scholarly journals Cold Hardiness and Deep Supercooling in Xylem of Shagbark Hickory

1977 ◽  
Vol 59 (2) ◽  
pp. 319-325 ◽  
Author(s):  
Milon F. George ◽  
Michael J. Burke
Keyword(s):  
Cold Hardiness ◽  
Deep Supercooling ◽  
Shagbark Hickory

Current state of cold hardiness research on fruit crops

1997 ◽  
Vol 77 (3) ◽  
pp. 399-420 ◽  
Author(s):  
Pauliina Palonen ◽  
Deborah Buszard
Keyword(s):  
Cold Hardiness ◽  
Cultural Practices ◽  
Limiting Factor ◽  
Screening Methods ◽  
Fruit Crops ◽  
Factors Affecting ◽  
Fruit Species ◽  
Current State ◽  
Deep Supercooling ◽  
Cold Hardy

This article gives an overview of the current state of cold hardiness research in fruit crops by reviewing the recently published studies on cold hardiness of both tree fruit and berry crops. Topics discussed include cold hardiness of fruit species, cultivars and different plant organs, biophysical and biochemical aspects of hardiness, evaluation of hardiness, as well as endogenous, cultural and environmental factors affecting cold hardiness in these species. Lack of cold hardiness is a major limiting factor for production of fruit crops in many regions of the world and improved cold hardiness one of the major objectives in numerous breeding programs and research projects. Screening cultivars or selections for cold hardiness is commonly done, and different methods applied to the evaluation of hardiness are discussed. The physical limit of deep supercooling may be a restricting factor for expanding the production of some fruit crops, such as Prunus species and pear. As for biochemical aspects, a relationship between carbohydrates and cold hardiness is most commonly found. Studies have also been made on different hardiness modifying cultural factors including rootstock, crop load, raised beds and application of growth regulators. The latter seems promising for some species. Cold hardiness is an extremely complex phenomenon and understanding different mechanisms involved is critical. Since hardiness is, however, primarily affected by genotype, developing cold-hardy fruit cultivars and effective screening methods for hardiness are essential. Finally, cultural practices may be improved to further enhance hardiness. Key words: Berries, cold hardiness, fruits, small fruits, stress, winter hardiness

scholarly journals Differential Exothermal Characteristics and the Model of Deep Supercooling Dynamics in Relations to Bud Water Contents and Dormant Periods within the Buds of Some Deciduous Fruit Trees

HortScience ◽  
2004 ◽  
Vol 39 (4) ◽  
pp. 854B-854
Author(s):  
Pinghai Ding* ◽  
Leslie H. Fuchigami
Keyword(s):  
Thermal Analysis ◽  
Water Content ◽  
Cold Hardiness ◽  
Fruit Trees ◽  
Early Spring ◽  
Black Walnut ◽  
Winter Period ◽  
Deep Supercooling ◽  
Deciduous Fruit ◽  
Water Contents

Differential exothermal characteristics in relations to bud water content and dormant periods were dynamically investigated within the buds of apple, pear, peach, plum, Grape, persimmon, and black walnut from late autumn to early spring. Differential thermal analysis (DTA) indicated that bud cold hardiness and two exotherms, the high temperature exotherm (HTE) and low temperature exotherm (LTE), were different among species and dormant periods. According to whether buds have deep supercooling during the dormant winter period the species tested can be divided into two groups. The first group, without supercooling, includes the buds of apple and pear, in which LTE was undetectable. The second group, with supercooling, includes the buds of peach, plum, grape, persimmon, and black walnut, in which LTE was detectable. The second group can be further divided into peach and plum subgroup, and grape, persimmon, and black walnut subgroup. Both HTE and LTE can be detected in the buds of peach and plum subgroup, in which bud cold hardiness can be further divided into three different stages; whereas in the buds of grape, persimmon and black walnut subgroup only LTE can be detected, in which bud cold hardiness can be further divided into five stages according to the detection dynamics of HTE and LTE. Bud differential exothermal characteristics and deep supercooling dynamics are closely related to bud water content and cold hardiness stages. No detection of LTE in the buds of apple and pear and no detection of HTE in the buds of grape, persimmon and black walnut were both closely associated with bud water content.

