Cosmic-Ray Measurements with a Small Ionization Chamber II. Comparison of Small Bursts at Different Altitudes and Their Variations with Thickness of Shield

1937 ◽  
Vol 52 (6) ◽  
pp. 559-564 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. T. Young
Keyword(s):  
Ionization Chamber ◽  
Cosmic Ray ◽  
Different Altitudes

scholarly journals Cosmic-ray bursts at high altitude

1939 ◽  
Vol 171 (946) ◽  
pp. 314-321
Keyword(s):  
Cosmic Rays ◽  
High Altitude ◽  
Ionization Chamber ◽  
Cosmic Ray ◽  
Electronic Component ◽  
Direct Information ◽  
Different Altitudes

It is recognized that the frequency of cosmic-ray showers, produced in a block of heavy matter and counted by a non-collinear system of tube- counters, increases with altitude more rapidly than the general intensity of the cosmic rays. The shower intensity measured in this way at different altitudes is more nearly proportional to the intensity of the soft, electronic, component of the rays. Experiments with counters do not give direct information on the size of the showers. Experiments made on bursts in an ionization chamber indicate that large bursts increase with altitude more rapidly than small (Montgomery and Montgomery 1935 a ; Young 1937) at least up to an altitude of about 4000 m. The present experiments were undertaken to study the bursts up to an altitude corresponding to 220 mm. Hg (about 9 km.). Facilities for high- altitude flying were generously provided by the Air Ministry, and the apparatus was taken to the required height in an aeroplane.

scholarly journals The nature of large cosmic-ray bursts

1936 ◽  
Vol 154 (881) ◽  
pp. 223-245 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Cosmic Rays ◽  
Ionization Chamber ◽  
Cosmic Ray ◽  
Conclusive Evidence ◽  
Recording Apparatus ◽  
Ionization Current ◽  
Continuous Record ◽  
Normal Fluctuations

A continuous record of the ionization current produced by cosmic rays in an ionization chamber shows, if the recording apparatus is sufficiently sensitive, occasional relatively large momentary currents superposed on the normal fluctuations. These large momentary currents are generally called “bursts”. They were first discovered by Hoffmann. It has often been assumed that the bursts are of the same nature as the showers which are observed either in the Wilson chamber or by means of three or more coincidence counters; but so far no conclusive evidence, particularly for the larger bursts, has been reported in support of this assumption.

RESPONSE OF MU-MESON DETECTORS DEEP IN THE ATMOSPHERE TO PRIMARY COSMIC-RAY PARTICLES OF MAGNETIC RIGIDITY BETWEEN 10 AND 25 GV

1967 ◽  
Vol 45 (5) ◽  
pp. 1643-1653 ◽  
Author(s):  
T. Mathews ◽  
G. G. Sivjee
Keyword(s):  
Sea Level ◽  
Scintillation Counter ◽  
Cosmic Ray ◽  
Decay Rates ◽  
Atmospheric Effects ◽  
Ionization Chambers ◽  
Corrected Data ◽  
Counter Telescope ◽  
East West ◽  
Different Altitudes

The cosmic-ray mu-meson intensities at three different altitudes at the equator were measured as a function of zenith and azimuth angles by means of a portable scintillation counter telescope of semi-opening angles 23°. The data were analyzed to assess the effects of differences in pi- and mu-meson decay rates on the intensity of the penetrating ionizing component at different zenith angles. It was found that the changes of intensity as a function of zenith angles could be attributed almost entirely to differences in atmospheric absorption, provided that at all zenith angles the threshold rigidities were the same. Hence the intensities measured at different zenith angles in the east–west plane at the equator could be corrected to remove the atmospheric effects and the corrected data used for determining the response of meson detectors at sea level to particles of rigidity up to 25 GV. The response curve thus obtained is presented and compared with that obtained from sea-level latitude surveys by means of ionization chambers.

