Cold Hardiness and Deep Supercooling of Hardwoods: Its Occurrence in Provenance Collections of Red Oak, Yellow Birch, Black Walnut, and Black Cherry

Ecology ◽  
1977 ◽  
Vol 58 (3) ◽  
pp. 674-680 ◽  
Author(s):  
Milon F. George ◽  
Sung Gak Hong ◽  
Michael J. Burke
Keyword(s):  
Cold Hardiness ◽  
Black Walnut ◽  
Red Oak ◽  
Black Cherry ◽  
Yellow Birch ◽  
Deep Supercooling

scholarly journals Differential Exothermal Characteristics and the Model of Deep Supercooling Dynamics in Relations to Bud Water Contents and Dormant Periods within the Buds of Some Deciduous Fruit Trees

HortScience ◽  
2004 ◽  
Vol 39 (4) ◽  
pp. 854B-854
Author(s):  
Pinghai Ding* ◽  
Leslie H. Fuchigami
Keyword(s):  
Thermal Analysis ◽  
Water Content ◽  
Cold Hardiness ◽  
Fruit Trees ◽  
Early Spring ◽  
Black Walnut ◽  
Winter Period ◽  
Deep Supercooling ◽  
Deciduous Fruit ◽  
Water Contents

Differential exothermal characteristics in relations to bud water content and dormant periods were dynamically investigated within the buds of apple, pear, peach, plum, Grape, persimmon, and black walnut from late autumn to early spring. Differential thermal analysis (DTA) indicated that bud cold hardiness and two exotherms, the high temperature exotherm (HTE) and low temperature exotherm (LTE), were different among species and dormant periods. According to whether buds have deep supercooling during the dormant winter period the species tested can be divided into two groups. The first group, without supercooling, includes the buds of apple and pear, in which LTE was undetectable. The second group, with supercooling, includes the buds of peach, plum, grape, persimmon, and black walnut, in which LTE was detectable. The second group can be further divided into peach and plum subgroup, and grape, persimmon, and black walnut subgroup. Both HTE and LTE can be detected in the buds of peach and plum subgroup, in which bud cold hardiness can be further divided into three different stages; whereas in the buds of grape, persimmon and black walnut subgroup only LTE can be detected, in which bud cold hardiness can be further divided into five stages according to the detection dynamics of HTE and LTE. Bud differential exothermal characteristics and deep supercooling dynamics are closely related to bud water content and cold hardiness stages. No detection of LTE in the buds of apple and pear and no detection of HTE in the buds of grape, persimmon and black walnut were both closely associated with bud water content.

scholarly journals 010 Exotherm Characteristics and Cold Hardiness Mechanisms within the Buds of Some Deciduous Fruit Trees

HortScience ◽  
2000 ◽  
Vol 35 (3) ◽  
pp. 389D-389
Author(s):  
Pinghai Ding ◽  
Sanliang Gu
Keyword(s):  
Water Content ◽  
Cold Hardiness ◽  
Water Status ◽  
Fruit Trees ◽  
Early Spring ◽  
Black Walnut ◽  
Second Stage ◽  
Fruit Species ◽  
Deep Supercooling ◽  
Deciduous Fruit

Exotherm characteristics of dormant apple, pear, peach, plum, grape, persimmon, and black walnut buds were investigated from late autumn to early spring. Differential thermal analysis indicated differences in the high-temperature exotherm (HTE) and low-temperature exotherm (LTE) among the fruit species and sampling dates. According to exotherm characteristics and cold hardiness, the species tested could be divided into two groups, those without LTE (apples and pear) and those with LTE (grape, persimmon, black walnut, peach, and plum). The later group with LTE could be further categorized into two sub-groups those possessing three stages of hardiness development (peach and plum group) and those with five stages of hardiness development (grape, persimmon, and black walnut). In peach and plum group HTE and no LTE could be detected in the first and last stages when bud water content was higher than 55%. The second stage both HTE and LTE could be detected when bud water content was between 40% and 50 %. In the grape, persimmon, and black walnut group the first stage with only HTE was from bud formation to deep supercooling initiation when bud water content was higher than 52%. The second stage with both HTE and LTE was when bud water content was between 40% and 48%. The third stage when only LTE could be detected and bud water content was usually lower than 40%. The fourth stage was from HTE reappearance to LTE disappearance before bud swell. The fifth stage was from LTE disappearance to when only HTE could be detected. No detection of LTE in the buds of apple and pear and no detection of HTE in the buds of grape, persimmon and black walnut were both closely associated with water status in the buds.