scholarly journals 010 Exotherm Characteristics and Cold Hardiness Mechanisms within the Buds of Some Deciduous Fruit Trees

HortScience ◽  
2000 ◽  
Vol 35 (3) ◽  
pp. 389D-389
Author(s):  
Pinghai Ding ◽  
Sanliang Gu
Keyword(s):  
Water Content ◽  
Cold Hardiness ◽  
Water Status ◽  
Fruit Trees ◽  
Early Spring ◽  
Black Walnut ◽  
Second Stage ◽  
Fruit Species ◽  
Deep Supercooling ◽  
Deciduous Fruit

Exotherm characteristics of dormant apple, pear, peach, plum, grape, persimmon, and black walnut buds were investigated from late autumn to early spring. Differential thermal analysis indicated differences in the high-temperature exotherm (HTE) and low-temperature exotherm (LTE) among the fruit species and sampling dates. According to exotherm characteristics and cold hardiness, the species tested could be divided into two groups, those without LTE (apples and pear) and those with LTE (grape, persimmon, black walnut, peach, and plum). The later group with LTE could be further categorized into two sub-groups those possessing three stages of hardiness development (peach and plum group) and those with five stages of hardiness development (grape, persimmon, and black walnut). In peach and plum group HTE and no LTE could be detected in the first and last stages when bud water content was higher than 55%. The second stage both HTE and LTE could be detected when bud water content was between 40% and 50 %. In the grape, persimmon, and black walnut group the first stage with only HTE was from bud formation to deep supercooling initiation when bud water content was higher than 52%. The second stage with both HTE and LTE was when bud water content was between 40% and 48%. The third stage when only LTE could be detected and bud water content was usually lower than 40%. The fourth stage was from HTE reappearance to LTE disappearance before bud swell. The fifth stage was from LTE disappearance to when only HTE could be detected. No detection of LTE in the buds of apple and pear and no detection of HTE in the buds of grape, persimmon and black walnut were both closely associated with water status in the buds.

scholarly journals Low-temperature Exotherms and Freeze Tolerance in Three Taxa of Deciduous Trees

HortScience ◽  
1995 ◽  
Vol 30 (4) ◽  
pp. 849A-849
Author(s):  
Orville M. Lindstrom ◽  
Tomasz Anisko ◽  
Michael A. Dirr
Keyword(s):  
Low Temperature ◽  
Cold Hardiness ◽  
Acer Rubrum ◽  
Freeze Tolerance ◽  
Reliable Estimate ◽  
Fraxinus Americana ◽  
Deep Supercooling ◽  
The Difference ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Zelkova Serrata

Although differential thermal analysis has been routinely used to evaluate cold hardiness, the relationship between deep supercooling ability and plant survival is not clear. We compared seasonal profiles of changes in low-temperature exotherm (LTE) occurrence and visually determined lowest survival temperature (LST) of Acer rubrum `Armstrong', Fraxinus americana `Autumn Purple' and Zelkova serrata `Green Village' growing in three locations representing plant cold hardiness zones 8, 7 and 5. Between December and February, LTE in Acer rubrum and Fraxinus americana occurred at temperatures 10 to 25C lower than the LST. The difference between LTE and LST was not significant for Zelkova serrata from January to April, and for Acer rubrum and Fraxinus americana in March. Data indicate that LTE could be used as an estimate of LST in Zelkova serrata but not in Acer rubrum and Fraxinus americana. This study demonstrated that LTE does not provide a reliable estimate of cold hardiness in all species that deep supercool.

RELATIONSHIP OF SUPERCOOLING TO COLD HARDINESS AND THE NORTHERN DISTRIBUTION OF SEVERAL CULTIVATED AND NATIVE Prunus SPECIES AND HYBRIDS

1982 ◽  
Vol 62 (1) ◽  
pp. 137-148 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. A. QUAMME ◽  
R. E. C. LAYNE ◽  
W. G. RONALD
Keyword(s):  
Native Species ◽  
Interspecific Hybrids ◽  
Cold Hardiness ◽  
Prunus Species ◽  
Flower Buds ◽  
Freeze Injury ◽  
Northern Distribution ◽  
Deep Supercooling ◽  
Almost All ◽  
Relationship Of