ON DIURNAL VARIATION IN COSMIC-RAY INTENSITY AT OTTAWA

1955 ◽  
Vol 33 (10) ◽  
pp. 577-587
Author(s):  
S. D. Chatterjee ◽  
J. N. Bloom
Keyword(s):  
High Pressure ◽  
Statistical Analysis ◽  
Diurnal Variation ◽  
Ionization Chamber ◽  
Cosmic Ray ◽  
Cosmic Ray Intensity ◽  
Rigorous Statistical Analysis ◽  
Local Mean ◽  
Mean Time ◽  
Barometric Coefficient

Cosmic-ray data from a high pressure integrating ionization chamber, obtained at Ottawa, for 129 complete days during September 1950 to July 1951 are subjected to rigorous statistical analysis. The barometric coefficient is −0.19% per mm. of Hg for the period covered by this analysis. The results also indicate a physically significant 24-hr. wave in cosmic-ray intensity, with an amplitude of 0.12% of the total intensity, having its maximum at about 10.40 a.m. local mean time. The existence of the semidiurnal wave, however, is not physically significant.

scholarly journals The production of cosmic-ray bursts by mesotrons

1944 ◽  
Vol 183 (992) ◽  
pp. 54-64
Keyword(s):  
Ionization Chamber ◽  
Cosmic Ray ◽  
Frequency Of Occurrence ◽  
Burst Frequency ◽  
Shielding Material

The frequency of occurrence of cosmic-ray bursts under large thicknesses of iron and lead has been investigated as a function of the thickness. A definite maximum is found to occur in the curves for the smaller bursts, its prominence diminishing with bursts of increasing size. The dependence of the burst frequency on the size of the ionization chamber and the proximity of the shielding material to the chamber has also been investigated. The results suggest the production of showers of mesotrons which spread out, and ultimately give rise to electron showers originating in widely separated areas in the material above, and round the sides of, the ionization chamber.

IONIZATION LOSS BY COSMIC-RAY MU-MESONS IN ARGON

1959 ◽  
Vol 37 (2) ◽  
pp. 189-202 ◽  
Author(s):  
Georges Hall
Keyword(s):  
Experimental Data ◽  
Energy Loss ◽  
Ionization Chamber ◽  
Cosmic Ray ◽  
Statistical Distribution ◽  
Experimental Curve ◽  
Energy Losses ◽  
Ionization Loss ◽  
Electron Collection ◽  
Probable Loss

The ionization of argon by cosmic-ray mu-mesons of minimum specific ionization has been studied by means of a calibrated pressure-ionization chamber using electron collection. Corrections which are shown to be necessary have been applied to the experimental data. The shape of the experimental curve of statistical distribution of energy loss agrees with the theoretically predicted shape, for energy losses greater than the most probable loss (300 kev).

scholarly journals Cosmic-ray bursts and shower spread under large thicknesses of lead

1947 ◽  
Vol 190 (1022) ◽  
pp. 426-434 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Ionization Chamber ◽  
Cosmic Ray ◽  
Angular Spread ◽  
Experimental Results ◽  
Frequency Of Occurrence ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Shielding Material

The frequency of occurrence of cosmic-ray bursts under large thicknesses of lead and iron has been measured as a function of the thickness, using a small ionization chamber with and without shielding material round its sides. Experiments have also been carried out with two small chambers side by side, the frequency of occurrence of bursts simultaneously in both chambers being observed under different thicknesses of lead. While the burst-rate—thickness curves are, on the whole, fairly flat beyond the first maximum, there are indications of a second maximum at large thicknesses in the case of lead. From the experimental results information has also been obtained about the mean and the maximum angular spread of showers, and the increase in shower spread with increasing size of shower.

Cosmic-ray neutron fluxes and spectra at different altitudes based on Monte Carlo simulations

2021 ◽  
pp. 109800
Author(s):  
Huilan Liu ◽  
Yingwei Hou ◽  
Hui Li ◽  
Yushou Song ◽  
Liyuan Hu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Monte Carlo ◽  
Monte Carlo Simulations ◽  
Cosmic Ray ◽  
Different Altitudes
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