scholarly journals Local unitary transformation, long-range quantum entanglement, wave function renormalization, and topological order

2010 ◽  
Vol 82 (15) ◽  
Author(s):  
Xie Chen ◽  
Zheng-Cheng Gu ◽  
Xiao-Gang Wen
Keyword(s):  
Wave Function ◽  
Quantum Entanglement ◽  
Long Range ◽  
Unitary Transformation ◽  
Topological Order ◽  
Wave Function Renormalization ◽  
Local Unitary Transformation

Topological Order in Physics

2017 ◽  
pp. 108-111
Author(s):  
Ravi Karki Karki
Keyword(s):  
Quantum Entanglement ◽  
Long Range ◽  
Mathematical Framework ◽  
Topological Order ◽  
Quantum Numbers ◽  
Light Waves ◽  
Pair Condensation ◽  
Fractional Quantum Numbers ◽  
Solid Liquid ◽  
Zero Viscosity

In general, we know that there are four states of matter solid, liquid, gas and plasma. But there are much more states of matter. For e. g. there are ferromagnetic states of matter as revealed by the phenomenon of magnetization and superfluid states defined by the phenomenon of zero viscosity. The various phases in our colorful world are so rich that it is amazing that they can be understood systematically by the symmetry breaking theory of Landau. Topological phenomena define the topological order at macroscopic level. Topological order need new mathematical framework to describe it. More recently it is found that at microscopic level topological order is due to the long range quantum entanglement, just like the fermions fluid is due to the fermion-pair condensation. Long range quantum entanglement leads to many amazing emergent phenomena, such as fractional quantum numbers, non- Abelian statistics ad perfect conducting boundary channels. It can even provide a unified origin of light and electron i.e. gauge interactions and Fermi statistics. Light waves (gauge fields) are fluctuations of long range entanglement and electron (fermion) are defect of long range entanglements.The Himalayan Physics Vol. 6 & 7, April 2017 (108-111)

Superfluidity and Superconductivity

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Norman J. Morgenstern Horing
Keyword(s):  
Magnetic Field ◽  
Wave Function ◽  
Wave Packet ◽  
Long Range ◽  
Cooper Pair ◽  
Bose Condensation ◽  
Range Order ◽  
Condensed State ◽  
Long Range Order ◽  
Coherent Wave

Chapter 13 addresses Bose condensation in superfluids (and superconductors), which involves the field operator ψ‎ having a c-number component (<ψ(x,t)>≠0), challenging number conservation. The nonlinear Gross-Pitaevskii equation is derived for this condensate wave function<ψ>=ψ−ψ˜, facilitating identification of the coherence length and the core region of vortex motion. The noncondensate Green’s function G˜1(1,1′)=−i<(ψ˜(1)ψ˜+(1′))+> and the nonvanishing anomalous correlation function F˜∗(2,1′)=−i<(ψ˜+(2)ψ˜+(1′))+> describe the dynamics and elementary excitations of the non-condensate states and are discussed in conjunction with Landau’s criterion for viscosity. Associated concepts of off-diagonal long-range order and the interpretation of <ψ> as a superfluid order parameter are also introduced. Anderson’s Bose-condensed state, as a phase-coherent wave packet superposition of number states, resolves issues of number conservation. Superconductivity involves bound Cooper pairs of electrons capable of Bose condensation and superfluid behavior. Correspondingly, the two-particle Green’s function has a term involving a product of anomalous bound-Cooper-pair condensate wave functions of the type F(1,2)=−i<(ψ(1)ψ(2))+>≠0, such that G2(1,2;1′,2′)=F(1,2)F+(1′,2′)+G˜2(1,2;1′,2′). Here, G˜2 describes the dynamics/excitations of the non-superfluid-condensate states, while nonvanishing F,F+ represent a phase-coherent wave packet superposition of Cooper-pair number states and off-diagonal long range order. Employing this form of G2 in the G1-equation couples the condensed state with the non-condensate excitations. Taken jointly with the dynamical equation for F(1,2), this leads to the Gorkov equations, encompassing the Bardeen–Cooper–Schrieffer (BCS) energy gap, critical temperature, and Bogoliubov-de Gennes eigenfunction Bogoliubons. Superconductor thermodynamics and critical magnetic field are discussed. For a weak magnetic field, the Gorkov-equations lead to Ginzburg–Landau theory and a nonlinear Schrödinger-like equation for the pair wave function and the associated supercurrent, along with identification of the Cooper pair density. Furthermore, Chapter 13 addresses the apparent lack of gauge invariance of London theory with an elegant variational analysis involving re-gauging the potentials, yielding a manifestly gauge invariant generalization of the London equation. Consistency with the equation of continuity implies the existence of Anderson’s acoustic normal mode, which is supplanted by the plasmon for Coulomb interaction. Type II superconductors and the penetration (and interaction) of quantized magnetic flux lines are also discussed. Finally, Chapter 13 addresses Josephson tunneling between superconductors.

scholarly journals Photon splitting in strongly magnetized medium with taking into account positronium influence

2018 ◽  
Vol 191 ◽  
pp. 08011
Author(s):  
R.A. Anikin ◽  
M.V. Chistyakov ◽  
D.A. Rumyantsev ◽  
D.M. Shlenev
Keyword(s):  
Wave Function ◽  
Absorption Rate ◽  
Wave Function Renormalization ◽  
Selection Rules ◽  
Dispersion Properties ◽  
Photon Splitting

The process of the photon splitting, γ → γγ, is investigated in strongly magnetized vacuum with taking into account positronium influence. The dispersion properties of photons and the new polarization selection rules are obtained. The absorption rate of the leading photon splitting channels are calculated with taking account of the photon dispersion and wave function renormalization.