Twig pieces from 13 Prunus species and seven interspecific hybrids were collected during mid-winter, preconditioned to induce maximum cold hardiness and subjected to freeze tests and exotherm analysis. The collection included representative cultivars of Prunus species cultivated in Canada for their fruit and/or ornamental value, i.e., apricot, cherry, peach and plum, and native Prunus. The flower buds were more susceptible to freeze injury than leaf buds, bark and xylem in almost all taxa. Leaf buds and stem xylem were the most susceptible of the vegetative tissues. A low temperature (LT) exotherm was detected in the stem of each taxon and was closely related to xylem injury. This suggested that freeze injury to the xylem is avoided by deep supercooling. Exotherm analysis and ice nucleation tests on seven taxa suggested that flower buds also avoid injury by deep supercooling. Bark and leaf bud injury were not consistantly related to the LT stem exotherm. The temperatures at which injury occurred to the most susceptible tissues were closely related to the average annual minimum isotherm temperature at the northern limit of distribution of those taxa for which the northern distribution was known. The degree of deep supercooling may be the factor limiting northern commercial production of the cultivated taxa or the northern geographical distribution of the native species in which flower buds and/or xylem were the most susceptible tissue. Interspecific hybrids of the hardy P. besseyi Bailey with more winter tender P. persica (L.) Batsch, P. armeniaca L., P. salicina Lindl. and P. tomentosa Thunb. appeared to be intermediate in hardiness between the parental species or equal to the hardiness of the more hardy parent. A second backcross of P. tenella Batsch to P. persica was considerably more hardy than any of the known peach cultivars.

scholarly journals Low-temperature Exotherms and Cold Hardiness in Three Taxa of Deciduous Trees

1995 ◽  
Vol 120 (5) ◽  
pp. 830-834 ◽  
Author(s):  
Orville M. Lindstrom ◽  
Tomasz Anisko ◽  
Michael A. Dirr
Keyword(s):  
Low Temperature ◽  
Cold Hardiness ◽  
Acer Rubrum ◽  
Fraxinus Americana ◽  
Freeze Avoidance ◽  
Deep Supercooling ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Relationship Of ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Zelkova Serrata

Although differential thermal analysis has been routinely used to evaluate cold hardiness, the relationship of deep supercooling ability and plant survival are not well understood. In this study, we compared the seasonal profiles of changes in low-temperature exotherm (LTE) occurrence with visually determined cold hardiness of Acer rubrum L. `Armstrong', Fraxinus americana L. `Autumn Purple' and Zelkova serrata (Thunh.) Mak. `Village Green' growing in three locations representing plant cold hardiness zones 8b, 7b, and 5a. Between December and February, LTEs in Acer rubrum `Armstrong' and Fraxinus americana `Autumn Purple' occurred at temperatures around 10 to 25C lower than the lowest survival temperatures. The mean difference between LTEs and lowest survival temperature was not significant for Zelkova serrata `Village Green' from January to April and for Acer rubrum `Armstrong' and Fraxinus americana `Autumn Purple' in March. Data indicated that LTEs could be used as an estimate of lowest survival temperature in Zelkova serrata `Green Village' but not in Acer rubrum `Armstrong' and Fraxinus americana `Autumn Purple'. This study demonstrated that LTEs may not reliably estimate cold hardiness in all species that deep supercool. Factors other than freeze avoidance ability of xylem may limit stem survival at temperatures above the LTE.

scholarly journals X-ray phase contrast imaging of Vitis spp. buds shows freezing pattern and correlation between volume and cold hardiness

2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Alisson P. Kovaleski ◽  
Jason P. Londo ◽  
Kenneth D. Finkelstein
Keyword(s):  
Phase Contrast ◽  
Cold Hardiness ◽  
Morphological Changes ◽  
Phase Contrast Imaging ◽  
Contrast Imaging ◽  
Time Resolved ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Winter Temperatures ◽  
Deep Supercooling ◽  
2D Imaging