scholarly journals Exotherm Characteristics and Cold Hardiness Mechanisms within the Buds of Some Deciduous Fruit Trees

HortScience ◽  
2000 ◽  
Vol 35 (4) ◽  
pp. 563F-564
Author(s):  
Pinghai Ding ◽  
Sanliang Gu
Keyword(s):  
Water Content ◽  
Cold Hardiness ◽  
Water Status ◽  
Fruit Trees ◽  
Early Spring ◽  
Black Walnut ◽  
Second Stage ◽  
Fruit Species ◽  
Deep Supercooling ◽  
Deciduous Fruit

Exotherm characteristics of dormant apple, pear, peach, plum, grape, persimmon, and black walnut buds were investigated from late autumn to early spring. Differential thermal analysis indicated differences in the high-temperature exotherm (HTE) and low-temperature exotherm (LTE) among the fruit species and sampling dates. According to exotherm characteristics and cold hardiness, the species tested could be divided into two groups, those without LTE (apples and pear) and those with LTE (grape, persimmon, black walnut, peach, and plum). The latter group with LTE could be further categorized into two subgroups, those possessing three stages of hardiness development (peach and plum group) and those with five stages of hardiness development (grape, persimmon, and black walnut). In the peach and plum group, HTE and no LTE could be detected in the first and last stages when bud water content was >55%. In the second stage, both HTE and LTE could be detected when bud water content was between 40% and 50%. In the grape, persimmon, and black walnut group, the first stage with only HTE was from bud formation to deep supercooling initiation when bud water content was >52%. The second stage with both HTE and LTE was when bud water content was between 40% and 48%. The third stage when only LTE could be detected and bud water content was usually <40%. The fourth stage was from HTE reappearance to LTE disappearance before bud swell. The fifth stage was from LTE disappearance to when only HTE could be detected. No detection of LTE in the buds of apple and pear and no detection of HTE in the buds of grape, persimmon, and black walnut were both closely associated with water status in the buds.

Dynamics in maturing Scots pine monoculture in north-east Belgium

1990 ◽  
Vol 55 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. Maddelein ◽  
N. Lust ◽  
S. Meyen ◽  
B. Muys
Keyword(s):  
Scots Pine ◽  
Deciduous Forest ◽  
Forest Type ◽  
Deciduous Tree ◽  
Red Oak ◽  
Black Cherry ◽  
Deschampsia Flexuosa ◽  
North East ◽  
Stand Conversion ◽  
Pine Stands

The  State Forest Pijnven, created early this century by afforestation with Scots  pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) of  heathland areas is now characterised in most stands by an important ingrowth  of deciduous tree species. Ingrowth is dominated by red oak (Quercus rubra L.) and black cherry (Prunus serotina Ehrh.), both  species originating from North America.  Deciduous ingrowth in the pine stands profoundly influences herbal  composition of the stand. Deschampsia flexuosa (L.) Trin., abundant in all older pine stands, disappears when  deciduous trees settle and species diversity, already low in the pine stands,  further diminishes. Important oak and cherry regeneration is depending on the  presence of seed trees in the vicinity; when lacking, a new pine generation  manages to settle. A good red oak regeneration can be useful as a basis for  stand conversion towards a mixed, uneven-aged deciduous forest type, but in  many cases this possibility is hampered by massive invasion of black cherry,  preventing all other species to regenerate.

An analysis of a spontaneous ingrowth of deciduous trees in 70 year old stands of Scots pine

1987 ◽  
Vol 52 ◽  
Author(s):  
N. Lust
Keyword(s):  
Scots Pine ◽  
Red Oak ◽  
Deciduous Trees ◽  
Pedunculate Oak ◽  
Black Cherry ◽  
Height Distribution ◽  
Stem Number ◽  
Pine Stands ◽  
Spontaneous Regeneration ◽  
Scots Pine Stands

In 70  years old homogeneous Scots pine stands, bordered by a hardwood belt, an  analysis was made about the spontaneous ingrowth of natural seedlings. The  analysis involved especially the following points: species and stem number,  influence of the hardwood belts, diameter and height distribution, age,  growth and structure. From the age of 30 years, a spontaneous regeneration of  hardwoods established in Scots pine stands. There are on average 7,000 plants  per ha, 80 % of which are black cherry and another fair number are red oak  and pedunculate oak. The regeneration has an average age of 25 to 30 years,  it is uneven aged, contains several diameter and height classes and has  already partially penetrated the upper stratum.     The spontaneous ingrowth allows to convert in a simple way the homogeneous  coniferous stands into mixed hardwood stands.