scholarly journals Topological Order: From Long-Range Entangled Quantum Matter to a Unified Origin of Light and Electrons

2013 ◽  
Vol 2013 ◽  
pp. 1-20 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xiao-Gang Wen
Keyword(s):  
Symmetry Breaking ◽  
Long Range ◽  
Topological Order ◽  
Fractional Statistics ◽  
Microscopical Level ◽  
Macroscopic Level ◽  
Emergent Phenomena ◽  
Quantum Matter ◽  
Ordered Phases ◽  
Zero Viscosity

We review the progress in the last 20–30 years, during which we discovered that there are many new phases of matter that are beyond the traditional Landau symmetry breaking theory. We discuss new “topological” phenomena, such as topological degeneracy that reveals the existence of those new phases—topologically ordered phases. Just like zero viscosity defines the superfluid order, the new “topological” phenomena define the topological order at macroscopic level. More recently, we found that at the microscopical level, topological order is due to long-range quantum entanglements. Long-range quantum entanglements lead to many amazing emergent phenomena, such as fractional charges and fractional statistics. Long-range quantum entanglements can even provide a unified origin of light and electrons; light is a fluctuation of long-range entanglements, and electrons are defects in long-range entanglements.

LONG RANGE FORCES BETWEEN HYDROGEN MOLECULES

1955 ◽  
Vol 33 (11) ◽  
pp. 668-678 ◽  
Author(s):  
F. R. Britton ◽  
D. T. W. Bean
Keyword(s):  
Wave Function ◽  
Long Range ◽  
Ground State ◽  
Close Agreement ◽  
Van Der Waals ◽  
Wave Functions ◽  
Numerical Factor ◽  
Hydrogen Molecules ◽  
Static Quadrupole

Long range forces between two hydrogen molecules are calculated by using methods developed by Massey and Buckingham. Several terms omitted by them and a corrected numerical factor greatly change results for the van der Waals energy but do not affect their results for the static quadrupole–quadrupole energy. By using seven approximate ground state H2 wave functions information is obtained regarding the dependence of the van der Waals energy on the choice of wave function. The value of this energy averaged over all orientations of the molecular axes is found to be approximately −11.0 R−6 atomic units, a result in close agreement with semiempirical values.

scholarly journals Humean supervenience and tripartite entanglement relations

Axiomathes ◽  
2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lorenzo Lorenzetti
Keyword(s):  
Wave Function ◽  
Quantum Entanglement ◽  
Humean Supervenience ◽  
Tripartite Entanglement ◽  
Conservative Strategy ◽  
Ghz States ◽  
Entanglement States ◽  
Spatiotemporal Relations

Abstract It has been argued that Humean Supervenience (HS) is threatened by the existence of quantum entanglement relations. The most conservative strategy for defending HS is to add the problematic entanglement relations to the supervenience basis, alongside spatiotemporal relations. In this paper, I’m going to argue against this strategy by showing how certain particular cases of tripartite entanglement states – i.e. GHZ states – posit some crucial problems for this amended version of HS. Moreover, I will show that the principle of free recombination – which is strictly linked to HS – is severely undermined if we add entanglement relations to the supervenience basis. I conclude that the conservative move is very unappealing, and therefore the defender of HS should pursue other, more controversial, strategies (e.g. committing to the nomological interpretation of the wave function).

PHASE STRUCTURE OF QED3 AT FINITE CHEMICAL POTENTIAL AND TEMPERATURE

2007 ◽  
Vol 22 (06) ◽  
pp. 449-456 ◽  
Author(s):  
MIN HE ◽  
HONG-TAO FENG ◽  
WEI-MIN SUN ◽  
HONG-SHI ZONG
Keyword(s):  
Phase Diagram ◽  
Wave Function ◽  
Symmetry Breaking ◽  
Quantum Electrodynamics ◽  
Phase Structure ◽  
Chemical Potential ◽  
Chiral Symmetry Breaking ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Mass Function ◽  
Wave Function Renormalization

We study the dynamical chiral symmetry breaking (DCSB) of three-dimensional quantum electrodynamics (QED3) at finite chemical potential and temperature in the framework of Dyson–Schwinger approach. Based on the rainbow approximation and assumption that the wave-function renormalization factor equals to one, the dynamically generated mass function is derived and then the corresponding phase diagram in the (T, μ) plane is obtained.

scholarly journals FIRST LATTICE EVIDENCE FOR A NONTRIVIAL RENORMALIZATION OF THE HIGGS CONDENSATE

1998 ◽  
Vol 13 (29) ◽  
pp. 2361-2367 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. CEA ◽  
L. COSMAI ◽  
M. CONSOLI
Keyword(s):  
Wave Function ◽  
Continuum Limit ◽  
Higgs Mass ◽  
Lattice Simulation ◽  
Wave Function Renormalization ◽  
Renormalization Factor ◽  
Physical Mass ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Ising Limit ◽  
The Continuum

General arguments related to "triviality" predict that, in the broken phase of (λΦ4)4 theory, the condensate <Φ> rescales by a factor Zφ different from the conventional wave function renormalization factor, Z prop . Using a lattice simulation in the Ising limit, we measure Zφ= m2χ from the physical mass and susceptibility and Z prop from the residue of the shifted-field propagator. We find that the two Z's differ, with the difference increasing rapidly as the continuum limit is approached. Since Zφ affects the relation of <Φ> to the Fermi constant, it can sizably affect the present bounds on the Higgs mass.

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