Abstract Grapevine (Vitis spp.) buds must survive winter temperatures in order to resume growth when suitable conditions return in spring. They do so by developing cold hardiness through deep supercooling, but the mechanistic process of supercooling in buds remains largely unknown. Here we use synchrotron X-ray phase contrast imaging to study cold hardiness-related characteristics of V. amurensis, V. riparia, and V. vinifera buds: time-resolved 2D imaging was used to visualize freezing; and microtomography was used to evaluate morphological changes during deacclimation. Bud cold hardiness was determined (low temperature exotherms; LTEs) using needle thermocouples during 2D imaging as buds were cooled with a N2 gas cryostream. Resolution in 2D imaging did not allow for ice crystal identification, but freezing was assessed by movement of tissues coinciding with LTE values. Freezing was observed to propagate from the center of the bud toward the outer bud scales. The freezing events observed lasted several minutes. Additionally, loss of supercooling ability appears to be correlated with increases in bud tissue volume during the process of deacclimation, but major increases in volume occur after most of the supercooling ability is lost, suggesting growth resumption processes are limited by deacclimation state.

scholarly journals `Evergreen' Peach, Its Inheritance and Dormant Behavior

1994 ◽  
Vol 119 (4) ◽  
pp. 789-792 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. Rodriguez-A. ◽  
W.B. Sherman ◽  
R. Scorza ◽  
M. Wisniewski ◽  
W.R. Okie
Keyword(s):  
Low Temperature ◽  
West Virginia ◽  
Cold Hardiness ◽  
Single Gene ◽  
Shoot Tips ◽  
Leaf Abscission ◽  
Lateral Buds ◽  
Segregation Ratios ◽  
Deep Supercooling ◽  
Tropical Areas

The evergreen (EVG) peach, first described in Mexico, was used as a parent with deciduous (DE) peaches to develop F1 and F2 hybrid populations in Mexico, Florida, Georgia, and West Virginia. F1 trees were DE and F2 plants segregated 3 DE: 1 EVG. In West Virginia, the most temperate location, the heterozygous class could be distinguished in the first few years of growth by late leaf abscission in the fall. Segregation ratios suggest that the EVG trait is controlled by a single gene, evg, the EVG state being homozygous recessive. Evergreen trees were characterized by insensitivity of shoot tips to daylength and failure of terminal growth to cease growth until killed by low temperature. Lateral buds of EVG trees went dormant in the fall. Deep supercooling occurred in both EVG and DE trees, but it appeared later in EVG trees, was of shorter duration, and occurred to a lesser extent. Evergreen germplasm may be useful in developing peach cultivars for frost-free subtropic and tropical areas. It also presents a useful system for studying dormancy and cold hardiness.

scholarly journals X-ray phase contrast imaging of Vitis spp. buds shows freezing pattern and correlation between volume and cold hardiness

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alisson P. Kovaleski ◽  
Jason P. Londo ◽  
Kenneth D. Finkelstein
Keyword(s):  
Phase Contrast ◽  
Cold Hardiness ◽  
Morphological Changes ◽  
Phase Contrast Imaging ◽  
Contrast Imaging ◽  
Time Resolved ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Winter Temperatures ◽  
Deep Supercooling ◽  
2D Imaging

AbstractGrapevine (Vitis spp.) buds must survive winter temperatures in order to resume growth when suitable conditions return in spring. They do so by developing cold hardiness through deep supercooling, but the mechanistic process of supercooling in buds remains largely unknown. Here we use synchrotron X-ray phase contrast imaging to study cold hardiness-related characteristics of V. amurensis, V. riparia, and V. vinifera buds: time-resolved 2D imaging was used to visualize freezing; and microtomography was used to evaluate morphological changes during deacclimation. Bud cold hardiness was determined (low temperature exotherms; LTEs) using needle thermocouples during 2D imaging as buds were cooled with a N2 gas cryostream. Resolution in 2D imaging did not allow for ice crystal identification, but freezing was assessed due to movement of tissues coinciding with LTE values. Freezing was observed to propagate from the center of the bud toward the outer bud scales. The freezing events observed lasted several minutes. Additionally, loss of supercooling ability appears to be correlated with increases in bud tissue volume during the process of deacclimation, but major increases in volume occur after most of the supercooling ability is lost, suggesting growth resumption processes are limited by deacclimation state.HighlightX-ray phase contrast imaging shows freezing occurs over several minutes and propagates from center toward tip of Vitis spp. buds. Incremental increase in bud volume correlates with cold deacclimation

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