants ◽  
Parenchymal Cells

The first leaf of Avena sativa L., a monocotyledonous plant, grows in a region that lies within 10 mm of the base of the leaf. Cells in that region elongate longitudinally but hardly expand laterally. The orientation of cortical microtubules in the elongating region is transverse in both epidermal and parenchymal cells. The same features of the arrangement of microtubules are also observed in the leaves of Zea mays. Cellulose microfibrils in the cell wall are coaligned with microtubules, lying approximately transverse to the axis of elongation, as if they function as hoops to facilitate the longitudinal elongation of the cell. The cells of growing leaves of Pisum sativum L., a dicotyledonous plant, expand superficially in every direction at every point on the leaf. Cortical microtubules lining the outer walls of epidermal cells are arranged randomly or in parallel. The parallel microtubules are oriented in various directions. In the outer walls of epidermal cells of growing leaves, areas with different predominant orientations of microfibrils are found within a single cell, consistent with the arrangement of microtubules. These results indicate that the orientation of cortical microtubules is correlated with the orientation of microfibrils and the direction of growth in growing leaves of both monocotyledons and dicotyledons, suggesting the involvement of cortical microtubules in control of the direction of growth in leaves.

Organolead Toxicity in Plants: Triethyl Lead (Et3Pb+) Acts as a Powerful Transmembrane Cl-/OH- Exchanger Dissipating H+ -Gradients at Nano-Molar Levels

1987 ◽  
Vol 42 (9-10) ◽  
pp. 1116-1120 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. Hager ◽  
I. Moser ◽  
W. Berthold
Keyword(s):  
Cell Wall ◽  
Acetic Acid ◽  
Avena Sativa ◽  
Zea Mays L ◽  
Tetraethyl Lead ◽  
Intact Cells ◽  
Triethyl Lead ◽  
Plant Membranes ◽  
Energy Dependent ◽  
Indole 3 Acetic Acid

Triethyl lead (Et3Pb+), a highly toxic oxidation product of the anti-knock agent tetraethyl lead (Et4Pb) was shown to act as anion (Cl-/OH-) antiporter in plant membranes, dissipating energy- dependent ion gradients, membrane potentials, and consequently turgor. This mechanism was demonstrated with tonoplast-type vesicles isolated from coleoptiles of Zea mays L. The ATP- driven H+ accumulation within those vesicles was abolished already at nano-molar levels of Et3Pb+, but only in the presence of Cl-. In intact cells the turgor dependent indole-3-acetic acid induced elongation growth of coleoptile segments of Avena sativa L. was inhibited by Et3Pb+ at micro-molar levels and after a lag of 15-20 min. This lag might be due to a slow penetration of the agent through the waxy cuticle and the cell wall.

Composition of the cell wall in the stem and leaf sheath of wheat straw

2007 ◽  
Vol 104 (2) ◽  
pp. 1236-1240 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hui Yu ◽  
Ruigang Liu ◽  
Limei Qiu ◽  
Yong Huang
Keyword(s):  
Cell Wall ◽  
Wheat Straw ◽  
Leaf Sheath

Cytological aspects of interactions between formae speciales of Erysiphe graminis and genera of gramineous plants, and their evolutionary implications

1990 ◽  
Vol 68 (6) ◽  
pp. 1249-1253 ◽  
Author(s):  
Y. Tosa ◽  
T. Akiyama ◽  
H. Ogura
Keyword(s):  
Triticum Aestivum ◽  
Cell Wall ◽  
Hordeum Vulgare ◽  
Secale Cereale ◽  
Avena Sativa ◽  
Erysiphe Graminis ◽  
The Other ◽  
Formae Speciales ◽  
Ancestral Form ◽  
Host Parasite

The progress of infection in leaves of wheat (Triticum aestivum), rye (Secale cereale), wheatgrass (Agropyron tsukushiense), barley (Hordeum vulgare), and oat (Avena sativa) inoculated with Erysiphe graminis f.sp. tritici, secalis, agropyri, and hordei was observed using a fluorescence microscope. Relative compatibility of each host–parasite combination was estimated by the incidence of cell wall penetration. Formae speciales tritici, secalis, and agropyri were highly compatible with any accession of wheat, rye, and wheatgrass, but less compatible with barley. On the other hand, f.sp. hordei was highly compatible with any of these four hosts. The four formae speciales had very low compatibility with oat, although f.sp. hordei was relatively more compatible with this host. These results suggested that (i) f.sp. tritici, secalis, and agropyri are phylogenetically very close; (ii) f.sp. hordei is less close to f.sp. tritici, secalis, and agropyri, and closer than these to the ancestral form of E. graminis; (iii) f.sp. avenae is remote from f.sp. tritici, secalis, agropyri, and hordei, but relatively less remote from f.sp. hordei than from the other three formae speciales.

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