Rare forest types in northeastern Ontario: a classification and analysis of representation in protected areas

2010 ◽  
Vol 40 (3) ◽  
pp. 423-435 ◽  
Author(s):  
Charles R. Drever ◽  
James Snider ◽  
Mark C. Drever
Keyword(s):  
Protected Areas ◽  
Local Population ◽  
Red Oak ◽  
Betula Alleghaniensis ◽  
White Pine ◽  
Yellow Birch ◽  
Eastern White Pine ◽  
Habitat Specificity ◽  
White Cedar ◽  
Eastern White Cedar

Our objective was to assess the relative rarity and representation within protected areas of Standard Forest Units (SFUs) in northeastern Ontario by applying the concepts of geographic range, habitat specificity, and local population size. SFUs are stand type classifications, routinely employed by forest managers, based on tree composition, disturbance history, and prescribed silvicultural system. We identified several SFUs as rare because of a narrow distribution, association with only one landform type, or lack of at least one stand larger than an ecoregion-specific threshold. In the Boreal forest, rare SFUs comprised stands dominated by eastern hemlock ( Tsuga canadensis (L.) Carrière), red oak ( Quercus rubra L.), yellow birch ( Betula alleghaniensis Britt.), or eastern white-cedar ( Thuja occidentalis L.). Rare SFUs also included eastern white pine ( Pinus strobus L.) and (or) red pine ( Pinus resinosa Ait.) leading stands managed by shelterwood or seed tree silviculture as well as low-lying deciduous stands and selection-managed stands of shade-tolerant species. In the Great Lakes – St. Lawrence forest, rare SFUs were yellow birch stands, stands dominated by conifer species abundant in the Boreal, and shelterwood-managed hardwood stands. Several rare SFUs had <12% of their total area in protection, i.e., stands dominated by eastern white pine, yellow birch, eastern white pine – red oak, or eastern white-cedar. These rare stand types require increased protection in reserves and tailored silvicultural practices to maintain their probability of persistence.

scholarly journals Metagenomic reconstruction of nitrogen and carbon cycling pathways in forest soil: Influence by different hardwood tree species

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Charlene N. Kelly ◽  
Geoffrey W. Schwaner ◽  
Jonathan R. Cumming ◽  
Timothy P. Driscoll
Keyword(s):  
Tree Species ◽  
Plant Litter ◽  
American Chestnut ◽  
Soil Microbiome ◽  
Red Oak ◽  
Black Cherry ◽  
Soil Microbial ◽  
Below Ground ◽  
C And N ◽  
Hardwood Tree

AbstractThe soil microbiome plays an essential role in processing and storage of nitrogen (N) and carbon (C), and is influenced by vegetation above-ground through imparted differences in chemistry, structure, mass of plant litter, root physiology, and dominant mycorrhizal associations. We used shotgun metagenomic sequencing and bioinformatic analysis to quantify the abundance and distribution of gene families involved in soil microbial N and C cycling beneath three deciduous hardwood tree species: ectomycorrhizal (ECM)-associated Quercus rubra (red oak), ECM-associated Castanea dentata (American chestnut), and arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM)-associated Prunus serotina (black cherry). Chestnut exhibited the most distinct soil microbiome of the three species, both functionally and taxonomically, with a general suppression of functional genes in the nitrification, denitrification, and nitrate reduction pathways. These changes were related to low inorganic N availability in chestnut stands as soil was modified by poor, low-N litter quality relative to red oak and black cherry soils.IMPORTANCEPrevious studies have used field biogeochemical process rates, isotopic tracing, and targeted gene abundance measurements to study the influence of tree species on ecosystem N and C dynamics. However, these approaches do not enable a comprehensive systems-level understanding of the relationship between microbial diversity and metabolism of N and C below-ground. We analyzed microbial metagenomes from soils beneath red oak, American chestnut, and black cherry stands and showed that tree species can mediate the abundance of key microbial genes involved in N and (to a lesser extent) C metabolism pathways in soil. Our results highlight the genetic framework underlying tree species’ control over soil microbial communities, and below-ground C and N metabolism, and may enable land managers to select tree species to maximize C and N storage in soils.

