scholarly journals Direct observation of the setular web that fuses thoracopodal setae of a calanoid copepod into a collapsible fan

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
George von Dassow ◽  
Richard B. Emlet
Keyword(s):  
Food Webs ◽  
Carbon Flux ◽  
High Speed ◽  
Calanoid Copepod ◽  
Swimming Performance ◽  
Structure And Function ◽  
High Speed Video ◽  
Aquatic Food ◽  
And Function ◽  
Oceanic Carbon

SummaryCopepods are numerically dominant planktonic grazers throughout the waters of Earth, preyed upon in turn by a wide diversity of pelagic animals (1,2). Their feeding and swimming performance thus has global importance to aquatic food webs and oceanic carbon flux. These crustaceans swim and feed using cuticle-covered, segmented, muscular appendages whose reach is extended greatly by setae, extracellular chitinous extensions with diverse structure and function (3). Plumose setae, with subsidiary setules arranged like barbs on a feather, have well-documented roles in generating feeding and swimming currents (4,5). Recent work showed that plumose setae of barnacle cyprid thoracopods are permanently linked by setules into a single fan that opens and closes as one sheet during high-speed swimming (6). Intersetular linkage across cyprid thoracopods may greatly decrease leakage between extended setae, ensure even spread of setae within the fan, and promote ordered collapse of the fan to avoid entanglement of adjacent appendages. Here we demonstrate similar setular webbing amongst thoracopod setae in the calanoid copepod Acartia sp. High-speed video directly documents the existence of such links, and reveals that individuals experience apparently-irreparable degradation of the setal array due to de-linkage, with likely consequences for swimming performance.

Structure and function of contemporary food webs on Arctic shelves: A panarctic comparison

2006 ◽  
Vol 71 (2-4) ◽  
pp. 288-313 ◽  
Author(s):  
H.J. Hirche ◽  
K.N. Kosobokova ◽  
B. Gaye-Haake ◽  
I. Harms ◽  
B. Meon ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Food Webs ◽  
Structure And Function ◽  
And Function

scholarly journals Energetics of life on the deep seafloor

2012 ◽  
Vol 109 (38) ◽  
pp. 15366-15371 ◽  
Author(s):  
Craig R. McClain ◽  
Andrew P. Allen ◽  
Derek P. Tittensor ◽  
Michael A. Rex
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Flux ◽  
Regulatory Policy ◽  
Structure And Function ◽  
Chemical Energy ◽  
Metabolic Theory ◽  
Biological Organization ◽  
Biochemical Kinetics ◽  
Energy Limitation ◽  
And Function

With frigid temperatures and virtually no in situ productivity, the deep oceans, Earth’s largest ecosystem, are especially energy-deprived systems. Our knowledge of the effects of this energy limitation on all levels of biological organization is very incomplete. Here, we use the Metabolic Theory of Ecology to examine the relative roles of carbon flux and temperature in influencing metabolic rate, growth rate, lifespan, body size, abundance, biomass, and biodiversity for life on the deep seafloor. We show that the relative impacts of thermal and chemical energy change across organizational scales. Results suggest that individual metabolic rates, growth, and turnover proceed as quickly as temperature-influenced biochemical kinetics allow but that chemical energy limits higher-order community structure and function. Understanding deep-sea energetics is a pressing problem because of accelerating climate change and the general lack of environmental regulatory policy for the deep oceans.

The influence of seabird nutrient enrichment and grazing on the structure and function of island soil food webs

2010 ◽  
Vol 42 (4) ◽  
pp. 592-600 ◽  
Author(s):  
Daniel G. Wright ◽  
René van der Wal ◽  
Sarah Wanless ◽  
Richard D. Bardgett
Keyword(s):  
Food Webs ◽  
Nutrient Enrichment ◽  
Structure And Function ◽  
Soil Food Webs ◽  
And Function

scholarly journals Soil and Freshwater and Marine Sediment Food Webs: Their Structure and Function

BioScience ◽  
2013 ◽  
Vol 63 (1) ◽  
pp. 35-42 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jennifer Adams Krumins ◽  
Dick van Oevelen ◽  
T. Martijn Bezemer ◽  
Gerlinde B. De Deyn ◽  
W. H. Gera Hol ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Food Webs ◽  
Marine Sediment ◽  
Structure And Function ◽  
And Function

scholarly journals Biogeochemical decoupling: how, where and when?

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Miguel Alvarez-Cobelas ◽  
Salvador Sánchez-Carrillo ◽  
Carmen Rojo
Keyword(s):  
Community Structure ◽  
Ecosystem Services ◽  
Food Webs ◽  
Chemical Element ◽  
Chemical Elements ◽  
Structure And Function ◽  
Ecosystem Dynamics ◽  
The Other ◽  
And Function

Research has dealt with coupling of chemical element cycles and feedback in recent years. Sometimes, this biogeochemical coupling is reversed through abiotic or biotic (including man-made) processes. It is then called biogeochemical decoupling and is a disconnection between two chemical elements whereby transformations of one affect cycling of the other, and results in asynchronical behavior of chemical elements. It appears to be more important and widespread than earlier reports suggest, and gives rise to important changes in element stoichiometry of resources. These changes in turn modify organismal stoichiometry that, if great enough, can affect biodiversity and food webs, thus altering community structure and function. Biogeochemical decoupling then impinges on ecosystem dynamics and may impair ecosystem services.

scholarly journals Biogeochemical decoupling: how, where and when?

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Miguel Alvarez-Cobelas ◽  
Salvador Sánchez-Carrillo ◽  
Carmen Rojo
Keyword(s):  
Community Structure ◽  
Ecosystem Services ◽  
Food Webs ◽  
Chemical Element ◽  
Chemical Elements ◽  
Structure And Function ◽  
Ecosystem Dynamics ◽  
The Other ◽  
And Function

Research has dealt with coupling of chemical element cycles and feedback in recent years. Sometimes, this biogeochemical coupling is reversed through abiotic or biotic (including man-made) processes. It is then called biogeochemical decoupling and is a disconnection between two chemical elements whereby transformations of one affect cycling of the other, and results in asynchronical behavior of chemical elements. It appears to be more important and widespread than earlier reports suggest, and gives rise to important changes in element stoichiometry of resources. These changes in turn modify organismal stoichiometry that, if great enough, can affect biodiversity and food webs, thus altering community structure and function. Biogeochemical decoupling then impinges on ecosystem dynamics and may impair ecosystem services.

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