Early-stage impacts of sika deer on structure and function of the soil microbial food webs in a temperate forest: A large-scale experiment

2011 ◽  
Vol 261 (3) ◽  
pp. 391-399 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shigeru Niwa ◽  
Lucero Mariani ◽  
Nobuhiro Kaneko ◽  
Hiroaki Okada ◽  
Kazunori Sakamoto
Keyword(s):  
Food Webs ◽  
Temperate Forest ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Sika Deer ◽  
Early Stage ◽  
Structure And Function ◽  
Soil Microbial ◽  
Microbial Food Webs ◽  
Scale Experiment ◽  
And Function

Plant hormones, plant growth regulators

2014 ◽  
Vol 155 (26) ◽  
pp. 1011-1018 ◽  
Author(s):  
György Végvári ◽  
Edina Vidéki
Keyword(s):  
Nervous System ◽  
Growth And Development ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Essential Role ◽  
Higher Plants ◽  
Structure And Function ◽  
Wide Sense ◽  
Large Scale Integration ◽  
Scale Integration ◽  
And Function

Plants seem to be rather defenceless, they are unable to do motion, have no nervous system or immune system unlike animals. Besides this, plants do have hormones, though these substances are produced not in glands. In view of their complexity they lagged behind animals, however, plant organisms show large scale integration in their structure and function. In higher plants, such as in animals, the intercellular communication is fulfilled through chemical messengers. These specific compounds in plants are called phytohormones, or in a wide sense, bioregulators. Even a small quantity of these endogenous organic compounds are able to regulate the operation, growth and development of higher plants, and keep the connection between cells, tissues and synergy beween organs. Since they do not have nervous and immume systems, phytohormones play essential role in plants’ life. Orv. Hetil., 2014, 155(26), 1011–1018.

Influence fast or later: two types of influencers in social networks

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Fang Zhou ◽  
Chang Su ◽  
Shuqi Xu ◽  
Linyuan Lü
Keyword(s):  
Final Stage ◽  
Early Stage ◽  
Large Fraction ◽  
Structure And Function ◽  
Spreading Process ◽  
Spreading Effect ◽  
Local Structures ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Small Set ◽  
And Function

Abstract In real-world networks, there usually exist a small set of nodes that play an important role in the structure and function of networks. Those vital nodes can influence most other nodes in the network via a spreading process. While most of the existing works focused on vital nodes that can maximize the spreading size in the final stage, which we call final influencers, recent work proposed the idea of fast influencers, which emphasizes nodes’ spreading capacity at the early stage. Despite the recent surge of efforts in identifying these two types of influencers in networks, there remained limited research on untangling the differences between fast influencers and final influencers. In this paper, we first distinguish the two types of influencers: fast-only influencers and final-only influencers. The former is defined as individuals who can achieve a high spreading effect at the early stage but lose their superiority in the final stage, and the latter are those individuals that fail to exhibit a prominent spreading performance at the early stage but influence a large fraction of nodes at the final stage. Further experiments based on eight empirical datasets, we reveal the key differences between the two types of influencers concerning their spreading capacity and the local structures. We also analyze how network degree assortativity influences the fraction of the proposed two types of influencers. The results demonstrate that with the increase of degree assortativity, the fraction of the fast-only influencers decreases, which indicates that more fast influencers tend to keep their superiority at the final stage. Our study provides insights into the differences and evolution of different types of influencers and has important implications for various empirical applications, such as advertisement marketing, and epidemic suppressing.

Neural system-enriched gene expression: relationship to biological pathways and neurological diseases

2004 ◽  
Vol 18 (2) ◽  
pp. 167-183 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jianhua Zhang ◽  
Amy Moseley ◽  
Anil G. Jegga ◽  
Ashima Gupta ◽  
David P. Witte ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Gene Expression ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Intracellular Signaling ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Expression Profiles ◽  
Gene List ◽  
Structure And Function ◽  
System Structure ◽  
Psychiatric Disease ◽  
And Function

To understand the commitment of the genome to nervous system differentiation and function, we sought to compare nervous system gene expression to that of a wide variety of other tissues by gene expression database construction and mining. Gene expression profiles of 10 different adult nervous tissues were compared with that of 72 other tissues. Using ANOVA, we identified 1,361 genes whose expression was higher in the nervous system than other organs and, separately, 600 genes whose expression was at least threefold higher in one or more regions of the nervous system compared with their median expression across all organs. Of the 600 genes, 381 overlapped with the 1,361-gene list. Limited in situ gene expression analysis confirmed that identified genes did represent nervous system-enriched gene expression, and we therefore sought to evaluate the validity and significance of these top-ranked nervous system genes using known gene literature and gene ontology categorization criteria. Diverse functional categories were present in the 381 genes, including genes involved in intracellular signaling, cytoskeleton structure and function, enzymes, RNA metabolism and transcription, membrane proteins, as well as cell differentiation, death, proliferation, and division. We searched existing public sites and identified 110 known genes related to mental retardation, neurological disease, and neurodegeneration. Twenty-one of the 381 genes were within the 110-gene list, compared with a random expectation of 5. This suggests that the 381 genes provide a candidate set for further analyses in neurological and psychiatric disease studies and that as a field, we are as yet, far from a large-scale understanding of the genes that are critical for nervous system structure and function. Together, our data indicate the power of profiling an individual biologic system in a multisystem context to gain insight into the genomic basis of its structure and function.