Current state of cold hardiness research on fruit crops

1997 ◽  
Vol 77 (3) ◽  
pp. 399-420 ◽  
Author(s):  
Pauliina Palonen ◽  
Deborah Buszard
Keyword(s):  
Cold Hardiness ◽  
Cultural Practices ◽  
Limiting Factor ◽  
Screening Methods ◽  
Fruit Crops ◽  
Factors Affecting ◽  
Fruit Species ◽  
Current State ◽  
Deep Supercooling ◽  
Cold Hardy

This article gives an overview of the current state of cold hardiness research in fruit crops by reviewing the recently published studies on cold hardiness of both tree fruit and berry crops. Topics discussed include cold hardiness of fruit species, cultivars and different plant organs, biophysical and biochemical aspects of hardiness, evaluation of hardiness, as well as endogenous, cultural and environmental factors affecting cold hardiness in these species. Lack of cold hardiness is a major limiting factor for production of fruit crops in many regions of the world and improved cold hardiness one of the major objectives in numerous breeding programs and research projects. Screening cultivars or selections for cold hardiness is commonly done, and different methods applied to the evaluation of hardiness are discussed. The physical limit of deep supercooling may be a restricting factor for expanding the production of some fruit crops, such as Prunus species and pear. As for biochemical aspects, a relationship between carbohydrates and cold hardiness is most commonly found. Studies have also been made on different hardiness modifying cultural factors including rootstock, crop load, raised beds and application of growth regulators. The latter seems promising for some species. Cold hardiness is an extremely complex phenomenon and understanding different mechanisms involved is critical. Since hardiness is, however, primarily affected by genotype, developing cold-hardy fruit cultivars and effective screening methods for hardiness are essential. Finally, cultural practices may be improved to further enhance hardiness. Key words: Berries, cold hardiness, fruits, small fruits, stress, winter hardiness

Precommercial Thinning and Pruning of Appalachian Stump Sprouts—10-Year Results

1988 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
pp. 23-27 ◽  
Author(s):  
Neil I. Lamson
Keyword(s):  
Acer Rubrum ◽  
Prunus Serotina ◽  
Maximum Diameter ◽  
Diameter Growth ◽  
Red Oak ◽  
Black Cherry ◽  
Northern Red Oak ◽  
Red Maple ◽  
Growth Data ◽  
Precommercial Thinning

Abstract In northern West Virginia, 7-year-old American basswood (Tilia americana L.) and 12-year-old red maple (Acer rubrum L.), black cherry (Prunus serotina Ehrh.), and northern red oak (Quercus rubra L.) stump sprout clumps received one of four treatments: unthinned control; thinned to the best one or two codominant sprouts per clump; branch pruned up to 75% of total height; or thinned plus pruned. Analysis of 10-year growth data showed that height growth was not affected by any of the treatments. For all species, pruning slightly increased the length of clear stem and decreased periodic diameter growth. Thinning increased survival of basswood, red oak, and red maple crop stems. Thinning increased the 10-year diameter growth by 0.1 to 0.8 in. Recommendations for thinning 10- to 20-year-old sprout clumps are presented. Pruning is not recommended. In order to maintain maximum diameter growth, thinning individual sprout clumps should be followed by stand crop tree release in about 10 years. South. J. Appl. For. 12(1):23-27.

Acorn Usage by Deer: Significance of Oak Management

1987 ◽  
Vol 4 (3) ◽  
pp. 124-128
Author(s):  
Peter J. Pekins ◽  
william W. Mautz
Keyword(s):  
Food Availability ◽  
New Hampshire ◽  
Food Habits ◽  
Red Oak ◽  
Lead White ◽  
White Oak ◽  
Yellow Birch ◽  
Management Implications ◽  
Early Fall ◽  
Oak Leaves

Abstract Fall food habits and food availability of four lead white-tailed deer were studied in hardwood seedling-sapling areas, cut-over mixed hardwood areas, and an oak sawtimber site in southern New Hampshire in 1979 and 1980. Red or white oak acorns were the single most consumed foods in both years. Acorns and/or oak leaves comprised over one-half the fall diet. Individual foods representing 10% or more of the diet were red oak acorns, red oak leaves, and yellow birch leaves in early fall, and red oak and white oak acorns, and red oak leaves in late fall. Management implications and recommendations are discussed. North. J. Appl. For. 4:124-128, Sept. 1987.

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