scholarly journals Microbial food web dynamics along a soil chronosequence of a glacier forefield

2011 ◽  
Vol 8 (11) ◽  
pp. 3283-3294 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. Esperschütz ◽  
A. Pérez-de-Mora ◽  
K. Schreiner ◽  
G. Welzl ◽  
F. Buegger ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Food Web ◽  
Microbial Communities ◽  
Food Webs ◽  
Litter Decomposition ◽  
Developmental Stages ◽  
Food Web Dynamics ◽  
Glacier Forefield ◽  
Microbial Food Webs ◽  
And Function ◽  
The 19Th Century

Abstract. Microbial food webs are critical for efficient nutrient turnover providing the basis for functional and stable ecosystems. However, the successional development of such microbial food webs and their role in "young" ecosystems is unclear. Due to a continuous glacier retreat since the middle of the 19th century, glacier forefields have expanded offering an excellent opportunity to study food web dynamics in soils at different developmental stages. In the present study, litter degradation and the corresponding C fluxes into microbial communities were investigated along the forefield of the Damma glacier (Switzerland). 13C-enriched litter of the pioneering plant Leucanthemopsis alpina (L.) Heywood was incorporated into the soil at sites that have been free from ice for approximately 10, 60, 100 and more than 700 years. The structure and function of microbial communities were identified by 13C analysis of phospholipid fatty acids (PLFA) and phospholipid ether lipids (PLEL). Results showed increasing microbial diversity and biomass, and enhanced proliferation of bacterial groups as ecosystem development progressed. Initially, litter decomposition proceeded faster at the more developed sites, but at the end of the experiment loss of litter mass was similar at all sites, once the more easily-degradable litter fraction was processed. As a result incorporation of 13C into microbial biomass was more evident during the first weeks of litter decomposition. 13C enrichments of both PLEL and PLFA biomarkers following litter incorporation were observed at all sites, suggesting similar microbial foodwebs at all stages of soil development. Nonetheless, the contribution of bacteria, especially actinomycetes to litter turnover became more pronounced as soil age increased in detriment of archaea, fungi and protozoa, more prominent in recently deglaciated terrain.

scholarly journals Direct observation of the setular web that fuses thoracopodal setae of a calanoid copepod into a collapsible fan

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
George von Dassow ◽  
Richard B. Emlet
Keyword(s):  
Food Webs ◽  
Carbon Flux ◽  
High Speed ◽  
Calanoid Copepod ◽  
Swimming Performance ◽  
Structure And Function ◽  
High Speed Video ◽  
Aquatic Food ◽  
And Function ◽  
Oceanic Carbon

SummaryCopepods are numerically dominant planktonic grazers throughout the waters of Earth, preyed upon in turn by a wide diversity of pelagic animals (1,2). Their feeding and swimming performance thus has global importance to aquatic food webs and oceanic carbon flux. These crustaceans swim and feed using cuticle-covered, segmented, muscular appendages whose reach is extended greatly by setae, extracellular chitinous extensions with diverse structure and function (3). Plumose setae, with subsidiary setules arranged like barbs on a feather, have well-documented roles in generating feeding and swimming currents (4,5). Recent work showed that plumose setae of barnacle cyprid thoracopods are permanently linked by setules into a single fan that opens and closes as one sheet during high-speed swimming (6). Intersetular linkage across cyprid thoracopods may greatly decrease leakage between extended setae, ensure even spread of setae within the fan, and promote ordered collapse of the fan to avoid entanglement of adjacent appendages. Here we demonstrate similar setular webbing amongst thoracopod setae in the calanoid copepod Acartia sp. High-speed video directly documents the existence of such links, and reveals that individuals experience apparently-irreparable degradation of the setal array due to de-linkage, with likely consequences for swimming performance.

scholarly journals Large-scale genome-wide analysis identifies genetic variants associated with cardiac structure and function

2017 ◽  
Vol 127 (5) ◽  
pp. 1798-1812 ◽  
Author(s):  
Philipp S. Wild ◽  
Janine F. Felix ◽  
Arne Schillert ◽  
Alexander Teumer ◽  
Ming-Huei Chen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Variants ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Structure And Function ◽  
Cardiac Structure ◽  
Genome Wide Analysis ◽  
Genome Wide ◽  
Cardiac Structure And Function ◽  
And Function
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